11  B  R.ARY 

OF   THE 

U  N  IVER.SITY 
OF    ILLTNOIS 


977o3 

M85w 


ILLINOIS  HISTORY  SURVEf 
LIBRARY 


THE  WHITE  CITY. 

THE 

Historical,  Biographical  and  Philanthropical  Record 

OF 

ILLINOIS, 


BY 


JOHN  MOSES  AND  PAUL  SELBY. 

TO   WHICH    IS    ADDED    A    SKETCH    OF   THE    DISTRICT   OF 

COLUMBIA,    THE  PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES,    AND   ILLINOIS 

AT  THE 

WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


CLASSIFIED    AND    ILLUSTRATED. 


CHICAGO  : 

CHICAGO  WORLD  BOOK  COMPANY. 

1893. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress  in  the  year  1893,  by 

CHICAGO  WORLD  BOOK  COMPANY, 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

ALL   RIGHTS    RESERVED. 


THE  HENRY  0.  SHEPARD  CO.,  PRINTERS  AND  BOOK  BINDERS,  CHICAGO. 


JOHN  MOSES. 


-J 

ifl 

i 


43272 


PAUL  SELBV. 


FOR  MORE  THAN  FORTY  YEARS 

CONSPICUOUSLY    IDENTIFIED    WITH    THE   AGRICULTURAL,   ME- 
CHANICAL  AND   COMMERCIAL   INTERESTS   OF    THE 

STATE  OF  ILLINOIS; 
SECRETARY   AND  VICE-PRESIDENT  OF   THE   STATE   BOARD   OF 

AGRICULTURE  J 
COMMISSIONER    FOR     ILLINOIS     AND    THE    UNITED    STATES    TO 

THE   FRENCH    UNIVERSAL    EXPOSITION   OF    1867; 
ILLINOIS   COMMISSIONER   TO   THE    CENTENNIAL    EXPOSITION    AT 

PHILADELPHIA    IN    1876; 

SECRETARY     AND    LEADING     SPIRIT     OF    THE    CHICAGO    INTER- 
STATE  EXPOSITION,    AND 

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF   OF   THE  ILLINOIS  EXHIBIT  IN  THE  WORLD'S 
COLUMBIAN   EXPOSITION   OF    1893  —  TESTED   IN  MANY  HON- 
ORABLE   POSITIONS    AND    FOUND    WANTING    IN    NONE  — 
THIS   VOLUME    IS    RESPECTFULLY    DEDICATED    BY 

THE  AUTHORS. 


JOHN  PARKER  REYNOLDS. 


Acrostic 


T  o  him  who  scans  this  Title  Page  with  care 

H  ow  great  reward,  since  he    alone  can  share 

B  ach  thought  the   artist's   brain   conceived,    whose  pen 

C  onveyed  the    picture  to  the  gaze  of  men. 

H  ere,  the  "White  City;"    and  'tis  well  to  see 

I  n  twelve  "Trunk  Lines"  what  strong  supports  there  be. 

C  olumns  of  "Seals"  of  every  State  appear; 

A  ttached  are  names,  now  noted  far  and  near ; 

G  rand  Arch  these  Columns  crowns,  in  blocks  of  stone — 

O  n  each  a  name  familiar  as  your  own- 

W  hile  Brackets    give  support.     Study  them  well, 

O  r,  on  their  symbols  let  your  eye  now  dwell. 

R  ewarded  you  will  be  to  then    pursue 

L  ines  practical,  artistic — all  in  view; 

D  ownward  your  glance  should  fall  to  left  and  right, 

B  eholding  Man's  and  Nature's  skill  and  might. 

O  pen  the  gateway  to  the  great  "  World's  Fair," 

O  ur  own  Columbia  welcoming  you    there; 

K  indred,  indeed,  though  other  lands,  to-day, 

C  laim  an  allegiance  that  you  gladly  pay. 

O  f  all  the  means  by  which  you  may  attain 

M  ore  than  a  passing  view, —  true  knowledge   gain, 

P  ermit  the  "  Gate  Ajar "  to  bring  to  you 

A  world  of  wonders,  as  you  glance  it  through. 

N  ow,  our  White  City  ever  swings  this  way ; 

Y  ou  may  its  pages  read,  and  will  you,  pray  ? 


/ 


wra 


Li*. 


>iit»-|n»<D  i 

niHJ 


Preface 6 

CHAPTER  I. 

Importance  of  State  History — "The  Illinois  Country  " — Origin  of  the  Name — Topog 
raphy,  Soil,  Climate  and  Natural  Productions 9 

CHAPTER  II. 

Discoveries  of  Joliet,  Marquette  and  La  Salle  —  Sad  Fate  of  the  Latter  —  Henry  De 
Tonty — The  Indian  Confederation  at  "  Starved  Rock  " /7 

CHAPTER  III. 

Aboriginal  Occupants  of  the  Soil — Early  French  Missions  on  the  Upper  Illinois  and  at 
Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia 27 

CHAPTER  IV. 

First  Permanent  Settlements  —  The  Group  of  French  Villages  about  Kaskaskia — New 
France — Illinois  Attached  to  Louisiana 33 

CHAPTER  V. 

British  Occupation — English  Governors — Col.  George  Rogers  Clark's  Expedition — Con- 
quest of  Illinois — British  Attack  on  St.  Louis — Capture  of  Fort  St.  Joseph  .  .  39 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Illinois  as  Part  of  the  Northwest  and  Indiana  Territories — Ordinance  of  1787 — Governors 
St.' Clair  and  Harrison — Indian  Treaties  —  Illinois  Territory  Organized — Early 
Settlers — Governor  Edwards — War  of  1812 — Fort  Dearborn  Massacre — Early  Illi- 
nois Towns 46 

CHAPTER  VII. 

Illinois  Admitted  into  the  Union — Administration  of  Governor  Bond — Removal  of  the 
Capitol  to  Vandalia — Governor  Coles — Emancipation  of  his  Slaves — Attempt  to 
Introduce  Slavery  into  Illinois — The  Prominent  Leaders 59 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

The    Administrations    of   Governors    Edwards,    Reynolds,   Duncan,   Carlin,   Ford   and 
French — Personal    and   Character  Sketches  —  The    Black   Hawk,    Mormon  and 
Mexican   Wars — Internal   Improvement  Craze — The  Lovejoy  Murder — Appearanc 
of  New  Men  in  State  Affairs 69 

CHAPTER  IX. 

State  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847 — Features  of  the  New  Constitution — Governor 
French's  Second  Term — Illinois  Central  Railroad — Matteson's  Administration — 
Organization  of  the  Republican  Part}' — Lincoln-Douglas  Debate 83 

xii 


CONTENTS  —  ILLINOIS.  xiii 

CHAPTER  X. 

The  Admistration  of  Governor  Bissell — Personal  Sketch — Gov.  John  Wood — Campaign 
of  1860 — Lincoln  and  Yates — The  Rebellion — Illinois  in  the  Great  Struggle — Peace 
Meetings  in  1863 — Camp  Douglas  Conspiracy — Campaign  of  1864 — Assassination 
of  Lincoln— The  Loyal  Women  of  Illinois — Oglesb-'s  Administration  .  ...  93 

CHAPTER  XI. 

Under  the  Constitution  of  1870— From  Palmer  to  Fifer— The  Chicago  Fire— Sketches  of 
Eminent  Men  — Palmer,  Oglesby,  Cullom,  Logan,  Fifer,  etc— National  Conven- 
tions in  Chicago — Political  Revolution  of  1892— Governor  Altgeld 107 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Three-quarters  of  a  Century  Under  the  State  Government — Common  Schools  and  State 
Institutions — Early  Newspapers— Industries — Agriculture  —  Illinois  Coal  Produc- 
tion— Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal — Railroads — Manufactures,  etc 125 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

List  of  Executive  Officers  Under  the  Territorial  and  State  Governments 142 

ILLINOIS  INSTITUTIONS. 

Fort  Sheridan — The  Art  Institute — The  Armour  Mission — The  Armour  Institute — The 
University  of  Chicago !47 

RELIGION. 

Dwight  L.  Moody— Bishop  J.  L.  Spalding 159 

ILLINOIS  SOCIETIES. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic — Young  Men's  Christian  Association — Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union — Christian  Endeavor — Epworth  League 164 

PART  II. 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 
Preface j 

CHAPTER  I. 
Establishment  of  a  Federal  City 3 

CHAPTER  II. 
The  City  of  Washington  7 

CHAPTER  III. 
Erecting  the  Capitol  . Io 

CHAPTER  IV. 
The  New  Capitol I2 

CHAPTER  V. 

Attractions  of  the  City — The  Departments — The  Smithsonian  Institution— The  Washing- 
ton Monument— The  City's  Cemeteries— The  Soldier's  Home— The  Corcoran  Art 
Gallery — Washington  Suburbs — The  National  Cemetery 17 

THE  PRESIDENTS. 

George  Washington 2_ 

John  Adams ,o 

Thomas  Jefferson ,. 


xiv  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  CONTENTS. 

James  Madison 39 

Janies  Monroe 44 

John  Quincy  Adams 48 

Andrew  Jackson  . 52 

Martin  Van  Buren 57 

William  Henry  Harrison 60 

John  Tyler 63 

James  K.   Polk 65 

Zachary  Taylor 68 

Millard  Fillmore 72 

Franklin  Pierce "6 

James  Buchanan 79 

Abraham  Lincoln 82 

Andrew  Johnson 87 

Ulysses  S.  Grant 91 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes 95 

James  A.  Garfield 98 

Chester  A.  Arthur 101 

Grover  Cleveland 104 

Benjamin  Harrison , 107 

SOCIETIES. 

Grand  Army  of  the  Republic — Woman's  Relief  Corps — Sons  of  Veterans — Daughters  of 

Veterans no 

Young  Men's  Christian  Association 121 

Woman's  Christian   Temperance  Union 123 

Society  of  Christian  Endeavor 126 

Baptist  Young  People's  Union  of  America 130 

PART  III. 

The  Columbian  Exposition • I 

The  Board  of  Directors 3 

Board  of  Reference  and  Control 5 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers 7 

PROMINENT  WORLD'S  FAIR  OFFICIALS. 

Thomas  Wetherell   Palmer 10 

Lyman  J.    Gage 1 1 

William   T.    Baker 12 

Harlow  N.  Higinbotham 13 

Ferdinand  W.  Peck 14 

Anthony  F.    Seeberger 15 

Charles  Carroll  Bonney 16 

Thomas  B.  Bryan   .  ' 17 

John  T.  Dickinson i  s 

Gen.  George  R.  Davis 20 

Daniel  Hudson  Burnham 21 

Moses  P.  Handy 22 

John  Wellburn  Root 23 

John  Parker  Reynolds 25 

ILLINOIS  AT  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

Illinois  State  Building 27 

Woman's    Department 31 


CONTENTS — ILLINOIS.  XV 

ILLINOIS  EXHIBITS. 

Department  A. ,r 

Department  B 42 

Department  D 45 

Department  E 46 

Department  F 48 

Department  G co 

Department  H 54 

Department  J ^ 

Department  K 63. 

Department  L 66 

Department  M 5o 

Department  N jo 

Woman's  Building 70 

Administration   Building 76 

Government  Building y§ 

Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts go 

Art  Palace 12O 

Machinery   Hall ' 122 

Woman's  Building I2& 

Horticultural    Building 130. 

Electrical  Building 134 

Agricultural   Building   ... I4O 

Fisheries  Building J54 

Mines  and  Mining  Building j^6 

Transportation   Building !g8 


liisfe  ©f  Illustrations 

PART  I. 

Altgeld,  Gov.  John  P 119 

Armour  Institute  and  Mission 153 

Asylum  for  Feeble  Minded,  Lincoln 77 

Board  of  Trade,  Chicago 125 

City  Hall,  Chicago 129 

Davis,  Chas.   E Frontispiece 

Fifer,  Joseph  W II : 

First  State  House,  Kaskaskia 27 

Fort  Sheridan 147 

Fuller,  Justice  M.  W, 105 

Grant  Monument,  Chicago 133 

Grant,    Ulyssus  S 97 

Harrison,    Carter 115 

Institution  for  the  Blind,  Jacksonville 59 

Lincoln,  Abraham 93 

Logan,  John   A, 101 

Masonic  Temple,   Chicago 139 

Moses,  John v 

Penitentiary  for  Insane  Criminals,  Chester 55 

Prairie  State,  The 5 

Present  State  House,   Springfield 51 

Relief  Map   of  Illinois 17 

Reynolds,  John  Parker ix 

Second  State  House,  Vandalia 33 

Selby,    Paul vii 

Sheridan,  Gen.  Phil 87 

State  Normal  School,  Carbondale           73 

State  Normal  University,  Normal 69 

State  Penitentiary,  Joliet 63 

Stevenson,  Vice  President,  Adlai  E 123 

Third  State  House,  Springfield 39 

University  of  Chicago 155 

University   of  Illinois,    Champaign 83 

W.  C.  T.  U.  Temple,  Chicago  ..." 167 

White  City,  The xi 

PART  II. 

Allegorical  Painting,  National  Capitol 17 

Capitol   Building,    Washington 13 

Congressional  Library,  National  Capitol 23 

Panorama  from  Dome  of  the  National  Capitol 7 

Pennsylvania  Avenue  from  State  Department,  Washington u 

State,  War  and  Navy  Departments,   Washington Frontispiece 

Supreme  Court  Room,  National  Capitol 23 

Willard,    Frances  E ...  125 

xvi 


LIST   OF   ILLUSTRATIONS  —  ILLINOIS.  xvii 

PART  III. 

Administration    Building -~ 

Agricultural   Building j.j 

A.  H.  Andrews  &  Co.,  215  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago 109 

American  Radiator  Co.,  in  Lake  St.,  Chicago 05 

American  Reflector  Co.,  80  Jackson  St.,  Chicago ,105 

Armour  &  Co.,  Home  Ins.  Building,  Chicago ,  101 

Arthur  Dixon  Transfer  Co. ,  305  Fifth  Ave. ,    Chicago 166 

Art   Palace I2I 

Baker,  William  T 

Bird's  eye  view  of  the  White  City nc 

Bonney,  C.  C I5 

Bradley,  J.  H 3I 

Bryan,  Thomas  B j- 

Buckbee,  William,  Rockford,    111 .132 

Callahan,  Miss  Mary ,, 

Candee,  Mrs.  Isabella  L ,, 

Caw's  Ink  &  Pen  Co,  New  York,  N.  Y II3 

Chester,  E.  E 3I 

Chicago  Cottage  Organ  Co.,  215  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago 106 

Chicago  Herald,  158  Washington  St.,  Chicago I26 

Chicago  Medical  and  Surgical  Institute,   30  Van  Buren  St. ,  Chicago no 

Columbia  Rubber  Works  Co.,  Lake  and  La  Salle  Sts.,  Chicago 102 

Commercial  Cable  System,  Broad  and  Wall  Sts.,  New  York 136 

Congress  of  Nations,  William  F.  Cody I^2 

Davis,  Geo.  R 2I 

David,  E.  B 2g 

D.  B.  Fisk  &  Co.,  Wabash  Ave.  and  Washington  St.,  Chicago 117 

Dickinson,   John  T jq 

Dickirson,  James  K ,t 

Doughtery's  New  England  Mince  Meat,  210  Washington  Bcul.,   Chicago 145 

Dunham,  M.  W.,  Oaklawn  Stud,  Wayne,  111 .  I47 

D.  W.  McNeal  Co.,  19-241  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago 118 

Dysart,  S .  .   .    .  29 

Economy  Heaters,  82  Lake  St.,  Chicago 94 

Eggleston,  Melette  &  Brownell,  207  Tacoma  Bldg.,  Chicago 112 

Electrical  Building j,c 

Fish  and  Fisheries  Building icr 

Fulkerson,    W.   H 3I 

Funk,   Lafayette 2q 

Gage,   Lyman  J r 

Garrard,   W.    C 2q 

Gilbert,  Mrs.   Frances  L 33 

Gould,  Mrs.  Marcia  Louise •,-, 

Grunwald,   E.  M.,  St.   Petersburg,  Russia ug 

Government   Building yq 

Hamilton,  Mme.  E.,  48  Van  Buren  St.,  Chicago 119 

Handy,    Moses   P 2, 

Harvey,  T.  W.,  Harvey,  HI I53 

Helvetia  Milk  Condensing  Co.,  Highland,  111 142 

Higinbotham,  H.  N.  .    .    .    .' q 

Hoffman,  Josef,   Reichenberg,  Germany qq 

Horticultural  Building i^! 

Hosteller,    A.   B 2q 

Illinois  State  Board 29-31 


XVlll  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Illinois  State  Building 27 

Illinois  Woman's  Exhibit 35 

Illinois  Woman's  Board 3$ 

Johns,  S.  W 29 

Judy,  J.  W 29 

Keeley   Cure,  Dwight,  111 87 

Liebig  Company,  Antwerp,  Belgium 144 

Lyon  &  Healy,  156  State  St.,  Chicago 83 

Machinery    Hall 123 

Manufactures  and  Liberal  Arts  Building    ...            Si 

Marshall  Field  &  Co.,  Washington  and  State  Sts.,  Chicago 97 

McCormick  Reapers,  212  Market  St.,  Chicago 148 

Metropolitan  Business  College,  Monroe  St.  and  Michigan  Ave. ,  Chicago 100 

Mines  and  Mining  Building      ....  157 

Moline  Plow  Co.,  Moline,  111 150 

Oglesby,  Mrs.  Richard  J 33 

Owen  Electric  Belt  and  Appliance  Co.,  191  State  St.,  Chicago 137 

Pace,  E.  C 29 

Palmer,  Mrs.    Potter i 

Palmer,  Thomas  W 3 

Patton,  Mrs.  Francine  E • 33 

Pearce,  J.  Irving 31 

Pease  Piano  Co.,  46  Jackson  St.,  Chicago 115 

Peck,  Ferdinand  W 1 1 

Peninsular  Stove  Co. ,  79  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago 90 

Peter  Henderson  &  Co.,  35  Cortlandt  St.,  New  York 133 

Pullen,  B 29 

Pullman  Palace  Car  Co.,  Pullman,    111 162 

Reid,  Murdock  &  Co. ,  3  State  St,  Chicago 93 

Rhode  Island  Locomotive  Works,  Providence,  Rhode  Island 164 

Roundy  Regalia  Co.,  iSS  S.  Clark  St.,  Chicago 114 

Seeberger,  A.  F 13 

Shepard,  Mrs.  Frances  Welles 33 

Siegel,  Cooper  &  Co.,  Van  Buren  and  State  Sts.,  Chicago 96 

Sohtner  Pianos,  The  Thompson  Music  Co.,  367  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago 82 

Spaulding,  A.  G.,  108  Madison  St.,  Chicago 107 

Sprague,  Warner  &  Co. ,  17  Randolph  St.,  Chicago 89 

Stevens,  C.A.&Bros.,  in  State  St.,  Chicago 139 

Stryker,  W.  D 31 

Studebaker  Bros.,  203  Michigan  Ave.,  Chicago 160 

Sunlight   Soap,  Toronto,  Ontario SS 

The  American  Boiler  Co.,  Chicago,  Illinois 92 

The  Caligraph,  185  La  Salic-  -St.,  Chicago 127 

The  Crane  Co.,  2 1 9  S.  Jefferson  St. ,  Chicago 125 

The  Dayton  Autograghic  Register  Co.,  Dayton,  Ohio 86 

The  Ceo.  F.  Child  Chair  Co.,  277  Wabash  Ave.,  Chicago 104 

The  Gormully  &  Jeffery  Mfg.  Co.,  85  Madison  St.,  Chicago 163 

The  Inter  Ocean,  Madison  and  Dearborn  Sts.,  Chicago 124 

The  J.  H.  Fenton  Co.,  267  Wabash  Ave.,    Chicago 146 

The  Michigan  Stove  Co.,  256  S.  Clinton  St.,   Chicago 91 

Tlir  National  Cash  Register  Co.,    115  Monroe  St.,  Chicago 85 

The  North  American  Phonograph  Co.,  Masonic  Temple,  Chicago 138 

The  Smith-Premier  Typewriter  Co.,  154  Monroe  St.,  Chicago 103 

The  Wayne  Sulkeyette  and  Road  Cart  Co.,  Decatur,  Illinois 161 

The  Walter  M.  Lowney  Co.,  279  Madison  St.,  Chicago 143. 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS  —  ILLINOIS. 


XIX 


149 
159 

III 

29 

31 
29 


The  Meeker  Medicine  Co.,  260  So.  Clark  St. ,  Chicago 

Transportation   Building 

Van's  Mexican  Hair  Restorer,   Allen  &  Co.,  Inter  Ocean  Building,  Chicago 

Virgin,  John 

Vittum,  D.  \V 

Washburn,  J.  M 

Wau-Be-Ke-Chuck,  237  La  Salle  St.,  Chicago J5i 

Wilkinson  Co.,  83  Randolph  St.,  Chicago log 

Wiles,  Mrs.  Robert  H 

William's  Automatic  Car  Coupler,  Exchange  10,  Grand  Pacific  Hotel,  Chicago  .  165 

Woman's  Building 

Woman's   Exhibit 

Wool  fs  Clothing,  Halsted  and  Madison  Sts.,  Chicago ng 

W.  W.  Kimball  Co.,  243  Wabash  Ave.,   Chicago   . 

Wyman,   B.  F 2 


SUMMARY. 

Settled  at  Kaskaskia  in  1720, 
Founded  by  Frenchmen. 
Organized  as  Territory  in  1809. 
Admitted  as  State  in  1818. 

Population  in  1860 1,711,951 

"  "    1870 2,539,891 

"  ';  1880 3,077.871 

"   1890 3,826.351 

Voting  Population 1,072,663 

Electoral  Votes 24 

U.  S.  Representatives 22 

State  Senators 51 

"     Representatives 153 

Area  (square  miles) 56,650 

Population  to  Square  Mile 55 

Real  &  Personal  Property,  *797,000,000 

Railroads  (miles) '. 10.189 

Square  Miles  to  Mile  of  Railroad...  5.5 
Yearly  Manufactures 1415,000,000 


LARGEST 

Chicago 


CITIES. 


DESCRIPTIVE. 

ILLINOIS,  before  the  coming  of  the  "pale  faces, "  was  occupied  by  sev- 
eral fierce  and  warlike  tribes  of  Indians.  The  Illinois  Indians  were  a 
powerful  confederation  of  several  tribes;  they  were  constantly  at  war 
with  other  Indian  tribes  and  with  the  whites,  until  their  numbers  became 
so  deceminated  that  they  gave  up  the  struggle  and  followed  their  chief, 
Du  Quoin,  to  the  Indian  Territory.  The  Kiekapoos  were  the  relentless 
enemies  of  the  whiles,  with  whom  they  were  almost  constantly  at  war. 
When  finally  driven  from  the  State  they  migrated  to  Mexico  to  avoid  Amer- 
ican rule. 

Fur-traders  and  missionaries  from  Canada  were  the  first  to  visit  this 
land.  In  1673  Father  Marquette  and  the  fur-trader,  Louis  Joliet,  reached 
the  Mississippi  via  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Rivers,  descended  it  to  the 
Illinois  River  and  paddled  up  that  sluggish  stream,  everywhere  welcomed 
with  "  festivals  and  peace-pipes  "  by  the  Aborigines.  In  1679  La  Salle  and 
Tonti  made  further  explorations,  and  in  1680  La  Salle  and  Father  Hennepiu 
founded  Fort  Creve-Conir.  Kaskaskia  and  Cahokia  were  established  as 
Catholic  missions,  and  soon  a  flourishing  French  commerce  sprang  up 
between  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  the  Great  Lakes -via  the  Illinois  and 
Chicago  River^. 

This  territory  was  first  settled  and  governed  by  the  French,  first  from 
Quebec  :ind  then  from  New  Orleans,  until  1763,  when  it  was  ceded  to  the 
English.  Virginia  claimed  Illinois  as  part  of  her  territory  by  right  of 
charter,  and  governed  it  until  1784,  when  it  was  ceded,  with  other  territory 
••  northwest  of  the  Ohio  River,1'  to  the  United  States.  Illinois  was  organ- 
ized as  a  Territory  in  1809,  and  became  a  State  in  1818. 

TOPOGRAPHY.— Greatest  length.north  and  south,  385  miles:  greatest 
width,  218  mill's.  Of  its  56,650  square  miles,  56,000  are  land  and  650  water. 
Has  288  streams.  Mississippi  River  forms  its  western  boundary  for  700 
miles.  The  Ohio  and  Wabash  Rivers  bound  the  State  on  the  southeast. 
Shore  line  on  Lake  Michigan,  110  miles.  Chicago  connected  with  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  by  canal  to  La  Salle,  and  the  Illinois  River  to  the  Mississippi. 
Navigable  waterways,  4,100  mileg.  State  a  vast  prairie,  well  timbered  in 
many  localities.  Elevation  from  340  feet  at  Cairo  to  1,140  feet — the  highest 
point  In  northwest  portion  of  State. 

AGRICULTURE,  HORTICULTURE,  &c.-The  soil  of  Illinois 
is  the  most  uniformly  productive  in  the  world,  its  farm  products  having 
reached  $270,000,000  in  one  year.  Ranks  second  as  a  corn  producing  State, 
with  an  average  crop  for  10  years  of  227,000,000  bushels.  Wheat  belt  lies 
south  of  Springfieid — annual  product  for  13  years,  30,000,000  bushels.  Aver- 
age oat  crop  over  70.000,000  bushels.  The  other  leading  farm  products 
an-  rye,  barley,  buckwheat,  potatoes,  hay,  grass  seed,  tlaxseed,  broom-corn, 
sorghum,  etc.  St:iti'  abounds  in  fine  fruit,  and  has  300,000  acres  of  orchards 
and  vineyard-..  Thr  pi-aches  from  the  Alton  country  are  famous,  and  the 
apple  yield  has  reached  600,000  bushels.  Cherries  and  plums  thrive,  and 
>trawberrie>,  raspberries  and  other  small  fruits  are  raised  in  vast  quanti- 
ties. More  than  3.000.000  pounds  of  grapes  and  300.000  gallons  or  wine  have 
b'-en  produced  Crimi  the  vineyards  in  a  single  year.  Number  of  nurseries, 
434:  seed  farms,  21. 

LIVE    STOCK.  —  On  account  of  the  immense  yield  of  hay,  corn,  and 

oats,  Illinois  is  especially  adapted  to  stock  raising.     State  ranks  first  in 

value  of  horses,  second  in  swine,  and  fourth  in  dairy  products.     Number  of  horses  in  1890, 1,123,973,  value,  $83  301  912- 

swine,  5.433.250,  value,  $30,517,479;  milch  cows,  1,072,473,  value,  $24,259,339. 

MINERALS.— The  first  coal  discovered  in  the  United  States  was  near  Ottawa,  by  Father  Hennepin.  State 
ranks  second  in  production  of  bituminous  coal.  Coal  area.  37,000  square  miles,  with  over  1,000  mines.  Product  of 
1890, 12,638,000  tons:  value.  Ml. 755,000.  State  ranks  high  in  production  of  limestone,  and  has  104  quarries.  Value  of 
building  stone  quarried.  11,064,566;  value  of  lime  produced,  $366,245. 

MANUFACTURES.— Illinois  leads  in  manufacture  of  distilled  spirits,  ranks  fourth  in  fermented  liquors, 
first  in  packing  of  meat,  second  in  production  of  steel,  fourth  in  pig  iron.  Wool  industry  important. 

EDUCATIONAL.— Students  enrolled   in  common  schools,  778,319:    permanent  school  fund  over  $12800000- 

>(-' I  nge.rt-21.    Students  in  private  schools,   105,000.     Normal  University,  Normal,  over  1,100  students;  Southern 

Illinois  Normal  University,  Carbondale,  1,400  students;  Cook  Co.  Normal,  Chicago;   Universitv  of  Illinois    Urbana 
over  500  students. 


1,438,010 
Peoria  ....................................       41,024 

Quincy  ..................................       31,494 

Springfield  .............................       24,9<S3 

Rockford  ...............................       23,584 

Joliet  ....................................       23,264 

LEGAL. 

STATUTES   OF   LIMITATION. 

Judgments,  7  years. 
Open  Accounts,  5  years. 
Notes,  10  years. 
Redemption  Tax  Sales,  2  years. 

LIMITATION   OF   ACTIONS. 

Unwritten  Contracts,  5years. 
Foreclosure  Mtg.  and  Tax  Sales,  1  yr. 
Real  Actions  in  State,  20  years. 

HOMESTEAD  AND   EXEMPTION. 

Necessary  wearing  apparel,  Bible, 
school  books  and  family  pictures. 

Personal  property  foreach  person  $100 

Additional  for  head  of  family  residing 
with  them  (not  including  money 
or  wages  due  debtor)  ..............  $300 

Homestead  farm  or  lot  and  buildings 
thereon  ................................  $1,000 

.  INTEREST. 

Legal  Rate,  5  per  ct. 

liy  Contract.  7  per  ct. 

Forfeit  for  Usury,  all  the  Interest. 

3  Days  Grace. 

MARRIED   WOMEN. 

Hold  all  property  acquired  by  descent, 
gift  or  purchase  as  if  unmarried, 


MAP  INDEX  OF  ILLINOIS. 


EXPLANATION. 


oowng  ]•.  an  upmoB        t 
of  every  rnunlv.Utv,  Town.  Vil- 
Iftgr.  nmi   Poslonlc*  in   the  Stule. 
••'illallt.ll    of  «BCl>    is    Ki  veil 

•acordlnj  t»  The  On 
Th.'    population    o 
pUcos  n«-  not  give 


small 

*u*  Report,  *•  they  were  Included 
In  MM-  ,-IM!  (M.irict  In  which  Ihny 
•re  located;  lli^se  are  indicated 
lhu»—  X 

Slate  Capital*  and  large  Cltlm 
•re  in  capluU.  Ihu^— CHICAGO 

County  Towns  aw  In  "full-faced 
type,  Ihu* —  Cheater 

PoMloffloM  are  hi  Roman  t>in>, 
thu— Akron. 

Places  not  POM  office*  are  in 
Italic,  thus— Andfrsoit. 

Fxpre>*    ofllcr*    are    Indicated 

Tb-  lelUTS  following  nnme  of 
Town  refer  to  t h»  point  of  cotnpa>* 
en  Hi"  -Mnp  "here  It  U  local nd. 

In  the  I.i-t  (,f  Cou  n  tie*  the  letter 
•  nd  flpurf,  follnwhi?  name  of 
ConBt7tourr«apond  with  the  letter 
ard  figure  on  margins  of  Map  op- 
posite tin-  locution  of  County  on 

W 

Owing  to  lack  of  room  on  Map 
they  will  »lf  be  found"™  ihVlUt 


^of  Tow 

""    Late  e»l  [mates  2i  vi! 
1.500,000  population. 


!  Chlc.iRoo 


Boone 
Brown 


rhaninwijt 

<  imdM. 

Clark 


Cook 

(  :.'•  f.  .ru    

Ctiiuberlanil . 

DeKalb 

De  Witt 

SrC:::::: 

Edgar 

Edward* 

Ktflajdiam 

KB?.::::::. 

Franklin 

Fulton 

C»llaUn 

Greene 

On»dy 


llfuuvraiu 
Henry  .... 

ssr.v 


McLean... 

Maroo 

Mtroupln.. 
Mudlion  ... 

Marlon 

M».-.Hatl.. 

Ma*ju 

MaMV 

;.:.!,«,;  ... 

Monroe 

M.iiitlfiim-r 

HoXnV"' 


...... 

lUuilnlpt 
Klcl.laml 
Kork  Inland 


WllllaniMn 
Witiuebuo 
Woodrwrd 


VI    M.56S 

O7    14.SM 
,.A9    11.M8 


i  illSi.SM 
1*  17,183 
il  15.44S 


.NlO  19.388 

.  ,N  B  18,367 

,H  10  17.0JS 

..its  n.ir- 

.  ,.H4  43.110 

...K1I  14.I3B 

..M«  28,791 

..KlO  Il.OM 

.  R  10  iT.flOO 

-TJ,i  "-^ 

'.'.'  ea 


!..N*  J4.810 

;"*.t;  8  lliws 

...CIO  «5iU61 

..Fll  28.731 

.D  1(1  ]»,!«« 

>.G4  38,TSi 

.A  11  S4.235 

..K9  80.7W 


::?!«  S;!!. 

H*  e3.WH 

..  ,.K8  88.083 

MS  4a380 

,.  ..OS  51.5M 

..  ..!'B  14,341 

,...K1  13.W8 

...  .    IS  H.M7 

..  .  L'8  11.313 

IK  13.120 

..  ..F  3  18.MS 

SI  1J.W9 

«  900U3 

;:..K4  32,036 

..  ..L»  M.«l 

..  ,   B1  ?8,7lO 

.,  .  G  «  70.878 


.  U  8  11  3S1 

. .  E  1  .4,780 

. .  B  •  i5.049 

..O  11  I'i,nl9 

. .n  3  *i,»n 

. .  P  6  M.571 

.  S  10  19.343 

,.K«  *U»J 

.   J3  Ii--" 


..TT     31.141 

.  .1  I1!      J  '.<•>: 
.  P  II      ll.HM 


. 

SB    83  -ltt 

..  A  S     Js,S.Ta 

O  7     (1,4:1 


•PopoUOoa  ibdudvd  la  CUc^o. 


TOWK.         COO  XI  r.       IMIxx. 

Adan-.n,  A^K» W 

Aitnm»-  Cur*.  (tr«  Alletiilile). 
ftAttiimn,  UvltiRvtim <; 

•AddteviUe,  Wa*!iineton  ...s 

•  Addbon,  DUPMKC KK 

•  Adeline,  ORle .'.'.'.'.'."  S 

•  A.K:llli:i',    .lahJHT   ".'...'..     St-: 

•  Aetna.  Ciilpn R 

•  AVi  111.  VraukUn... '.'.'. '.'.'...  8 

Akr..n.  Pf..rta C 

%Ait»l<tin,  Pike W 

•  Alti»nv,  Wnltetkli! N  W 

•  Albion,  )  .in:-; !tE 

•  AI.I.-11.  MrlTi-iiry N 

'.'.'.'.  VMW 

__.      .-,  K»nc N 

.A,,;rr^;r°.::::::; 

•  Alttonanin.  Mcllenry M 

•  Alliambra,  Mutlwin C 

•  All.-ii.inl.-.  «  j!Mih BE 

Allru'aSptltifr.  I'op".; B 


%.  Minn  Kit,  Moullr-f! C 

0AUertott.  Plait C 

•  Allertitu  Vermilion E 

AlUnon,  Lawrence NE 

•  Alma,  Marlon 8 

^  Alma.  Saint  Clalr SW 

•  Aintora,  Koue N 

•  Alpha.  Henry KW 

•  Alpine,  Cook NE 

•  Alwy,  Hcott W 

•  Alt*,  Peorla C 

•  Airmiunit,    KflliifElam S 

mAllenfitlm,  Cook NE 

•  Alton,   Million C 


•  Amboy,  Lee ','.'.'.S 

•  America,    I'uhukl S 

ArneJ",   M»nroe S\V 

Amity,  lilehlarfd SE  ' 

•  Anchor.  Mr  Lean SW 

•Ancodl,  IJvlugston C 

Andalui.1.,  Rr*k  I»liuid.     NV/ 

•  Audenon,  Ceia W 

Auu"v^!°Henry??!'.1!.'!V.VNW 

•  Anna.  Union 8 

Annapiplli,   L'nwfuril SE 

•  Aunawan,  Henry NW 

•  Antloch,    like NE 

Autonlti*,  Adams W 

•  Appli-  River.  JoDavlewSW 

•  Al-pl.-'i-ii.  Kno» W 

•  Aptaklnlc,  iJike NE 

Arcadia,  Woman W 

Archie.    Vennllkin E 

•  Arcola,  Duujflai E 

QArden,  Pike '.....W 

•  Arentvllle.  COM W 

•  Argvuts,  MHCOM S 

Aw.  <  ..rr<i:i 

•  Arxyle'Park.  tV.k... 

•  Arlington.  Bureau... 


.:.N 


Arlington,  nurcau n 

Arlington  llelghts.Coi.k  NK 
_  Armlngton,   Tniewyll C 

•  Aroiitrpng,  Vermilion E 

•  Aru.fM.  More-in W 

*Arri',,yla»t  W»jiie'.'.'""sSE 

•  Arthur.  Moult rlc '.'.'.. ,C 

rAtf'.l'il'.    Carroll NW 
-!i  {.PJM\  Ji''(|U(>i'* 

•  Aahkom,   Itoquul* K 

•  Aihland-_C«Ks. w 

•  Aihlcy.  WnMiiuEtuu S 

•  titan  re,  <  ••)>.•> B 

;  Athlon,  lee N 
•M-I1K-,  PclnijU-r W 

•  . \uutii ptl'.n.  Clirl»tl«n,...C 

•  Astoria,  Fulton W 

•  Athena.  M-'iiiir  I 
AlhrnnvHle.   Urce 


AikHi 


.,  D 
..w 
KW 
...G 


jAtljUU.  LOK* 

UU»,  Pike n 

•       y.  MniarU C 


. 


in c 


•  Alwoo£  Piatt'..';!      .....  C 
9  At*  bum,  Clark E 

•  Auburn,   baiifnniun C 

9Aut>vrn  Junclion,  LookNR 

•  Auhurn  I'ark.Conk NE 

•  Augwu,  Haucock W 


An*  Snl'to.  Grundy!!!'.".'.'.'.. H 

•  Av*.    Jackaon S 

J  Arena,  Fayette 8 
very,  Jo1>*  vlru N  W 

•  AviMiin,  fllnton 8 

•  Av..n.ruiu.n W 

•  Avondale.  Cook HE 

lUtpji.m.  KuJtun W 

'.'."  '.-..  ll'Xl.-ti,    II.nxl S 

•  llfttl.-r*.  Kcliuyler W 

•  Ballcyvllle,  Oilli- N 

•  AatMHdM  \vmi«mi«n...8 

•  linker,    LuSiillc X 

»Hairr,    McLrii- 8W 

•  Balro'm,  VnkV.™* 

r  .1.1  M..UM.I,    Kaup N 

•  DalOwiD.    Randolph'.'. .'.'.SW 

Hall.   WUIW BR 

llnllarU.   Mi-l*an SW 

'  '«.k NK 

[tanner.  Fulton W 

•  //un».  I*  («•'#.  WarUm B 

Oarctaf,    Ofle N 

•  H;,rrl»>-,    ft-digamon. C 

•  {:,i>,,,,   Jl  tils,. ii   ...   i: 

lt.iri-.".!1]<-,    Mwllioiii C 

ll-.nl.-lt.il.  MrDonuuifh W 

llini.nl.  Atlam* W 

-Ban..-.  McLemn sw 

_.Hnrn.-ti.   Muutininerr  ,...(; 

•  BarabllL   Wuyur ....SK 

•  /..LI.    Cuok .  NK 

"  — <'vllle.    Nt-Hrnry N 

_  .    .rrliiffton.  Cuiik NK 

•  Itarruw,  Greeiie W 

fiinr'a  More,  Mawmpln C 

•  Harry.    Pike .....W 

-••"rteliio!  Clinton.. ... 

NK 

.  iv.trta C 

.)/..,     ,•    ,.     (iallatln BE 

:  .v C 

MB,  U«waBc'.".*.'."'«*.^ 


}.iiT7 
IfcM 

4.o:,l 


ror.    TOW». 


•  HataUa,   Knii H 

BIK-M./-MI.  Cullifiun W 


I,ty,^-"«      ocr     ............ 

Day  City,  Pope  ..............  K 

•  ftilleClw.  Fayetle  .......  -g 

•  Haylla,  Pike  ......  .  .......  W 

tiin,  (nte  UcNoell... 
8t^f,  Wnjroe  .....  SR 

Htown.  Casi  .........  W 

- 


,.£ 


hrm-M  r:.  k,  ](  .lid. S 

Beavert'm.   Boone 1* 

•  Bearervllle     I  roquoti E 

•  JhcjtKif  A,  VermlUiiu B 

Bedford,  pike W 

-Beeeber.  Will NB 


ech  Illdge,  Alexander.  .3 

.^^iiTlllc,  calhonn W 

Bee  Creek,  Pike W 

JJi'lt,  M n'rl^'li  . '.'.'.'.  '.'.'.'.".9 

Bell  Air,  Crawford SE 

•  Belle  Flower,    McLean-,  .KW 


.Calboun.. 

SrffapUrtVu^!  BtCtalr.'. . SW 

Be  1 1  moat,  Wabajb SE 

•  Cook NK 

ook NE 

•  Ilt-lvMere,  Bonne .N 

•  Bement,  PUtt '.'.".'.'.!. ,C 

eenJamtiUKlUt,   (ice  Holder) 

•  BenMnvlllfl,  Du  1'age. .  .NK 
~  :ru»on,  WoodlorU C 

•ntley.  Hancock W 

enton.  Franklin 8 

__..n»»  take NE 

Benvllle,  Brown W 

•  Brrilan.  Greene W 

•  flCT-fff .  Cuok KB 

Berlin,  Siniwiiion C 

Berlin,  Summon C 

-rruadult*.  Fulton W 

llcrulce,  Cook N'  K 


—.•rryton.  Can W 

Bern-vine,  Hichland SB 

•  Berwick.  Warren W 

•  B-r»-yn,  Cook NE 

•  1%  •hrHtn,   MuiljM.ti i; 

Bethel,  Morgan ".'.".""'. W 

•  Dethtll.  Jwikwu S 

•AcUrJBH.  Bond S 

Bererly,  Atianu W 

S  Berrrlu  Hilt.  Cook KB 
bte  Orare,  Clay 8 

%Big Bay,  Mawac SW 

•>/:.'..(•.,(.  r.,tr;,ii SW 


Bl*Swk.Adani. W 

•  ftaBock,  Kaue M 

fiiaJondV,  Momnn ..iW 

•  Bir.ett,  Lawrence NB 

•  BIHRham,  Fnyetto 3 

•  Blrdt,  Lawrence N  E 

•  )ilr.r«DrlUne,  Will NK 

•  Hirkli'-i1!;.  JriVitl C 

•  Blrkncr,  8»lutf:^tr  ....bW 

•  iSop'Hiu.  Stiirr.".'"."** 

UMW  •(-,  iv, 
(liinarck,  V, 

Black  terry,  Kane N 

Blackburn.  Clirt*Uau ^: 

•  Blackitone,  Uritie'itun"!.C 

HlJlne,  Booue N 

Blilr.  Randolph >w 

Blalnvllle,  Wtlll.iina.iu S 

»£la*a,  L*  Salie ^;N 

ludliw,  JoLt>«Bt..'.>W 


'-i  1  —  '••    ' 


H'.'i  ;A-.  SMt  IN 


.minitoo,McL'nSW 

Bluutit,  Vernilllun B 

BlneOraai,  VermlUon E 

•  Blue  laUnd.  Cook N  K 

AIM  IttandJuxf't,  Co.»k ,,NR 

Slllll^   "ilii!!!!'!.    Mricnil S 
Bio*  Point,  Efflnchun  ,...S 

•  BluaRIdfe,  Putt C 

Bluff  LUy.  Scliujler W 

RSI  off  CHu.  Fayette H 
tiff  Dale.G  reene W 

+  Blujr  Bait,  Adami W 


•  Bin  (TSprlow.  Caw. . 
9Blutord,  Jefterwn... 

Itiyfnn,  Fulton 

Boal,Majwc 

Moffte,  Lawrence 

Bofot*.  Ja.per 

Bolivia,  Clirliuan 

-~)IUin.Kleplien»un  . 


...SW 
...NK 
....SK 

....  O 
..NW 


•  BuneGap,  Edward* SB 

•  n..nfl.-M,  Kankkkee, B 

Bonn*.  Boone N 

•  Itoo.lv,  Macon S 

•  Boot'staUou.  Jaiper  ....BE 

;.'iMiir'!'.S 

ij.-r.  Clinton  ...!"'."'.S 
i'keeB 


CU.  Han 


1 


:k 

Hoialttollle' G*\l»tta .8K 

£h,,,pina,,,  Etltlar K 
jwminullr,  Cook NK 

Buwyt-r,  KlrhUnd 8K 

•  Boyleitnn,  Wtyne sK 

BI.VIIIUU.  Tatewell C 

•  Brulljury.  CiitnUerlanrt  ...E 

•  Biadr'orJ,  eurk. !!!!!.'!!!'»: 

•  ..     • 

/tra<Li\ii!:,  L'uion S 

-.BrmldwiwJ,  Will N'E 

took NB 


Branch,  BtlnlCUIr SW 

9  f;>  :>,   fiJunrlioit.  M^rkiu.a 
hiavnel-l,  Fnnklln S 


•  Breeie,  Clliilon 8 

Bri'ineu.  Ilmwlolph SW 

•,  Vermilion K 

Tiicr1*,  Pike W 

•BiMrBtHft,  Henry NW 

%Hr,arH\t;   Kanf N 

•  /.j  p.  ii  .-.•.  USalli- H 

ll'-l<l'itJit»rtinn.  MadlM>n..O 

~  Ihidyt  J  unctiov.  Peorla. -C 

firittatJmtrttoH.  Will..  NE 

_•  tin  //^..'uwci'n.S'-ClalrSW 

•  Hi  i.lyr.  Junction,  Afei'd'r  8 

•  ttridgtfart.  Cook NB 

S  Brian-port.  Lawrence. .NB 
rnl|flw*t*r.  Crr^ri" W 

BrlgAtnn,  Jersey BW 

•  Hr!f[tit»n,  Macounln C 

•  BrV*to*Pork,  <iook. . . NE 

SHrlnineld,  Peorla C 
/trtobane.  Will NH 

!HrU-f>e,  Clark E 

A,  Kendall N 

llanda,  Champaign  ..B 

lufll,   I/JR1D C 

•  [I'.io'iin.  J-..lt;ar K 

•  Brok  a  10.  If  cLnn .......  BW 

'  '  '.Cook NE 

Park,  Cook..NB 
__ „._  Bdllne S 

•  Brooklyn,  Mwsac SW 

Srovkl'jH,  ftt.Clalr 8W 

Brooklyn,  t.huyler W 

"-••ok*.  Madlaon C 

wkvilie,  ogle N 

rougntuu.  Hamilton S 

trownlne,  Scburler W 

•  Browna,  Edward* SB 

liroicM't  MM.  (tee  Ironilale). 


H,  in. if,  '„,:  /'^//.'.ui-L-.'.iVs' 

'•       i.twlrk,  M;p-!!.y i: 

i>ruhy  Fork,  DotigUl B 

Bruwela.  Calboon W 

>Bryaut,  Fulton W 

tBryden,  Jackion S 

-lucnanan,  («ee  Dunn) 

Hurl;,.-.,.,  BtMbOUCHL...    NW 

Buck  Horn.  Brown W 

Buck  Horn  IltaHd.  Pike  ..W 
i  Buckingham.  Kankakee..E 

Hucklt-y.  Iruqnoli... 

Bufkurr,  Franklin.. 

•  Bad ',',  i  iTtapbni'.'.* 
Buena Park, Cook  .... 
'  ~  ten*  VlUa,  Eleph't 


8 

.V.V.c 


l!ud»l'>Gri 


NW 

;rLaVe4::::::xE 


•  S«: 
Buxto 


, 
Carlylp.CUiilon 

•  Carman,  fteuderaon 

•  rttrml,  White 

•  fur  -ii  <!*•!«,  Lec 

•  Carpenter,  M»il!*un 


!'Cary  button,  McHenry...N 
Caaey.  ('lark K 

•Cau-yvillf.  Saint Cl*lr...SW 
-     M*ton.... 


Ca» 


Huflalu  1'ralrtc.  K.  lalanU  N  W 

Duinpua.  Jefterion 8 

Buncombe,  John  ton S 

•  iluakerHlll,   Hacoapln...G 

•  it  {:,  an'M.l::^    l'.^".'".'.' 

Burkullle.  Monroe SW 

%KarJueillit.  Uonro« SW 

•  SurtlAffar-it,  Can ,  W 

•  Bnrltagton.  Kane N 

Burnham,  Cook NE 

•'surname  Croiiiiig!  C'k .'\B 

•  Buruttilf.  Hancock W 

Burnt  Prairie.   WhlM SE 

9  Burr  Oik.  Cook NE 

Bumw>rlli«.  Plait c 

Barton,  Ad*m* W 

S  Burton  View,  Logan C 
Biuhuell,  McDonough....W 

"!!'.c 

...K 

Clinton 8 

9J1I/I"',  Fultou W 

Bycrton,  Calhoun W 

•  /fyMirn.'.'-.  Du  Page  ....NB 

•  Byron.  Ogle N 

•  CaberytFord E 

•  Cable,  fiercer NW 

Cadnvll.  M..iiUrlr      C 

•  Ciiiokla,  Saint  Clalf  ....SIT 

SCatro,  AlfxtuJer B 
Cjii.l   UlU.  Itumc N 

•CkxMoAJa^MHcMfK,  B'ne  K 

•  Calhmm,  K'.dilnnrl sK 

California  Arttnu.  Cook..NE 
Ciluiiie;.  Cook NE 

•  Caluiitet  filter.  Cook . . . .  N  E 
^Calvary.  Cock NB 

•  C;.'  in.    V,  |s|;,        SK 

•  CambHd^Hturi: '.  K  W 

•  iiujl-r W 

CamdfH  Jtfltt,  (wo  Milan)... 


IT    mini;..  . 
>D W 


jCamcron,  W»i 

<  .inn':."]].  I1..!'*  (•: 

•  Campbell  Hill,  Jackton  ...8 
CatopGrovf,  Btark C 

!  Camp  Point,  Adam* W 
Calicut,  Uvlngiton O 

JCaimvHie.  Willlimmn S 
Cantint,  Madlwn C 

•  raitttpn.  FvilMn. W 

•  Car.rr.ill.  S j'..-.u-.i.i'    r 

•  Caprtia,  Puonc N 

Carbtr't  Sidgt,  iseu  Karbfr'* 

•  Carbon  Cliff,  Rock  1'il.NW 

•  Cartiondule.  Jutknou a 

•  (';.(  iMHille,  Macuupln .  ,C 
•Carlock.  McLean .SW 

-,f:.rlt<..i.   1'r  Kttl!). 


w      a» 

V.V.8E      1.7SS 
...N  X 


•  r>rn  ..-'»  Mil!..  Saline d 

1-nmitl,   I  arnill NW 

•^Carrol  I  ton,  (Ireene W 

•Carrow,  Kankakee B 

Cartrrvltle.  Wllllamton  ...9 
Hancock . . . .  W 


. 

& 


....8 
mit  w 

•  .,  srjrk.. C 

9(\ittitton.  KauJcakee K 

Cart..r,  W»inc  

f'ttfaH.   f.t«Jt   K 

•  Citlln,   Vermilion B 

•  <-.j(.'«,  VUrvhall r 

SCalon  FarnTvim NB 
iveln  Ru-k,  ItardiD SK 

Cawtliiia.  Kllllauiiou 3 


OITM.      OOOBTT.       ir.onx.  ror 

pCazenoTla,  Woodford C  IW 

j  ftdar.  Wlilte.ld^ N  W  X 

Ced-tr  eiuir.Jotta.»Qa «  x 

Cedar  Mlllt,  Greene TV  19 

Odarvlllc,  Btei>hen*on. .  .N  W  Z# 

t Cement  Worst.  LoSalle  ..N  X 

C«ni«»nltit,&tepheniuin.  .KW  tt 

9Ce»trr,  facewell C  X 

•  CrnUt  till',  Grunily N  X 

"entral  CHu,  Grundy tt  (13 

Central  City.  Marion 8  3U4 

^  Cent  nil  a,   JlartoD S  l.T*J 

•  Central  Park.  Cook NE  * 

Centre,  Scliiijlcr..., W  x 

SCtntrt  folnt,  Kn.,x W  X 

•ntreKtdgt.  (*ee  ftwcdoua).  X 

Ceutrevllle,  1'latt C  1UO 

Ctnitrrtltf.  <f'"  f-.  h.«.h X 

•  Ccntn-vllle  hta:i.,ii,si.i.>-s  W  2tW 

•  CerroGordo,  Plait C  W* 

•  Cbadwlck,  Carn.ll N  w  2W 

Chain  n  Bridge,  Monroe... SW  B) 

•  CballacornV  Macou^Ut..C  X 

Chamhertbuncti,  I'lke W  300 

Cbatnneu.  WUlininton B  X 

"iCh»]iipaUn,C!,tiiipu]gTi..-E  S,B» 

_*a»it>lln,  Uvlng»ijin C  X 

•  Chana.Ogte W  SW 

•  Chandler,  Cook N  J:  x 

•  Chaudlerrlllp,  CaM W  «io 

Channahou.  will NR  SSS 

•  Chapln,  Moripin W  5UO 

•  Chapman,  >Itint«omery.   .('  10 

•  CnniiftfU.  Cw.k .NE  X 

•  ChantT,  Ve nnllion E  IS 

*  Charleston,  Culo« K  <,!» 

--  •'vinnton C  » 

re,  DeKalb... N  1C 

Cha»e,   Peurla C  X 

-iChaUiam.  Kaupamon C  481 

_iCbat&worth.  LiTioc*toD...C  837 

SCbattan,  AdaniB. W  ftt 

lauccey.  Lawrence SE  li» 

•  Cbebauae.  Iroquoli B  61C 

•Cheltcnbam,  Cook NK  * 

j  Ctiemnne,'nMcl?enry ......  N  IM 

•  Cbeneysrllle.  Vermilion.  K  M 

•  Cheaoa,  McLean SW  l.ttC 

•  CAtrry  Hilii,  W  III NE  1.1UI 

•  Chcr,-y  Polnl,  Edzsr K  aw 

•  Cherry  Valley,  Wrireb'go  N  aul 

•  Chester ,  Ratidulph.... SW  i.K» 

•  Clieatcrtleld.  Mftcoupln...  C  914 
%Chf*lfrealt,  Logan C  X 

•  I'M  -u-rvir...  D,  u^u- \  •» 

Cheitllne,  Adami W  X 

•  Cheaumt,  Ixfron C  100 

•  CHICAGO,  Cook. . . .  SE  U3»,J» 

•  ChK'iyo  tt  Efxtntion  June., 
Cook 

•  Chicago  Ili-ifc-hu,  Co..,:. 

•  CAiftennp.  Gjunay  .'.'.".".*.:*  x 
Chill,  Hancock V  mi 

Illeuihi-,  Prorla C  '.831 

(aeeEeeCreek)....  X 


'  Incli  ti-its,  i  i;i .''*...  '."".VI 
Clnctnnati,<tfo  Pin  Oak ) .... 
CbvltvltU,  T««weil C 

•  Cisco.  Plate < 

•  Cline,  Wayne SE 

•  dianaParX'lnxiuctU.'.'.'.'.E 
-tCH-or.Talton..,?. W 


•  ClarVr  I>e  S  Jiii'.V .'.'.'."  . .  " '  X 

•  Claremont,  Klch'.iii'l  ,      si- 
Clarence,  Ford t 

•  Clareadou  Bllla.UDl'ace  NF 

Clark,  Jersey sw 

Clark  Centra.  Clark E 

•  Clarkdale.'nti.-..  Ci-k      NK 
Clarke  City,  Kankukec E 

•  Clark'*,  Onok ....  NK 

•  Clarkadale.  thriatlan C 

CUrkiim,  IVaynr S" 

•  Clay  City,  Clay 

'. 

•  Clayton,  Adami W 

•  Claytoarille,  Iroquota I 

Clr- -- 


SE  X 

.3         680 


jCWtoft  Trrract,  MadlMn.  C  X 

•  Clinton.  DeWIU C  1MB 

SCHmUMtdlt.  Kane N  900 

Cttola,  Adam. W  X 

•  Ctorat,  Randolph sw  x 

SCloverUaie.  Dul'age NB  13 

toverftltt,  Bh« Iby C  X 

tClybovrx  JuncHon.CooltJi'K  X 

•  Clyde,  Couk NE  JW 

•  CiyuV,  Macoupln C  X 

JCoat$ranc\Ja>ic.,QTua<ljS  X 

Coal  Clatte,  WIU NE  X 

•  Coal  City.  Grundy S  l^TI 

•  Coal  JftflM,  Will NE  X 

•  '•-.-Ji  .--f"lf:.  Sai.i-l Q..      C  X 

•  Coat  Track,  IdSalle N  x 

•  Coil  Valley.Rock  l*landNW  prt 
Coalrtlle.  Llvii.fnUin C  3UU 

•  CoaJri;^Ju).,-,.Llvlngiti>nC  X 
-tCoaUburph.  A.lami W  SM 

•*  '  -i.  Union 8  M4 


i,  MoniKomery C 

%i'',iif  "i  rn«,  Jii'kHiii S 

•  ('-  i.-'ii  »!'  r.  M^'ltiiiinii;1!      W 

Coldbrook,  Warren W 

Cole  Pale,  Mercer NW 

•  Colehour,  Cook NK 

•  ' WrNi'in.  Kane N 

•  •  '.l.iultrle C 

''..;,«,  i'lintnn ...B 

.'ol.-t...  WhltMlde NW 

•  Cnllax.  McLean SW 

•  CoMtw*.  1'eorla C 

•  Colllntburgk,  Jobuoo 8 

•  (•.iiiUiivliu-,  Uadtoon C 

•  Cnlmar.  McDonoogti . . . .  W          w 

•  i1t,|,,naS!*t1..n,  H.'nry..NlV          *5ir 
Colorado.  Pope ..S  X 

•  Columbia.  MntM SW      1,1*1 

Ci.iiiitiliiip4.  A.lami '.'.'.'.'.W         )01 

Coluntbtrt,  inee  Wool) X 

•  tv'm^  lirKa'lb.. '.'.'.'. '.'.'.'..  N  X 

•  Colvln  Pirk.  DeKalb X  10 

•aaMto  AfiHBt,  Platt C          x 

•  Comrr.    NUi-uUpliI C  X 

Commen -III  Point.  Al'Ji'ntirr  3  100 

.NW 


U 


•  i  ;.',„,.!  ,.^,  'l;.-| 

•  <  ..-..i. i.    i'i 

•  I'.-;.,  "i'i.  > 


::S    £. 


MAP   INDEX  OF   ILLINOIS. 


TOWM.      COUKTT.      urcKx. 
Congrr.  Woo-lford C 

*CvHiryi*i  >H,W  . . ,'.  '. .'.'.'."SK 

Conlogur.  Kdftar E 

•  C,,,.,,.,,,  M».,,n NW 

Conrad,  Calhoun W 

•  O-n»("   •(.  I'd.k SE 

."  ••!-.  (  .».k NK 

Cf*.k'«  Mill*.  «V1.< K 

•Cook-nll?.  Mi  Lean SW 

•  r.->l  H.nW,  I'lk.-  W 

•  i_Y»it"T,  Taaewrll C 

\vn,  Bmwn W 

Caitjin  i  Creeli  Lock  and  Dam, 
laenCantoU) 

•  Oor«,S*ngamou C 

Coral,  McHmr?   N 

•CordoTLKock  Uland  .   NW 

Corinth.  Williamson 8 

•Cornell,  LIvlngMon C 

•CoriilanJ, Logan C 

,  Heunr KW 

C<n-ryrillf,  (see  Linn) 

•  OinrilA.  Cook  ... 

•CMMr.Onudr... 

i'.it;«r  drove,  Cook  . 

t  ',::w  Hill.  IVitivsi 

Cotuga  Home,  Wiliia 

•Cotton  Hill.  Rwijta'timrV. ".'.'.<": 

Ci.tUtnwtwxl,  OalUlll. SE 

•CouKerevllle.  Randolph  sW 
i  t, ni. cil  Hill.  J.i  1>«U"M..NW 

•  council  Hill SU...!oI>«'»XW 

•  Courtlanil.  DeKalb  .......  N 

•  CoreJI.  McLean SW 

•  Cowilrn,  Hhelby C 

•  Cuuwi.  Perry B 

•Cowling,  Wabaih SE 

•  C-WVcHenry N 

•  Coyne,  Grundy N 

•  Coytiw,  Will NK 

Crab  Orrhartl,  WlMainwn  .  S 

•  Cngln.  C.*.k KK 

•  Craig,  Perry S 

•  .•v,r.,-v.  r,;,-,r K 

•  I'raim  ill*.  Wllllamaon  . . . , S 

Sfratner.  Peorla r 
Cro  melon,  Henry NW 

•  CnndalL  tueweU C 

<.  rt»  tunl,  foot NE 

•  >  real  '•prlugt.  Williamson  S 

•  <'re*centClty.  Iroquol* E 

•  i'ri-*t.i:i.  <V\* 

4  Will 

CneJnU,  JMMr 

•    I'mbertaud.'.'. 

•  Cropaey.  McLean 

M.Jen** 

I'll,!!,..  Sii.t,inn, 


win*..  .:...:.„  „ 

•  C'rorrn,  Salnl  flair SW  X 

•  Cruder.  Woodford C  » 

Crvtnplon,  (we  Healy) X 

.                     '    McLean... SW  X 
Crvttnt  Lai*  O '0.,<aeeCryiUl  Lk.JX 

•  CryMal  Lake.  McHenry...N  781 

•  tVi'iMJ  Lake  Junction,  He. 

Henry N  X 

•  Cuba,  Fullon W  l.:n 

•  CDllom.  Livingston C  300 

•  <  uniHiliiKn.  <.-'>; NE  l.dij 

•  rKuiNi(np«.VMcXCookXK  * 

•  Carran,  Santnmon C  ISO 

CurrVr'f  M i».(ieeCarrkr'tM*.  X 

•  Curtia.  Menart C  X 

Curtttritlr.  (*ee8ainay111e)  ...  X 

•  Cuahman,  Moult  rt* C  SO 

•  Cinter,  s*  nga  m<  >n C  100 

•  CoaterPark,  Will NE  100 

•  Cutler,  Perry S  130 

•  Cuvtor.Cook NE  X 

Crprr*a  Creek.  JohDton S  X 

•Cffttw'«iKll0H,QaUatluBI  X 

•  DagW  Carroll.  NW  x 

•  IHhluda,  Koox W  IS 

•  Dahlgtvn,  HamlJWn S  301 

Inilea,  Cillmun W  x 

•  -'.'.".'.. S  X 
4t  Halls*  City.  Ham-nek          W  747 

•  Dillon  City,  Mi.ulirte C  834 


............. 

ill  ..............  NE 


•  humid 


.  ,  .  . 

n  .....  S 


MB 

•I 

,lrof]Ui>l» E         tOO 

,:i SW         SOt 

•  Danville-.  Vrrmlll™  ...   E    H.iSl 

Ptnwny.  L»Sa 


•  '  •  •  • 
BantM  ..K 


t»dL6*lDt  Clalr  ...,6W 

•  uar»  in.  Clark E 

•  Damn.  Greene W 

•  ZxiiipAtn  Park.  Cook..   NE 

•  Davit,  BUphennon NW 

•  DavlaJnnclIon,  Ogle N 


•  Di-corrn,  Henden 
tiff  t  tr.  Cook. 

•  lifr  Creek.  TM* 

litrrJI'lJ  l*i-ni  i-  i-. 

•  Dr-r  Grove,  VTfal 
%Dttri-ig.  Cook  .. 

•  I*rr  1'arlt.  '     ~ 


......  N 

USdlle.  .S 
,   .......  W 

- 


.  -     ........ 

SDrluid,  FUtt  .....          r 
rvi»v»n.  i,,  -»-,.n  .......  ;t: 

!Ivl«j,  Mwniipin  .........  C 
Dellil,  J»r*ty  ............  SW 

DtU  AU>ty.Qruti4y  .......  S 


•Done,  McLean... 
Hf>tnrille.  Randolph 
%fhake,  Greene.... 

•  Drtuar,  Favi'lte - 

Driven,  Jefferton S 

Drtimmond,  Will NE 

rury,  Itock  laland NW 

_  ryjeo,  Jcfferaon S 

/'•:.':/,n.  M.-niKi.r-i-r.  C 

•  "  tool*,  Wainlugum 8 

dley.  Edgar E 

.evVnle,  Bond S 

ftunbar,  Stephruwm N  W 

•  nuncan,(SUrlc C 

._n?Wlh.  Foltaik.'.'.'.'.W 

•  Duncan  Y!  lie,  Crawford  ..SE 

•  Dnnda*,  RlchlauU SE 

•  Dundee,  Kani- N 

Dumfrrmllne,  Fullon W 

•  Dunkel,  cnmtl*n C 

•  Dunlap.  Peorla C 

DunCeftk,  (»ee  E.  DttbOQM)  . . 
Dunn,  Moultrlo C 

•  Dunn1ii«.  Cook NE 

Dupage.  v;ill NE 

•  l>Uponi,Cook NE 

•  Durand  VinnebagoV..."..N 

I)i:r',n'ii,  Him', irk \V 

Tha-lev,  Bond 8 

Dv  K  kHottotelt  in  t*.  S  t.  Cl'  rS  W 

Sagl"  Lake,  W^.^.^.'i.'liiE 
Eagle  Point,  Oxle N 

•  M:M::,.  I.,~-M- v 

E»rly  Dawn.  L*e N 


J 


•  DriRri.  Iroqnoit.".  ..".".."  K 

-  "    njHttr  .«c ,  n.  Cook  .   Nt 

wrk.  Perry 8 


•Dnml^hlMi<ii''.'.'.KW 

•  Denver,  Hannick W 

IMrlm!*,  '.hi  DaTlria.' ,'.',"  "MV 
nertodaOr.tr-  JoIHvVNW 

l^lln^KMk.kw E 

•  I>e.S<ito,  J«-k»un'. '.".'.". 

KH-I  Ptolni-o.  ( "ook NE 
roll,  Pike W 

Devona,  Mrrcer NW 

•  Hewey.  <  hainpalgn B 

•  |>-  Witt,  i*  wm i: 


DUmntlrl  L»ke.  Lukr  ......  NE 


.Tw^weii.. 

.burs'     - 

tDUunlek, 


Dlll>biirg>i,Cham(uUgu  . 

•  Dlmmlck,  L*  Stile 

Dloaa,  Colri. 


oltoo'a  Station,  Cook 
onafiCook 

.DonjRila,  Union... 

•  Donnellion,  " 


....N 
""« 

!"NB 
. . .  x  E 

...NE 


•'     '        .    .  i 


_.      „     ;Kno«...........W 

Duaglas.  St.  Clalr SW 

•  Dougtat  Park.  C.»ik . . . . NE 

'"-'"*  ipve'.NE 
..  ..sw 

bW 

w 

..s 


& 


•  aCapeGlrmrJeau,  Ale: 

•  E.  Carondelet.  6t.  Clali 

i,  Wh 


,5 


.  .      .  . 

-  •...;.  VhiioKleNW 
aMDfwtur.  Mkcon  _____     S 

•  E.  DtibnqiM-,  Jo  Di  vlrM  N  W 
Eatt  Dundee.  Katie  .........  N 

S'titKroff.  Dti  P««e....XE 

fMtJSTcniMtnl,  Plk«  .....  W 

£<u(.Tofi«!,  Will  ........  NB 

ail  Lonlttana,  Plke......W 

E**c  Lynn.  Vi-rmliioD  .....  B 

ast  Newbern,  JerKj-  .....  f=',7 

/;  :-    •  '.•.••,(.  .••.•  >  in  rw  rvTrt 

•  fcjsiou.  Muon  ..........  NW 

EwtPawPw,  IWKaib  .....  N 

E»rt  Peorla-TBiewcl!  _____  C 

Kt-r  1'l.ttn,  K«n«  ..........  N 

' 


., 
<ui  Rcttt'in<l,  Cook  ......  K  E 

WfcettUnd.  Will  ......  NK 

ford 

•• 


, 
* 

Eut  WfcettUn 
E»lon,  Crawfor    ........... 

1        :   .  .  :  ••    .  .    ..    .    L- 

EddTvllle,  1'ope  ..............  8 

•  .  I'ejfl*  .........  -I' 

Kden,  Fi-orU  ..............  C 

Eilgir,  F.'lgir  .............   K 

Edge.wmer.0ol;.. 
EdBtwim).  i:An«h>in  .....  8 

Edslagton,  Hock  lilind  .  .NW 

•  Edlnbunrb,  ChrWUin  .....  C 
EdlwaFxrk.Cook  ......  KB 

dmoniii,  Jlisicorfc  ........  W 

•  Edwtnls,  Ponrla  ..........  C 

•  Edwnr<l*vlllf.  MidlioaC 

-"  ' 

.....................  C 

9  E<tiear<ln-*  Junction,  MM))- 

EfllnghAi'i'.'  Kfflng'hVm'  B 
F.Rnrr,  Iro.iool*  ...........  E 

•  EwDfUy.  Otle  ...........  N 

9£ggrrt,  Cook  ...........  NE 

' 


Elba,  GalUUn 

•  Elburu,  Ktiie 

JElco,  Alnxiiudor 
I  Dan,  I'lke 

•  Eldrni,  lye 

•  'ni'i,  M(  l^'i 
.  C'lr.fn.k-     . 

•  El  Dorado,  Salluf..., 

?EUlred.  Ol 
lartitgr,  Edgar 

•  Eleanor,  Warren  .... 


;^S?Tr:-:»; 

rah.-tn.j.>  l>an«a»..  NW 

flit  "Oro»e,  CooT"'. .  *      "  K  K 

•  Elkhtrt,  Logan C 

KlkhiTfk.  WaahlogtDD  ....       8 
Elkhnm Grove,  farruU...KW 
Elk  Pnltie,  .I.'ffr n-,ii  ,  S 

•  Elkvllle,  Jicksou. S 

•  Ellery.  Ed«-nrd« M-: 


.  ..      .       . 

lnKton.Ailami  ...........  W 

'lli-m.  Xur-1  ..............  E 

• 


rill,<.r,,v,-,  U(ii,d,,lp|, SW 

Kill*  M..IIM.J.  llBinlltno 9 

SEIIaworth,  McLean SW 
m  Krauch,  Wiyne SE 

Elm  Ofu»e,  Adatna W 

•  BlmbuM,  Du  Page KB 

Elnilra,  Stark O 

Bnw%rr- 


ElBdoo.1 .__ 

_  i-.h'H  viatk.u.  De  Kaio'.V.'.N 

SI'  .•..!•!'    1    ,    II  It,'  •  Cl \V 
Ivlni,  Johnsr.n S 

-Klwlii.  M^.x-u S 

_  KI  woutl.  Will N  E 

•  Kmbarrait  AdMy.Coiea.  .K 

•  Emden,  Logaa C 

Emerson,  WMtr.lac NW 

,.  Mact-n 3 


•  Endupf.ii.  LlTlngatoo C 

Emma,  White SB 

•  Empire,  McLean SW 

/•'•ni ••..-,  (M-elSaf.) 

Enilor,  Will \E 

•  KnnHil,  While SE 

tKnfl,tdJ\H't»  n.  Wlnl.-  NK 


Fulton W 

rnt.T^i^'V^S1;;;-::;;:;.""-- 


»f-'/>li,  i  !.<••!,    M.'D I,'. I   ..W 

•  Equality,  Oailatln -K 

•  Erie,  Whltenlde NW 


_.  .'lu,  Schuylrr 

•  Eimond.  l(a  Kalb... 

•  Eatex,  liankakce... 
-Etna,  Colo 

.Bulwnka.  Adann.... 
Kucl fit  Park, Cook.. 


SE 


•  Erana,  Slan-liall 

Eca,n  HUI,  Morgan W 

•  ETanilon.  Cook NE 

KvanavUle,  Ituudolpb SW 

•  AV'irM,  >;.  I-K.  ;.-..n  ....NW 

•  ErergreenPnrk.  Cook..NE 

•  A'Mrfiuin,  EOnghain S 

Kwlng.  Franklin S 

Stetnglon,  Efflnghani E 

-—     "-ion K 


icier.  Scott W 

•  EMIiic.  Kankakee E 

•  I-'-.  U  r.  !^li;..t...i (j 

•  /'ilrtin*j,  Moulirle C 

IFalrbury,  LJvlnRston C 

i  Fair 


•  Fal  r  U  rititv. 
FUr  Havpn.  fir 


!Falrlnnd,  Douglai B 
I.-JKIII..H.  M.irn-n -    s 

•  Falrmouut,  Vermilion.. .  S 
Fatrnwunt  Park, Cook...NB 

•  Falrrtew,  Fulton W 

-tFalrvlevtPark.  Cook...NE 

air  Weather,  Adama W 

.Fail Creek,  Adam* W 

.'ailing  fprlnat,  St.  tlalr.SW 

•  J'almouth,  Jasper SB 

•  K.T]c':>T.  S!...jb> t; 

Fancy  Prnlrle,  Menard C 

Fantlon,  McDonough W 

Faney,  Woodford C 

Fargo,  biown W 

•  Farina,  Fayette S 

•  Farlow,  Moultrle C 

Fftrmdale.  Twewelt C 

.Farmer  City,  De  Will C 

•  Fanner*  v  I  lie,  Montg'ry. .  ,C 

•  FarmlDgdale,  Sangamon.  .C 

•  Farmlngton.  Fulton W 

F»nn  KLdifi'.  l^Salle N 

Fanceil,  Ciiok N  B 

•  Fayetu,  Greece W 

Fayette.vllle,  St.  Clalr SW 

-.hanville.  Cook NB 


Feller,  Greene W 

•  Fenlon,  Whllpslde NW 

Ferdinand.  Rock  ].!aud..NW 


/*o*-rfftawi,(,«.k 

SForeitCitj,  M**oo 
FomtGien,  IV  k 
•rofwtniu,  cook 

^FortHHitt.  Coc.k 

C.«.k 


8W 


!F1— , 
Flcklin,   Duuglan B 

•  Fidelity,  Jeraey 8W 

Fidelity,  Cbampalgn E 

*Flfl4ino,  DeKalS N 

Fleldon,  3e«ey SW 

Mfer.  McLean SW 

•  KillTnore,  Montgomery ...  .C 

•  Fllion,  Douitlw .....E 

Flndlay,  Sbelby C 

•  Flnuey,  Jacktou 8 

•  Flaher,  Champaign E 

•  Fittun,  Vermilion E 

Ftokrr-t  L'd'a.iie*  Bee  Creek) 

Klih  Hook,  Pike W 

FUM  Lake,Bt.CMt ,. 
FlUilan,  Vermilion.... 

r!"«  Ilili.  I  TUUUL." 

•  Fiigg.  OK"' '.'""'.'.v 

SFlagg  Cer-rrt,  Ogle M 
Fl*n«cnti,  Llvtngnon C 

•  Flit  l..:.-k.   l'ra*ford....8B 
H 1  ttflDe.  '  -.    .!.;•!,. IL.        .     B 
Fleralngton.Kdgar K 

•  Kid.  Isi-r,  Mi-Leau 8W 

Flint,  Hamilton a 

?  Hurt,  Hay 8 
lorovllle,  bt.  Clalr SW 

•  '    sutl'ynifci'plVuN  W 


"NE 

..NW 
..NB 


»Forreaton,  (Vie N 

?For»yth,  Mttif.il ,$ 
art  Ctinrtr*.  l!audul]ili  .  .SW 

Fort  Hill,  Lake NB 

•rmiMAA/Mrtxtrklli 

•  f,,rt  Lut,  Jaoper SK 

FortRhf-rldan.  lj,k^ NE 

Fo«er,  Rock  Uland N  W 

Forterburgh,  Madlnun...  .     C 
F<-ter  Pond,  Munn* SW 

•  Fountain  RluiT.  Jaiktou. .  .8 

Fountaludale.  Ugl« N 

Fountain  Grt-.-u.  Mai...nW.   W 

•  fowler,  Adam  *'..^.....W 

•  Fux,  KtDdall N 

V..t  I.VK-.-    l*\.>    ...NK 

K..\ >!:!.•',' Marlon  *..' .'.'*3 

?/><iniA  Vermilion K 
rankfort.  Franklin S 

Franco*,  WU1 KX 


[Frankr.rt  StaUmi,  TViil.  NE 
frank  1111.  Morgim IV 

IKrankllti  Gro»e,  Lee X 

•r.iiikini  r.irk.  Hardlu  ....SE 
N 

r-l^r-»,  tt'lutp 6K 

JKrrderli  k.  S jlcr W 

*  i.  WUllamioa S 

?.-.h.et.  Clalr.  ...SW 
.   I  D-Mllr N 

•  A    • 

p,  Peorla c 


Mon.NW    10.189 


?F 
rl.' 


..•::x| 


9t'f""t'-i'^.  Uuraitr.. 

•  Ul       :>".U..          ,, 

.:::.  UuP(g«. 

•'['IV,..':';.1   li.'\\'llt.*'.! - 

•  ' 

•  /•tin*'*  Krare,  Mi-Unu  .SW 

•  .•  ,        .  ;  .:r        sw 

'a  Ulce,  Lake SE 


i'iniyJo  DavlVs..'."."  NW 

•  SKitlll*,  A««   ,.       ""   c 

•  '.%,.V,, „,,,!.  I'.-.K  . 
Uallaghor,  Hlcdlaiid bE 

lalk.n  :i'v.   'jTsalV.  '.'.'.I'."" '  N 

tGalt,  Whitctlds NW 

. 

I  .Perry.... s 

•  Gnlvu,  Henry NW 

Ganntown,  Johnwm S 

Gam),  Coolt NE 

Gap  Grove.  Lee N 

•Garber,  Ford E 

•  Garden  Plaiu.Whlte'e  ..NW 

•  Garden  Prairie,  Boooe.,,.N 

•  Gardner,  GrnuJy y 

-"— • — ^;-^ort.Coolc..NE 

Ga'r/ftlit  P'rrrlt,  Cook'  I".'".'  S  E 

•  rlnnd.  Edgar E 

larrett,  Dougla* E 

<art*t<itt  Saint  Clalr.... KW 

_   lary,  Cook NE 

(.'  a  it.  •  -.'.•  ]..'"ri'.r.'  i 

'.    I      I    !,,>.    J   ll't--..|l      S 

'    lion,  Batimmua C 

!V«r»,  Will NE 

(NESS"°.:v.-v.^ 

i.'.c.,.  ll.'ury NW 

,tt.  Wlnnebngo N 

•  Genera,  K«iic N 

9Vt*tra  StctU-lt,  K*M'.....N 
-|Uen..a,  IVKinlh N 

iGeorgeiown,  Vernilllon.  .E 

iQcrlaw.Warran W 

\Qenarm  Prai>-ie,  Sing'n,,  C 

i  Ucm  ian  town,  Clinton S 

_ eriiuintfHcn,  Vennlllon  ...,S 
(Irrman  Toictt,  Woodlord..C 

•  (.eniian  Valley,  Siei'l.'i.NW 

•  Glb»un  City,  Ford E 

•  Glflurd,  Champaign. ..       E 
Gil*.  Jasper 8E 

+QUMrdM.  Brown.' .".'.'.'.'.'.'.'  W 

Ollchrlit,  Mercer N  W 

Gllcad,  Calhonn W 

O'.        -!,:r.    M.W.IIIIIIII I) 

%QUletU,  Will NE 

•  liillmn,  .Mcl.e*u SW 

•  (Jllinan,  Iroquol* E 

^UttUT,  Uke XK 

»'.'.'•.  •  '•'.  rffliiKlmm S 

rCtlion,  Knox IV 

Itilrurd,  Macoupko C 

K.nvjf,  t  ixik NE 

tGladitone,  Heuder»on....W 

iGLuford.  Peorla c 

IUNSOW.  .Scon W 

IQunakl,  Jackaon B 

tGlrnartu,  fiaugamon C 

v,k»)ii\rn.  Vermilion E 

•  i;i.-nCarbon,U*dl*on....U 

;Olencoe,Cook NE 
lemlale.  Pope s 

i  Ellyn,  DnPage NE 

»  „ .,  .in-ood.  Cook NE 

O        '    ,  '  .«'k NE 

•  li.i.tf  f'l1,     Mj'l!H)[! C 

Qodltv.  Will NR 

Oo«»el»We,  Cook NK 

Oolcomda,  Pope s 

Oolcondo  Jttattd,  Pope 8 

•  Golden,  Adam* W 

Golden  Eagle,  Calhann W 

tQoIden  OHe,  Wayne SB 

.GooJenow.Wm NK 

jfi'ii.ilr.i'M,  IV.tfiilf.ir.l r 

•  Good  Hope,  McDonough  .W 
Goodl  ng'a  G  rove,  Will N  E 

•  Goodrich,  Kaokakee E 

•  Goodwlne,  troquol* E 

Goo«o  Island,  Alexander  ....S 
Ooote  litand.  Cook NE 

•  Gordon,  Crawford SE 

liuri-\l!li',  .)i>titi»-in s 

•  fioMcll,  While BE 

]'«go NB 

'.v','°uke'.;:;:'.;NE 

•  'iratU.Q,  Jer»ey SW 

Grand  C/w(n;  Pnlankl ....    8 

•  r, rand  Cruwlnft.  Cook  ,.KE 
Grand  Detour,  Ogle N 

•  Grand  Ridge,  LaSallr  ,...N 

•  llraud  Tower,  Jackson.... S 
urand  View,  tdgar E 

•  Aw«inU,AokBM S 

•  Grander,  Du  Pane NE 

•  ft-.ini.  Kankakee E 

Grant,  WllUamion 8 

Oraotfork,  >ladi«>ii <? 

•  Grant  Park.  Kankake«...B 

Sdrauuburgh,  Johuwn  ....S 
rant  ITorto.  Cook Kg 

Granvlllc.  Putnam N 

•Grape  Creek.  Vermilion      E 

Urmaa  Lake,  Lake NE 

{.'I'M*  Lat,e.  Mcllenry       .     N 

•  GranH  Unil,  Saint  Clalr.  SW 

%<iravri  /'il,  Aleiaadnr 8 

O'.    i'    I  PUatdtHg,  DoWlttC 

•  •"./.  Cook NB 

•  Graymont,  LlvlngMon ,,..C 

•  Uray'i  l.aki-,  I*ke NK 

9<;r.,>iHlUJunc.,  EdwaVdtSC 
ilrav  u'lllmp.  (s«« Wa*co).... 
Gre.-nbu»h,  Warren W 

•  Greeuflrld,  Qreene"','.',".W 
Oreeil  llird.-n.  Will    .    ..      NK 

Green  Oak.  Bureau W 

Or«u  Uiver.Hcory NW 


Grtocvidl-     

•  Tn'iiMW  fl'i'-f.  KI.  CUIfbW 

•  ';,...;  :  .,  i;  ii.l    ,li,-r. K 

GroMd-il'.  «'«"ik NB 

QruMi'tlle.  llardlu... '.'.".. . '.SE 

',/(.;-'.    li(,.    I    > 


Grovolaiiil.  Tn/Awrll (! 

•  Ctwer1*  ^''if'i.V»Viiu'roa'n."N' 
QttWorA,  Jo  DavletJi'.'.'.'.'.'NW 

tGnrn«if,  Caan w' 

.  1  ,itcl K 

( Hadlty,  Plk* W 

I  Hutu.,  in.  Miii'...i;)in     .  .        i' 
t Haganlown.  Fayelie..       .S 

Jllagener,  Caat \V 

Halueavllle.  Lake X  F. 

Sffalntn-Hit.   Taje»'fll         •'' 
aiman-iH,  Whltwlde . .    .  S  W 

•  ,('cle V 

Hi!f  1'jy.  1-nke NE 

Hallock,  Prorla ....  < 

Slftittl.  Peons.... 
allM udeeOUiui  

H.tlNvlil.-,  I'-Wiit <• 

..ambureli,  Calhouu W 

Hamel,  Madt*on C 

•  Hamilton,  Hancock w 

Hamlet,  Mercer.. >'iv 

i, 
Himnlonil,  PUtf   r 


NK 

«"  Hampton," !!.«  k  [alud '  X  W 
ampton  &ta,,  («••(•  Dunn) 

»•—•-  Cra»-ford; SE 

iClly,  Peorla C 

llanover!  Jo  Dnvirii! NW 

»  Hanson,  Bbclby.' .'.  r 

Happy  ffoltoif.  Rock  M  (IN  *V 

%Hi.-i>:>i..-.'!'\  (ir.vm- i" 

Mnrdiii.Ciilhoun W 

Hardlusvtlle.  Crawford  ...  .SB 
Harker-a  Cornerm,  Peorla.  ...C 
Harlem.  Cook N  E 

•  Harlem,  Wlnncbago N 

? Harmon.  Lee N 
^armony,  Balnt  CUlr sw 

r.'cigi* ",!""!;N 

nuTj*nvUit,(te*  Flih  Hook) . 

•  11  iii.-'i-r,  Vn;  I. , " 

•  ffff^rf*.  Platt W 

tlnrrUburf.  (Me  Koie  Hill) . . 

•  H»rrl»biirE>i.8allDe. ...  3 

Sftiinit'tH,  .1i'p'k-i)ll ^ 
arri»on,  Wlonobago N 

Ilarriiou vllle,  Monroe SW 

SHarrletown,  Macou S 
art.  Knox W 

Haraoril,  flallne. S 

-llUlll.'.n.l.  Mcll.-i.iy N 

iHarUburgli,  Logan C 


A 


, /U  Montgomery C 

Ham v.  rook NE 

_i  Hanoood,  Champaign  . . . .  E 

](,,«•!«, «,il,    \  S'tli,* \V 

Hatting*.  Calhonn \V 

Hattings,  (»«Chlcngo) 

•i.,-i!!i^-.  yMmUaa ......    s: 

Jattoa,  Clark E 

•  Havana,  Maaon N  W 

SHavelock.  Cook NE 
awley,  Henry NW 

•  J/italey,  Tazewrll C 

•  llawahorn,  Whlw .SE 

•  llatcikonu.  Cook NB 

KttxriiU.  IroquoU E 


...._:„„;;".:» 

_.Ha>ne«,  Jcrtey SW 

•  Hazel  I>ell,  Cumberland  .  .E 

•  Hwelhurst,  Carroll NW 

Hnzen,  Adams W 

Hatlttt,  Rock  Island NW 

•  "     -        -  •   -  c 

....SE 
'.'.'.SW 

_lli>Burgu,  Fayette .  ...'.'..'.'.S 
vHendereon,  Knox W 

•  HtndPrtoii  station,  Ford..E 

SHeudrlx,  McLean SW 
••nnt-itln,  Putnam V 

•  Hemilng,  Vermilion B 

%lftnr,.tl«.  IK-KHlh \ 

•  Henry,  Mmhall C 

Hrut-'ll.  Sli^Hiy . 

Herald>-hllc 

•  Herbert,  Boone N 

•  Hcrborn,  fhrtby  .  c 

•  H-n.i.-n.  Knnx W 

•  Hennoa^Coob NK 

ii -I  -  ••,'  SWMM  ''   s 

"     rick.  Shelby 

i-aPralrte.  I 

•  ller^her.  Kinkakee K 

•  Human,  Bro*n w 

Hrrrry  Cilu,  (ice  Outlcn)  .... 

•  H.-nlck,  MaiMsiiilii    i: 

•  Hrpvortn,  McLean.  .      SW 

•  Hlckniau,  Iroq 

Hi.  ':••:•-.  Jjike  ..        

•  I  (,r<,ff,  Carr.iM    SW 

Ulri...,    U-l,  M,ir:ni, S 

IIi'-k..ry  I!ldEc,  Hancock  .     W 
Hlcki.  Hardlu SK 

•  Hiygtns,  Blcblaa'd ','.'.'.'.'. ,'SB 


,,ft 


MAP   INDEX  OF   ILLINOIS. 


•  Highland.  MadlcoD r 

•Highland  Park.  Lake...    XK 
9 Ht'jMandt.   OuPa*e NE 

•  liwn  rrvirie,  St.  Clalr.  .6W 

•  High  Hklffc.  Cook N  F. 

H&kKOod,  <»ee  Ft  Sheridan* 

•  HUdreth,  Edgar E 

Hill.  Effingham B 

Hlllerman,  Muaac SW 

—     x-     )iiiou r 


••' 


•  HlU*t-.i, 

Hlll't  Grove,  McDonough  .  .W 

Hillside,  Cook NK 

9  Hilton,  Tazewell C 

9ftUIlr>p.  Menard C 

•  Il.tii-Uey,  DeKalb N 

•  HIneaborouich.  Dnugla* . . .  E 

•  Hln«dale.  DuPajp- NE 

SBin  ton.  Vermilion E 
laaong,  Fayette B 

9BUt».Co\<M E 

Hltt,  Carroll NW 

9  nut.  LaSalle M 

Hodge\  Park.  Aleiander . .  .8 
Mo*r*t,  <*ee  Grant  Park) 

•  lloffmau,  Clinton B 

•  Hotcnmb.  Onle N 

•  Holder,  McLean BW 

•  Holliday.  Farette B 

9HoUi*J-uttrt\r>*.  Peort>...C 
Hollowiyvllle.  Bureau K 

•  HoltaTpeiTT  .",'.','.'.*.'.'..'.'.*..  .8 

Home.  Wayne  .Y.'.V.V.V.V.V.  BE 

•  Homer,  Champaign.: E 

•  Homewood,  Cook -..NE 

ISSfcSterrrS 

*. 

•  Hook.  JeBenon 8 

•  Hookdale,  Bond B 

•  Hoopeaton.  VermUkm E 

Hooppole,  Henry NW 

Hooaier  Prairie.  Clay 8 


1.000 


•  Kapj 
Kirbor' 


-(ton.  Pike W 

ilton.  T*irHell C 

•  Kainptn'ril it.  Kandolpn  SW 

Kampaville,  Calhonn W 

T  Kane,  Greene W 

•  neviilr.  Kane N 

•  Kanfley,  USalle K 

•  Kftnkakre,  K*nk*kee..E 
9Kat,taknJH>tc.t  W'dfordC 
-*• 1,  Edgar B 

Woodford C 

Rldne.  Hnrdln....8E 

ibeer.  Bureau K 

Ka»rr,  Greene W 

Kaakaikla,  Randolph BW 

•  Kaufman,  Madlaon C 

Kedmn.  Gallatin BE 

Ktttron,  Saline 8 

•  Knnt'1,  Wayne SK 

K^*nvme,UWayne* .  .* .  \ ', '.  '.SK 
-iKelth.bnnrn,  Mercer... NW 
J  Xeit*t»irgkJu*c,.  M  -c'rNW 

J  Keller,  Peorla C 
ellerrllle,Ad*n>* W 

iJTeiwy,  Maaoii HW 

•  Kern  per,  Jene.j.".'."'.".!8W 

•  Kempton.  Ford B 

9JfemploitJtiiif.,  Llrt'jprtonC 
Kendall.  Kendall K 


•  Leveret  1.  Champaign B 

»I.*-wl«.tx>wii,  Fulton W 

•  Lexington.   McLean SW 

Liberty.  Adam* W 

Liberty  PnUrle,  Uadlaon  ....C 

•  LlfcTtyvllle.Lake NE 

LtckCreek,  Un|-- 


D  y  UkeVlUM  ..........  S 

Jm+jGEu w 

U  mertek.  Bureau K 

8  Lincoln,  Wmn,...4....C 
ucoln  Oreen,  Jobnaon 8 

Lincoln  Park.  Coo*. HE 

•  Linden  Park.  Cook KE 

•  Uudenwood,Ogle....  ....N 

Linn.  Wabaah BB 

•  Llntner,  Platt C 

IJa,  Jaipcr BE 

Ltobon,  Kendall K 

OLe*l>e.  DuPage NB 

•  utciinVhl,  Montgomery.. .C 

•  LJUrlxrrry,  Morgan W 

•  Little  Indian.  Cat* W 

Little  Rock,  Kendall K 

Littleton,  Schuyler 

ftS™CM 


•  HopklnaPniB.   H.U...HT:   r, 

Hopper'iM111a,Hen(lenon.  W 

•  Horace,  Efigar K 

Horn,  Clay .• B 

•  Iloniiby,  Macoupln C 

•  H'-rrt  £rt'*.  Will SK 

Born  frairU   Randolph   SW 


8W 


•Hortoton,  Waanlngton  ....S 
•tfu&trd*.  Wayne SK 

•  Hnduon.  McLean BW 

•  Hney.  Clinton .8 


Ktekapoo,  Peorta 

Kldd.  Monroe BW 

Ridley,  Edgar B 

•  Kllboum,  Mann KW 

•  Kluderlux.k   Pike W 

•  A'lndcr.  Madtfon C 

•  Klu«man,  Shelby C 

•  A'i>ig-t,  Perry".'.". '.'.'.".'." '.'.'.  8 
Kingilury.  Whllealde. . . .NW 
Klngifon.  (*ee  Fair  Weather) 

•  Kfugcton.  DeK«lb N 

KlugMon  Mlnea,  Pcorta C 

flngiion't.  Cook KE 

•  Klnmuudy.  Marlon 8 

•  Klniman.  Grand* K 

•  Klrlclaad.  DeKalb K 

•  A>*f,  Fold K 

-Klrkwood,  Warren W 

~      -i.  Cook KB 


iiHnVueVMcHenry::;:;:;;* 
•  HnntaCUr.  Ja*per SE 


& 


SlTT-.NW  7 

, j 8  X 

9  Knox,  Knot W  X 

•Knoirllle,  Knoi W  1.7M 

Kolie,Cook KB  X 

•  £-o*W.  Kankakee B  X 

Kramm.  Peorla C  550 

•  Komler,  McLean SW  50 

•  Kyte  River,  Ogle K  79 

Lace,  DuPage KB  90 

LaClalr,  DeKalb N  31 

•  LaClede,  Fayette 8  1!3 

•  lACon.  Marshall C  1,64* 

•  LaCroaae,  Hancock W  BO 

tffi^n^r.:::::::;.1^  A 

fiVv?"*8** -5  » 


ILallogue.  Iroquola K 

»ia**.  Saint  Clulr SW 

(Lake  BluiLake KB 


.      llimwn  ..... 

omrt,  L«ke  ......  MB 

orkTloon  .........  C 

•  LAkedde,Cook  .........  NB 

L.ke  View.  Cook  ..........  NK 


-»w.VHend*;nVw 

•  Ipara,  Pulton V.  W 

•  Irene,  BOOM N 

Iron,  White 8E 


•  Itland  Grart,  Rangainoii .  .C  X 

•  lUica,  rtuPago KB         400 

•  lukaTManan B         W 

iTanhoe.  Lake NB 

•  Ive*d*le,  Ch.mpalKn E 

try  Landing,  Monroe SW 

•  Jkckaonvlll*.  Mo  near  W     i 

Ji»ic.,M'g'n  W 


,Col«a K 

__,Cook XB 

Cte*«r.Whllea-eNW 

^ onvllle.  Wayne.  ...SB 

Jrrtty  Landing,  (*ee  F.laah). . 

•  Jer*e-rville,Jerwy...SW 

•  Jewett.  Cumberland E 

Jrtrtta,  Hancock W 

Johannlnburgli.  Waablngtnn .  3 

Jonnaburgh.  McHenry N 

JohnaonTlile,  Wayne SE 

•yoA>u(on«.Cook ..NK 

JohnKown.  Cumberlanil    . .   E 

•  joi.itrr.wui KE 

•  Jonrilxiroucri.  Union  A 
9Joiu*nUr,  Wlnnebago  ...  K 
7oppa,Maaaae 8W 

/WdoK.   <«H!   Hortl 

Jordanvilie,  Morgan.. ...... W 

•  Jo*lln,Rock  IaSaad.....NW 

•  Joy.  Mercer KW 

Jubilee.  Peorta C 

•  Judd.  Cook NB 

•  Jnlealcaa* W 

*•       -    i.ltaMa 8 


9 !;>'<•<  ti'Hna.  J»I 
Ltad  Mi*f,  Jo  I  )»v 
•MMAMlJLM  I 


, 

•  UjforA,  BallM 

•  Lei;  Ilekalb 


W     Lix  rcniirgh.   Kull.'.n  .'.".' 
».i      l.v.1.  M-[,hen^n 

3uO    •  Ulthtuu,  Lake 


!Lrl* 
L*i 


. 

MhMi,6t.Clai 
DE,  Cook 


.  ece 

•  I»>noir.  USalU 
Leo  It-^-k,  Jackuin 
L'Erable,  Iroqno)* 

•  Lenta,  Cole* 
91*  Roy,  McLean 
9l*tlit,  TaieveU 
LwterriUrton 


•IMMJBMarSMl W 

9Llew'lIvn  Port,  Cook..  NB 

9Lofltii4,  Vermilion E 

•  Lock port,  Wl  ".'.".".'.HT 

Locust  Grove,  Franklin 8 

•  Loda,  IroqnoU E 

•  Lodemla.  Llvtngtton C 

LogatueUlf,  Jeffcraon B 

•  Lomai.  HenderKin W 

•  Lombard.  DnPage KB 

•  Lombard  11  lie.  Stark C 

•  LourlonMllla.  Fulton W 

Long  Tree.  Bureau H 

Long  Branch.  Saline 8 

Macon 8 


•  Xfarletw,  Folton W 

Marine.  Uadlaon C 

•  Marion.  Mminmtto 8 

•  \laritu,  BUM  Clalr SW 

•  Markliam   Morgan W 

9-Yarite,  Edgar K 

•  Mirlry.Wtll NE 

•  Marluw   Jr SITPOD 3 

•  Marua,  Moron  S 

•  Manelllea,  LaSalle K 

•  Msntl.all.  Clark E 

•jr«^A0uTiuM«M,ctaii'f 

SMaraball'i  Ferry,  W  til  t'defU-: 
•nton.  Mercer KW 

•  Martha,  Plan C 

Mart)  nabnrgh,  pike W 

Martin 'a  Store,  Hamilton. . .  .8 

•  Marti  ni  vi  lie.  Clark K 

•  Mimnton.  IroquoU...         E 

•  *3rri^,Cook NB 

tMarylind,  Ogle       K 
arvMitt.  VernUllon B 

•  Maacouuh.  SalntClalr..SW 

•  Macon,  Efflnuliain  n 

•  kratonClty, Tlaaoo KW 

MataaoCiWk.  Maaau....  8W 

M*wb«-h.Joba\1e»* HW 

Mutera.  Franklin a 

•  JTalflMiu.  Maaon KW 

•  MataaonTCook JfB 

•  Mauooa,Cole« B 

•  Mand,Wabaah SB 

•  JTozuvM,  Peorla C 

Maybe  rry.'Wajne .'.'."  .'."sE 

•  Mayfafr,  Coo\ KK 

•  MayiStatioc,  Edgar B 

-" —  PlkeTTT. W 


9Jforrrll  Park   rook....SE 

Morrellvuie.  Brown W 

•  MorrU,  Gruudy N 


•  Murrlaonrt 
Mornitowu.  Iloury SW 

SMonimer.  Edgar B 
t»ton.  i*ee  Morton  Urore> 

•  Morton'  G  rove.  Cook '.'.'.'.  VK 

Morton  f'»rk.  Cook NE 

UOM^GW,  Union M 

•  Jfoa.Vrt,  Kaokakee E 

•  lfoM\nie.  Peorla .C 

9Mo*itou,  Shelby C 


•  Mound  Station.  Bruvn 

Mount  Auburu.  ChriMlau.  ,.C 

•  Mountain  Glen,  Uiilun  ....S 
Jf  (  Cm  a«n,  i  arc  Murpli)*boru) 
Vw»<  C.ir»i^.  Jockaou  „„» 

•  Mount  Caj-roll'.t VI  NW 
jlonntErte,  Wayne SB 

•  Mount  Foreat,  C.  «k NB 

•  Mount  Greeuw-O.  Cook  NK 


& 

wS 


. 

Muon.  Graody 
Jfa»<mfci,0niii 


Orandj ,'M 


^^r3.:.:::.::sf 


•  Long Point,  LivingKon...  .C 
Loi  t  Prairte,  W*yne SE 

•  Longview  {  haropalfn  . . . .  B 

•  Longwoori,  Cook KB 

Loofoote*,  Fayetle 8 

Looml*  Avenue,  Cook NB 

Loon  Lake.  Lak- NB 

•  Loralr-.  Ada** W 

Lgrai>  S.ipLenaon KW 

•  Lyirnzo,  Will NE 

•  Loatant,  UBalle N 

Louden  City.  Fayetto 8 

lowtt,  (*ee  HartTllle) 

•  LouUvl  tie.  Clay 8 

lourd*.  Woodford C 

Urvejoy,  St  Clalr BW 


>I»wdcr,  Sangainon _ 

,La  Salle N 

u-  .Hamilton 8 

wr  feoria,  Peorla C 

rpolnt.  Woodford....C 
y.  Cook KB 

•  Lou,  Cole* B 

Lovd.  Menard 

•  Ludlow,  Ckampalgn B 

Lutk,  Pope .TTT7. B 

•  Lyndon,  WntteVide KW 

KssassfES 

S|5j£jfe£:::::::.l| 

jrccSJ^Hancoek". ".'.'.',  V.  .W 

SJTcCIory.  UrtngWon c 
McCture,  Alexander 8 

~-   •          8W 


•  Meadow*,  McLean';.'!.';.'8W 

SSirS^J 

•Medora,^U^upma?!!.l^>,nlC 

•  JrVAurry,  McLean SW 

Metro**,  Clark K 

SJ/elrotc.  Cook KE 
elvllle,  Madlaon C 

•  Melrtn.Ford K 

•  Xtttcood,  Edgar E 

Menard,  Randolph SW 

•  Mendon.Ad.rn.  ........ .W 

•  Meadota,  LaSaDe N 

•  Jf>n«rt,  TaMWell C 

•  Mecomlnee,  Jo  Dartew  KW 
Mappeu.  Calniun W 

•  MeRdotia.  Morgan W 

•  Merlden,  LaSalle K 

•  Mema,  llrL-an SW 

•  Merilam,  W*yne SE 

Merrtmac  Point,  Monroe.  .8W 

•  Herri  tt,  Scott W 

•  MclHimiro,  Woodford  ..C 

Meteer.  Bro         ~ 


•  Mount  llorrta-Ogle K 

>  Mount  Olive.  Macoupla  . .  .C 

•  Mount  Oilrtt,  Cook K  E 

idount  Palatine,  Putnam.     .V 
tfi.  />Ifj|<tnl,(.*eeMouudeta.) 
9lfountPleatai<t.  Jack*on8 
Honnt  Plewant,  Unton 8 

•  Mount  Pnxpect, Cook.   NE 

! Mount  Pulatkl.  Logan  ....C 
Mount. Sterlinc.Br-n  W 

•  Mount  Vernon.Jetrn.  .8 


_ Bond. ...8 

•  Mnlkevtown,  Franklin        9 

Muncle,  Vermilion E 

Jtundafi  (W..(»*«  Manhdll) 

•  MunMer.  LaSalte K 

•  Murdock.  Itougla. E 


,S 


» Metropolla  Cltj'.'  MMMC 

Middle  Creek,  Hancock  . . . .  W 

•  Middle  Groie,  Tattoo....  W 

•  Middle  Point,  White....  8B 

•  Middle* worth,  Shelby C 

Mlddltton,  <»ee  Long  Pralhe) 

•  M4dta«4Edcar  .'.*.'.' 

•  WirtlandCltv,  Dewm C 

OMMway.  E4^ar K 

Mler,  (aee  Lancaiter} 

•  Mnin.  Rock  laland NW 

•  M   -,-•'  Station,  Maconpln.  .C 


•  Nacliu»a,Lec K 

•  Sameokl,  Madtaon C 

•  NaptTYllle,  DnPage SK 

•  Naplea,  Scott W 

•  Na-livillc,  Wiahlufrtun  S 
Nan  Stock  Yarda.St  ClalrSW 

JNairoaa,  Ma*on NW 
.uvoo.  Hancock W 

Neadmore,  Clark B 

•  Nebo,  Pike W 

•  Xtflty,  Edga» E 

•  HwlyTllle,   Morgan W 

•  Xpkoma,  Henry NW 

•  NeUon,Le« K 

•  Jir*iii«,Varren.... W 


ILamollle,  Bnrean H 

J  Lanark.  Carroll NW 

Lancatter,  Wabaah 8E 

•  LaDcaslerrllle,  Lake  ....NB 
Landea,  Crawford BB 

•  Lane,  De  Witt O 

•  L*ne*riiie,  Sangamon C 

Laiuiow.Cwk.... KE 

•  Lit  Place,  Plau 0 

•  LaPralrie,Adani» W 

La  Prairie  Centre.  Mannall.  C 

•  La rchland.  Warren W 

•  La  R»*e.  Marehall C 

•  LaSalle.  LaSalle H 

•  I A! ham,  Logan C 

•  ZxifAam.  Wlnnebago N 

Jaaper SB 


*........~.9 

r-C^(n^^erWyT!!?.:.8W 

IcHenry.  McRenry K 

"'•Henry.  McHeory M 

r«e,  <*ee  Kellerrllle) 


MIL  tua,  Marlon 8 

Mlley.  CHnton S 

•  MllforJ,  lrtnjL..l* B 

•  Millard  Avenue.  Couk  ..NB 

•  Mlllbnc,  Jo  I>nle»*....NW 

SMlilbrook.  Kendall K 
Illbiirn,  Lake HE 

•  Mill  Creek,  Cnton 8 

•  Mllledge-nile,  Carroll. . .  HW 
JffUer,  Ford B 

•  Milltr't.  M.dl»on C 


BW 


Latona,  JM 
Laur,  Je» 
L«nra,  Peona 

•  Lawa.Pwrte 

9La*rttta,  McLean 

•  Lavergoe,  Cook KB 

•  Lateler,  <JalUtlc SB 

•  La wndale.  Logan C 

Lawn  Ridite,  Manhall C 

•  Lawrence,  McHenry N 


..  Lawr'e 

SE 

rie'iN  W 


•  l^aman.  Fulton 

Leamington.  Gallatin.. 
lure.Dongla*.  ... 


8 
H 
N 


NK 

KW 


,.  Oort.KankakeeE 

93teLane4,  Crawford BB 

•  McLean,  McLean BW 

•  McLeantborovgh  Junction, 

Hamilton S 

•McL  eanaboroofh 

Hamilton "  8 

McNorl.  Manwc BW 

83SESS5°!r:::::::'5 

psBtetes^ 

Mae,  <*e«SeaU>aTUle) 


fmdeeaie,  Pla-.t c 

iMaxKtml).  MeDonovcn.  W 

I  Macoupln.  Macoopin!!*."*C 
Jadlion.  Madlaoa C 

SMadlwn  Street,  Cook...  KB 
artimnartlle,  Monroe  . . ..SW 
Macratown,  Monroe SW 

•  J/i^t«t.Cole« B 

HanoaTpntnam N 

t  Mahomet  Champaign B 
•MwtUc,  Cook KE 

•  Makanda.  Jaekioi ~ 


:::$ 

Sairern,  WhlteaiideV.'.'.'.'.'"'11" 

•  M>nche*cr.  Beo« 

Mandell.  Cook NB 

•  Manhatuu,  will NB 

•  Maohelm,  Cook NB 

SManlto,  Ma*on NW 
Mann,  Madlacn C 
anleyTVtJtoo W 

Manllua.  Bureao N 

Mannon,  Mercer NW 

•  Manafleld,  Platt C 

•  ManteDO.  Kankakee B 

•  ManvlUe,  Uvlngalon C 

Maple  Grove.  EJwarda. .  ...8E 

•  Htiple  Or,**,  Bond 8 

•  Maple  Park,  Kane N 

Maple1*  Mill,  Fulton W 

•HipfewwZ  cook ::;:.' ;:KB 

Maquon,  Kn.n W 

•  Marble  Head.  Adaint W 

Martletown.  Fulton W 

M*rcrlllne,  Adam* W 

•  JTimu.  Carroll NW 

•  Marcngo.  McHeory V 


•  MIUeniTllle,  Chrtatlan C 

Mllllken,  Hancock W  X 

•  MlUlngton,  Kendall K  lot 

•  Mllladate.  Will KB  M 

•  MlUSboala.  White SB  » 

Mill*' Prairte,  Ed  ward*....  SK  «9 

•  Mlllatadt,8aintClalr....8W  1,1* 
9  MitUtadtJ  ttnc  ,  MonroeSW  X 
MUlrUU,  i*ee  Marble  Head)  .  x 

•  Mllmlne,  Platt. O  UO 

Mllo.  Bureau H  BO 

Mllruy.  Hendenon W  X 

Milton,  Pike W  418 

:K?ATfe.ur:::::S  ,8 

•  Miuier,  Taaewell C  444 

•  Mlnonk.  Woodford C  1,314 

•  Mlnooka,  Grand/ M  BM 

•  Jrim,  (.hampalgn E  X 

....iiilonV.E  X 

» ,  VermlllonE  X 

•  Jri(c><J(.  Madlaon C  X 

Mltcheltovllle,  Saline B  100 

Mltchle,  Monroe SW  I3u 

Shelby C  BtB 


•  Sepouaet.  Bvwi^.""j 
Nettte  Creek,  Grundv N 

? Nevada,  LJrln(Mon.......C 
Xevlna,  Edjrar B 
twark.  Keuuall K 

•  New  A  thru*,  gain  t  Clalr  BW 

•  NewBailen.  Clluton 8 

New  Bedford,  Bureau K 

•  New  Berlin,  6angamon...C 

•  Srwl«c  rn,  Jeraey SW 

SNewDorton,  Mcrrer...NW 
••JMpUM.  St.  Clalr.SW 

•  New  Hurnudc.  Johneon  .  .S 

•  New  (  luum.  Pike W 

•  NewCaatle.  Salloe 8 

•  Xfie  Ckn-agn,  Couk MB 

New  City.  Snnttamon C 

New  Columbia,  MaaMC. ..  .SW 

•  New  Ix>ti)it*on,    Wmwn..S 

•  New  Dealgu,  Monroe  ...SW 

•  NewIXiugha,  MadlK.n.,..i; 

•  Newell,   VennlUon.......  B 

9-VfifrH,  Vermilion E 

New  (irueeee,  Wbltetlde  XW 

•  New  Grand  Chain,  PulwkIS 

«  New  Hanover.   MonroeSW 
•w  Hartford,  Pike. . 
:w  Haven,  Gallatin. 


^ 


New  H 


•  M<Kte,6helby C 

Modena,  Stark C 

•  Moiieato.  Maconpln C 

Modoc.  Randolph SW 

•  Jforaua,  Peorla. c 

•  MotenaVWm "."KB 

•  MoUneTRock  Ialand....HW 

•  Momence,  Kankakee B 

9*ixnmi*Junc,.  Kan'kee.G 

•  Monarch,  McLean SW 

~  Monee,  Will NK 


•  MMiroe7c«nUa|oB>ie*.'!'"K 
Monroe  City.  Monroe SW 

•  Mont  Clare,  Cook KB 

Monterey,  Fulton W 

Mootemma,  Pike W 


•  Montgomery,  Kane K 

•  Montloello.  Platl C 

9MontfOM,  Cook KB 

•  Montroae,  Eflngtaani 9 

Moonahine.  CUrk B 

Moore**  Prairie,  Jeffeaaon      8 
More*.  Crawford SB 

JMoreland.  Cook NB 
(*-'t*ri.'K,<ie«  Carrier'*  Mllto) 

•  JConwn,  Morgan W 

•  Muncan  Park,  Cook NB 

Morganavllle,  C-nrtrtJan C 

•  More,  Madiaon 0 


•  New  Lenox,  Will NB 

New  Liberty,  hope S 

•  Newman,   Douglaa K 

Newman*v!lle.  Caa* W 

•  Sew  Mem  phltCU  nton.  ...S 

?New  Mllford.  Wlnnebapo  N 
ewMlcden.  Waahlngttm.   .6 

•  New  Palrsllne.  Rand'ph  SW 

•  Sew  Philadelphia,  Me  Don - 

ough W 

iffntpert,  Madtoon C 

J  Sew  balem.  Pike W 
tuton,  (•*•  Adam*) 

•  Newton.  Jai per SB 

•  Sew  Windaor, Mercer.. NW 
Ney.  DeKalb...: K 

•  ManUc,  Macon B 

Win.  Cook .KB 

N I  le«  Cent  re.  Cook KB 

•  Nilwood,  MaconplB C 

•  NtoU,  riancock.V. W 

Klppemnk.  Lake NK 

•  Noble.  Rlchland SE 

•  Nokomla.  Montcomery...C 

•  Nora.  JoDarteML ..KW 

•  Kormal,  McLean SW 

9  Formal  June.  Mcl^ao  SW 

•  Normal  Fart.  Cook . . . .  KE 
9 Norman,  Ijvlcntnn C 

•  Norrta,  FuTton,.     ."."."  "w 

•  NorrliClty.  White SE 

Nortli  Alton.  Madl*on C 

MvtlwMtjw,  Peorla C 

•  SurthAuwn.  Ka.,e N 

•  .Vt.riA  BfUrille,  Sl_  CUIrHW 

•  Aor<A  1,-uiro,  Ak-iander..8 

Jtirt*  Cairo.   Pulaikl 8 

North  DHI.I..II.  l-.,k....   NK 

•  Aorf*  fjgtv ,,ier'.  (Vwiii'sV: 
9North  KrunttoH,  Cook  NR 

•-v«' <""""-• ««% 


,    o 

•  A'ort*  O^etfo,  Kendall..  N 
North  Peorla^  Pe.-m.  ..  C 
North  PlauTKane  M 

".KB 


MAP   INDEX  OF   ILLINOIS. 


.TT-T.      IWDWX.      ror.     -row*.       comrrr.       UDIZ.      por. 


Norwood,  Mercer HW 

S  Norwood  Park.  Cook . . .  NB 
WT*.  White ;....BE 

SNnoda,  MeHenfy N 
n«ery,  CarroU MW 

S^tecoik:;::::::;.Hl 


::;:HB 

dPark,  Macon S 

•  <Jak  Lawn. Cook NK 

•Oakler,  Macon 8 

•  '»,,*  Mound,  Fulton W 

•  Oak  Park,  Cook NE 

Oak  Point,  Clark B 

•  Oak  town.  Pulaakl 8 

Oakniie.  union 6 

•  O»k»<nxl.  Vermilion B 

Obed.Khelbr.. C 

•  Oblunic.  Crawford BB 

•  OconfT,  Shelby 0 

•  Oroyo.  iJvlngiton C 

•  (Well,  Uvlngiton C 


. 
•odin. 

•  0-F.il 

' 


. 
Mari 


__  /»ilon,8*lnt'ciiir.'.".'.'8W 
%O-fallon  June.  8t  ClalrSW 

•  Ogden,  Champaign E 

0|lJ  Mercer...  .V7.. HW 

•  flpl**.  Balnt  Clalr BW 

jS?&^::::::::::5 


aid  9s*v&r.~~.  :• 

Olena,  Hendenon W 

Olpa,  Hamilton 8 

OUre  Branch,  Al«iaoder....8 

•  Ollrer.  Edgar B 

•  Olmrted,  Pulakkl...  * 

•  Olnrr,  Rlchland. 


•  Oneida^Ko' 

Ontario,  Knoi w 

•  OnUrlovlllF  DuPage. . . . NE 

•  Opd}ke,  Jei-eraon 8 

•  Ophiem.  Henry HW 

Op  J&,  La  Salle... N 

•  Dquwk*  Hendenon. .  W 

•  Ora,  Jacluon 8 

Orange,  CUrk B 

Ortogv  Prairie.  Peorta C 


Granule,  jackaon _ 

•  Orchard  Minea,  PtorU....C 

•  Orchard  Place.  Cook... .HE 
Orchardvllle.  Wayne BE 

•  Oreana,  Macon 8 

•  Or«con,0gle N 

Or*.,  <*M  linn). 

•Orion,  Henry NW 

JSS?^--—" 


•  Orteant,  Morgan *.'..W 

%  Ormonde,  Warren W 

Oaage.  Franklin S 

•  Oaborn,  Rock  laUad  . . .  NW 
Oactola.  Stark C 

•  OKO,  Henry NW 

0*kak)oaa,  CUy S 

•  Uaman,  McLemu SW 

Oa»«r,  De  Witt C 

•Oawego.  Kendall N 

•  Ottawa,  La  Balle N       • 

•  OIMIM  Spring,,  La  Sttlle  .H 

OtUr,  La  Salle N 

Ottervllle,  Jeraey 8W 

Otto.  Fulton W 

•Ottt/MkflilM,  Kankakee.  K 
OIUH»«,  Bureau N 

•  Outteo,  Maron B 

Ovlngton.  Cook HE 

•  OWUMCO,  ChrtoUui 0 

•  Owfii.  Wlonebago N 

Oi  Bow.  putuam N 

Oxford,  Henry NW 

OivlUe,BoMt W 

Oiark.  Johnaon 8 

•  1-aclBc.Cook NE 

PadertMirii.  Salut  Clalr.. ..SW 

•  Pauua.  McLean 8W 

Paint*  Pulnt,  Ogle N 

•  Palatine,  Cook NE 

Palermo.  Edeir E 

•  Palertlne.  Crawford SK 

Ptilttilnt.  Randolph SW 

•  Pal  me  r,  Ch  rlatlan C         40 

•  Palmyra,  Bacoupln C         909 

Palo  Alto.  Hamilton. ...  8  40 

•  Paloma.  Adam* W 


.>.j,,^iwS;:::::::i 

Paradaw,  Colea E 

•  1'itrla.  Edgar E 

•  Parker,  John*on 8 

•  Parkenburgh.  Rlchland. BE 

•  Park  Manor,  Cook NR 

•  Park  Ridge/Cook ..NK 

•  ParkHde.Cook  .........HE 

Parkvtlle.  Champaign B 

farmer,  i,tee  Mill*  Prairie) . . . 

•  Parnrll,  DeWItt O 

•Parriah,  FrankUn B 

PaaDeld.Bangamon O 

• 

I'atlimt  fart,  I>eWlU C 

PaMure&eld.  Lawrenc«....Ntt 

•  Patok*.  Uarloii fl 

Pattrixiu.  Greene.. 

+  Patttrton-t 

•  Pattuti  WaL  _ 

I'avllloo,'  Keod»li!.".";i;;;.N 
Pawnee.  Sangamon C 

•  />,.«..,«  June.,  SangamonC 

•  Pawpaw,  Let N 

K*fi&r. ..*;"."".*."  J 

i'ttf-n,  Adam* W 

Ptarl.  Macon  ......  B 

•  Pearl.  Pike W 

•  Peratonlca,  Wlnnebago. ..N 

•  I'fkin,  Taiewell C 

RPttin  Junction.  Tuewell  C 
illonla.  Muvac SW 

•  Peng.ld.Cbampal|tn E 

1'ennlngton  Point,  UcDon.  .W 

•AnMercook HE 

Pennine,  Whlteaid* NW 

•  FKORIA.  Peorta C 

•  Pcvtoae.wm JTB 


»  Percy.  Randolph BW 

9 1'frry  tyring*.  Brown. . .  W 

Perry^prfngvPlke W 

9  ferry*.  Jackaon B 

"er^flos.  Merrer HW 

-iPerrynlle,  Wtnncbago  ...N 

•  Peru.  La8»lleV.'.'.'.       .".'.'..  N 

•  Peaolum,  Champaign B 

•  Peter*.  Madlaon C 

I'rtrrtbttrg.  <*ee  A*torU)  .... 

•  Petcnbarch,  Menard.  .C 
retera  Creek.  Hard  in BR 

Mercer HW 

•  Phlla^lpUaFcaa*— —  !'.W 

•  PAUHp*.  Fulton W 

PhlUIpitown.  White 8E 


..BW 

pierceTiTi;,"b;Kaib\T.::::8H 

•  Plerron,  Bond B 

•  Pleram  Station,  I'latt C 

Pigeon,  Jeffenon S 

•  like.  Pike W 

Pilot,  Vermilion B 

Wat  Knob.  Wi«hlnKU>n....B 
-Plrkneyvfll*.  Perry...  8 

.  Jua  Crt*k,  Ogta H 

«mffoe*,0g%.... K 

nnrritlt,  (MM  Bart*«) 

SPIngneOroTe,  Kane N 
nk  Prairie.  Henry NW 

RPlnkitaft,  Uwreuce  ....NB 
nOak,  Wayne BB 

Piopoiw,  Hamilton B 

•  Piper  City,  Ford E 

-"•- ^   -V , W 

. _._-  Siocktoo).. 

Htb*nr9fcy«y*Ue 8 

•  puun«M.  PikV . . .'.'.'. .  w 

jltbt  Junction,  Pike.  W 

-ood,  Iroquol* B 

__    ..ifleliWin MB 

•  Plain  view.  Macoupln C 

Plalnnlle,  Adami W 

Piano,  Kendall N 

PUto,  Iroquol* E 

o  Centre,  Kane H 

llle,  Kendall M 

1*1, •»!;  '•  Corner,  Shelhy C 


,  i(//if(,  Jol)avle*.NW 

•  Hleaaant  Hill.  Pike W 

Ple*a»nt  Hound,  Bond S 

il'k-aaant  Plain*.  SangiimuuC 


•  I'lvaaan  1 1'lalni,  Bftn|UnOBC 
I'ltatant  Rtdyt,  Hadlaon  ...C 
~  --- at  Valley,  Jo  Davl'iNW 
itVlew,Bchuyler....W 

Plum,  Scott W 

•Mumflrkl,  Franklin B 


, 

•  Pocahouua,  Bond  ......... 

Poco,Pop«  ..................  B 

•  Pofwk,  Moalconwrr  .....  O 

Po*.Monroe.T:.........8W 

/>iMiilC<itum«t.Cook....KE 

/•otonrf,  BMtdolpb  ......  SW 

Polo,0»>  .....  7.7.  .......  K 

obffivr*,  (ae«  Ut.  Carroll  V  .  . 

Pomeroy.  Mercer  .........  NW 

•  Pomona,  Jackaoa  .......  ..8 

•  Ponrmah,  Warren  .......  W 

' 


PonUxwuc.  Hancock  ..... 
PopUrCity.  Haaon  .....  HW 
PopUrGroT«.Boone  .....  H 
•'' 


Portlivn>n.Ruck  I* Land  NW 
Art  Byron  Junction,  Rock 

Uland H 

PtrumUle,  Jack*on. 8 

fort  JofttOH,  Crawford. . .BR 

Portland.  Frankllu 8 

Portland,  White*! Je HW 

Port  //u  >'o(nl,  Balnt  Cl'r  BW 

•  !'<*ry.  Clinton 8 

•  Potomac,  Vennlllon E 

•  PotUtown,  Peort* C 

P.i* i-lliun.  Hancock W 

Pralrte  Centre,  La  Salle N 

•  PralrlaCliy.  McDowMffeW 

m/>rairt*  <>«*,  Will NE 

PratrUdu  /'cml. Saint  Cl'rSW 
Prairie,  du  Rocher.li'ud'phBW 

•  Prairie  Hall,  MaVm B 

Pralrte.  Home,  Shelby C 

Pralrte  Town,  MadlBon C 

fralrte  Vitie,  Douglai E 

-Pralrte  View,  Lake NE 

.  ralrtevllle.  LM N 

/Yult.  Whlttalde HW 

•  Pre-emption,  Mercer.. .HW 

•  Prentice,  Morgan W 

Preaton,  Randolpb 8W 

JTwWtw.Ta^eli C 

Prto*.  Lawruc* HB 


. 

Prlu«-to*,Bareau  ..... 
•  Prlnceniie.  Pe«rl«  ........  C 

'''' 


,  ......... 

•  Propoetttown,  WhltM'0  NW 


wrtty,  Fr« 

dence,  Burr»u n 

BO,Cook HE 

Pujol.  Randolpn SW 

•  Pulukl,  Pulaakl 8 

rulatkl,  BaMMk W 

Pulley'*  Mill  WIIUanuon....a 

•  1'ullman,  Coek N  E 

•  T'urHn0ton,Cuuk..      ..   HB 

•  Pvt  CrttK.  Fultou W 

•  I'utnatn,  Putnam N 

•  Pyatt.  Perry B 

fjutrn  Cflu,  iieeBcbwer) 

•  gu**n«l>iir.  Clinton S 

Qulgley.  Rhrlliy C 

•  Ul-lNCV.AdUM    .....W 

•  yulnr u  Junction.  Pike. . .  W 

M**r,  Uaaon HW 

RlMHMM.  Marlon 8 

Radillrvllle,  Jackaon 8 

•  l:n<!(iird.Chr.aUan C 

"    "lev,  Le« N 

nit.  Wellington 8 

•luwn.JaBper. SK 

- '-*.  Saint  Cimr BW 

•  R^leljth.  Saline 8 

Rn .HfvriUt,   Peo rta C 

•  lUmaey.Kayette B 

Hamtnll.  Knot W 

•  lUudolph.  MrUM SW 

Range.  J'ffrrw.n 8 

•  Aa»»f»,  saint  CUlr BW 

•  R>nkln,  Vrrinlllnn R 

•  lUiw.m,  LB  Salle N 

•  lUutoul,  CLaiupalgu B 


X 
100 


ass*: 


)WX.         COUKTT.       IVDKX.       I-OP.      TOW» 


•  Rapate*.  Knox W 

•  Raplda  City.  Rock  laTd.KW 

•  Rardln.  Cole* E 

KarltAn,  Henderson W 

Rauro.  Pope 8 

•  K'ir'n,  Ed*»r E 

•  Ratentwood.Cook HB 

•  Ravlnla.  Lake NB 

•  •ftOKUltt,  Pulton W 

•  Ray.  Schujler W 

~  Raymond,  Montgomery.  ..C 

Reader,  'Macoupln C 

_  Reading,  LJrtn|r»tou C 

Av,-(..fTi.V'.  ,H-C  lir.n.|rtitunl., 

•  Red  Hud.  Randolph BW 

9Reddlck,  Kankakt-e B 

fettmdJBtebJawd BE 


Keed,  Henderson W 

%Ketdrrt,  Maconpln C 

•  Kted-f  Crotting,  Boone...N 

_7?*w.  Franklin B 

Reeve* Yllle,  Johnson 8 

MCam,  Joffcijon B 

Regent,  JubnMn 8 

Kfin  bard.  La  Salle W 

tt/itlttf  fiumtmr  On*,  Ta*e- 

well C 

•JM«?  JrwM*  Two,  Taw- 
well C 

Renault,  Monroe BW 

•  Ki-ii.i.  Bond 8 

•  Rentchl«r,B*lutCUlr..SW 

•  Rtffijrd,  COOk NE 

•  BeTawUl,  Rock  Uland.  HW 

•  JB*yi*aMi>,  Union, 8 

•  Rhudt'a.  Cook NE 

•  Jeidktnra,  La  Balle H 

•  Rlch.rdi>n.  Kane N 

Ichfleld.  Adam* .,W 

Rlchland.  8*nnmon C 

nfdUomd  Orow.Rock  I*l'dNW 

•  Richmond,  McHenry N 

•  Rlchton,  Cook NE 

9 Rlchview,  Washington.... 8 
Uch Wood*, Crawford    ..HE 
Rlckel.  Henry NW 

!  Ridge  Farm.  Vermilion. .  .& 
RldgeDeld.  McIIeury H 

9  Rldgtlnnil.  Cook NB 

•Bldiely,  Bannmon C 

Ridge rpralrle,  Balut  CUlr.  8W 

SRldjtevlllf.  IrixjuoU B 
Rldgway,  Oallatlu BB 

SRldott,  BtepbeuaoD NW 
file.  Clay B 

•  ULKK-I..H,  Sr,,lt W 

•  ::  .  .  uiif.  Saline 8 

iSnuOrani HB 

•»;••. „:•.. ".HI,  Uclleury H 

•  RIoTKnoT. * W 

•  Rlola,  Vermilion E 

Rlpley,  Brown W 

Rladou.  Saint  Clalr BW 

iKIs-tng,  Champaign B 

i  Rltk,  Llvlngitou C 

i  Rltchey,  Will NB 

.Hlverdale.Cook NB 

jJKMntate,  Greene... ,.,..W 

•  tortr  >'0fTM(,fook NE 

! River  Grore,  Cook NE 
AMT /Mitea,  Saint  CrrS  W 


Sailor  Spring*.  CUT 8 

•  Saint  Anne,  Kaiikakee,...E 
iSalntAiwuVtln*.  KIKW...W 

•  Saint  Charles,  Rane N 

•  Saint  Darld.  Fulton W 

if-amt  Elmo,  Vayette 8 

i*n«i»  Ifarla.  Cook  ....NB 
•SantFrauctav'e,  Lawr'ce  NE 
Unt  George,  Kankakee  ....B 

•  Saint  Jacob.  Madlaon  ...SW 
ilnt  Jatnea,  Fajettc 8 

jBalntJoho.  Perry S 

•  Saint  Jnaeph,  Champaign  .E 
Saint  Llbory.  Saint  Clalr  ..SW 

•  Stint  Marie.  Ja*p*r SB 

m-Sinnt  Mary,  IroquoU E 

MMlJTarr'a,  Hancock  ....W 
Saint  Morgan,  Madinoa. . .  HW 

saint  S>citrtr*,(*ee  VanOrln) 

Saint  Paul.  Fayett* B 

Saint  lioae,  Clinton «.B 

Altai  K'Mdct,  Clay 8 

•  Hatlem.  Marton B 

Rallna,  Kankakee E 

Sallru-  Mine*,  GallaUn BB 

Laltabury,  Sangumon    C 

-Sail  Creek,  IiuPage NB 

„  Salt  Crtek  Siding.  IteWltt.C 

•  A'rt/Mdo,  Knox. 7. W 

Sattioth,  MBBMC S 

SamiTllle,  Kdwanl* BB 

"  inborn,  Johnaon 8 

ntdLatt,  Lake NE 

•  Sandoral.  Marlon 8 

MMf  AWH,  UeeSand*).... 

tt.Sami  Ridge,  Grnndy N 

|SandKldBr,J*ckWn S 

•Sand*.  Tuewell O 

" Whlte*lde NW 

iph  ..BW 

, ewell  .,C 

Sanduaky,  Alexander S 

Sanduttv,  Vermilion E 

.Sandwich,  I>eKalb N 

an/ordaiU,  WhltnideV.NW 

ISangamon,  Macon C 
Samfamon,  S*nt*mon . . .  .C 


9SanJo**,lla*on C 

SanUFe,  Alexander 8 

tantteffa,  Marthall C 

Sato,  Jackaon- 8 

'      Livingston C 

jroll NW 

'I**1 „£ 

>8*yb'rook,'McLMJi"."!:...0 
iScalea  Mound,  Jo  Darl'iNW 


:tupTille,  Jo  Davlea*. ...NW 


, 

•  Sauneinln,Ll 

•  Bavanna.  Car 
aSaTOjr,  Chatn 
lalun.  H 


. 

JC 
831 
MS 


•  Rlreru>B.&an«ainon C 

•Boaektt,  Jeffemn 8 

•  RoMoke.WoodJbrd O 

•  Roberta,  Ford B 

•  Roblofton.  Crawford. .  BE       1,987 

Robinson  Creek,  Shelby C 

"ublnton'i,  Randolph  ...,8W 

_  Bochelle,  Ogle H 

BSSRSSsst 

Rock,  POM B 

•  Rockbrtdge,  Greene W 

•  Ruck  City,  Stcpheuaon.  NW 
Rock  Creek,  Hardln SB 

•  Iluckf  oiler.  Lake NB 

•  Itock  FaU*,WhH*»lde..NW 

•  Itockford,  Wluuebago..N 
Rtx-k  Grove,  etephcown.  NW 

Bo.k  I.Und,  U.I....NW 


-.-..-*    itluTHt    Junction, 

Wbltetlde NW 

_Rockport,Plke W 

•  Rockton, Winncbago H 

Rock vlllc.  Kau  kak  ee B 

Rock  wood.  Randolph SW 

•  Rixlden.JoUavIra* NW 

•  Roger'*  Park.  Couk HB 

•  Rohrer,  Morgan W 

•  Roland,  White BB 

Rolllna.  Lake HB 

•  Rollo,  DcKaib II 

_Rome,  Peort* C 

Ronu,  jtSrnaa. B 

Will HE 

, _._u.  Lake HL 

! Rood houae,  Greene W 
JCooJf*  Crttk.  Uvlngaton.  .C 

•  "      !»A«.  LlTlngMon. C 

oi^gh.  luSdolp.  .SW 

•Aaa^a3r*&tf£| 

ROM,  Iroquoli E 

Roae  Bud,  Pone B 

Roaecrana,La!kfl HE 

Roaedale,  Jrnwj BW 

•  ffo*<SlW.Cook HE 

eae  Hill,  Jaaper BE 
land.  Cook NE 

-iRoaello,  Uul'age NE 

i  Roaemond.  ChrtiUan O 

•  Eoae vi  lie.  Warren W 

Roaewood.  Jrfferton S 

Roalclare.  Hardln BB 

Roalyn,  CumberUQd B 

ROM  drove,  IfrKalb N 

•  Iiww» llle.  \Vriniiion R 

•  ;;,,,.:iil  I.I..M     \V't<!U-alileNW 

•  Hound  Knob,  Maatac 8 

•  llowe,  Uvliigrton C 

•  Rowell.  DeWitt C 

liuyni.  cnampalgn E 

Hoictla-  Krudenon W 

RnarkTlawrence NB 

•  AHtv.  Wlnnebago N 

•  Rugby.  LJvluiT"U>a .C 

Ruma,  lUndolph HW 

1'upe,  Jefferaon B 

Rural.  Rock  Uland NW 

::  .r  .1  inn.  Hamilton 9 

Kuih   JoDavIc** NW 

"      Bcbuyler...W 


X 
m 


A 


'[{iiMeii.'uke';.'.' 

iiMrllvllle,  Lawre 

itUnd,  LaSalk 

_       6(na.  McLean C 

9Sacrnattnto.  Kankakee.. .E 

•  Sacramento,   WhlW BE 

•  ^adorui.  Cbampalgn B 

•  Sag  Bridge.  Cook NB 

Stldvn.  UHOQ 0 


IITDIX.     POP.    TOW».      ooo: 


X 
4S1 


•  Soldi**  Borne,  Adami . . ,  W 
ISolliu,  Kankakee B 

Solotnau,  DeWlU C 

*k>u  MUU,  McUenry H 

Somenet,  Saline 8 

•  Somouauk,  IVKalb N 

«nora.  Hancock W 

•  Sorenw,  Bond 8 

-SovtH  AMUon,  DuPageNB 

julh  America,  Sal] oe S 

'*>*tkamptnn,  (*M  Prtncev'e) 
l&ntt*  Aurora.  Kane H 

•  .^<.mh  Chicago.  Cook...  NE 
JtoWA  Chicago  £Aop«,CookNB 


X 
7*9 

X 

991 


X 
200 


-.Hjwtftion,  Cook...NE 
South  DaneilU,  Vermilion.  .E 

Duth  UlvUlon,  Cook NB 

•-•.ntsi  KiKln,  Kane N 

_i.?owtA  A'lntAurfi,Dul'ageNE 

•  South  Englewood.  Cook  KE  * 

•  •SoucA  Engtevtood  Junction. 

Cook NB          X 

•  South  Kran*ton,  Cook  ..NB     .9,000 
t  South  f'rttport,  Step'n  NW  X 

ouUi  Grove, DeKalb N  X 

outh  Harvey.  Cook HE  X 

South  Hi-iidiTwjii.  Hendcr'bW  tt 

South  l!ollaud,Cook HE       1,001 

'tut*  fftmt*.  Whltenlde..NW  X 

tout*  June.,  Balnt  ClalrSW          x 

•  South  Lynne,  Cook ......  NE  * 

onth  llonnt  FoiML  Cook  NB          90 

•  A,«fA  Oak  Park.  Cook  .HE  X 
Sovtk  OtciirH»i-,HuhlngtonB         ISO 

>  .toulAO(Ia.fa' La  Salle...  H 

•  AtufA  Far*.  Cook HE 

«o*tA  Ftarla,  PeorU C 

"auHtport,  Peorta.. O 

w,<ATlAK(an<*.  book. . .  HB 
_i.>toM(A  fiOMland,  Cook. .HE 

•  SoulA^Aorv,  Cook NE 

*.fi(A  .Springfield.  Sang'n. .  .C 
Southweat,  Cook NB 

.pankey.Jerary BW 

ypart*.  Clinton B 

Bpark-.HlU.Hardin BE 

iM-Sjfrssfi 8^ 

".N? 


'arMw~...:w 

£ 

k&XMiM,  Vermiaom ..".....'. B 

lnX«Jata,S»lntCl*Jr  ...   .BW 
jBcotl  Land,  Edgar B 

•BcotUborgn!  VciJonough  W 
Hia«f«jM*M,|BOT  Waotab) 

SSr^:.:':^ 
jSffli^::::::::^ 

9 Beatonrllle,  Bureau IT 

BebtMOpOJ,  Madlauo SW 

•Baoor.  Woodford C 

~i8Mborn.  Pike W 

_  setter.  Cook ....HE 

Seller*.  Champaiitn E 

itittitger,  Balnt  CUlr BW 

Senna.  McLean C 

Seminary,  Fayelte 8 

•  Seneca.  LaSalle N 

Bepo,  Fulton W 

•Serena,  L*  Salle M 

•  Seville,  Fulton W 

-i  Seward.  Win  uebago N 

eiton,  fhelby C 

Seymour,  Champaign E 

jShabbouo.  DeKmlbT. N 

SliabboiiaOrove,  DeKalb...N 

S  Shannon,  Carroll NW 
laron,  Henry HW 

•  S!nrp*buifh,  ChrlMlan  ...C 
*/nirp*i'(l'jf.l"tleShehlon*Gr) 

•  Sbattuc.  Clinton 8 

VAaum6ufvA.  Cuok NB 

•Bbow.LM N 

SMMMf/MIA,  Hamilton. S 
8h*wne*town,Oall'ln8F, 


X 
9M 


u«,.«=u  Jeflewon  ~M 
Qtim  MiJlonry.  .".".'N 
Hill,  Whltealde...  NW 

Lakt.  Maaon NW 

Station,  Brown W 

" Adam* W 

iBprincrilie.  union  ....'.'.'.".8 

•8U)«r.  Champaign B 

kSUlllng*,  Madliun. 


ton,  Btepbeu»un 
Star,  Hancock 
lSt»rk.St*rk 


X 
NO 


,  ......... 

SholbyVllle.  8n«iby.V..B       S.l« 


•Shepherd.  Pike...,. W 

Bherburnvllle,  Kankakee.  ..E 

•  Sheridan.  IA  Salle N 

•  SA*rlda»^w^..L«Sail*..  N 

•  Slieniiau,  Bangamon C 

•  8hermer*llle,  Cook SE 

SheOerrllle.  Hardln SB 

Skutd.  Lake NB 

Shlloh,  Saint  Clalr SW 

Shllo  Center.  Cham  palgn . . . .  B 

8hlk>  Hill,  Randolph SW 

"lilnklc.  Shelby C 

iRhlnn.  Pike W 

iShlpman,  Macoupln C 

» Shlrland,  Wlnnebago N 

•  Shirley.  McLean SW 

•  HbcUiuIcr.  F*yett* 8 

•  ShoU Siding,  Peorta C 

•  Shooting  Park,  Cook  . . .  NE 
.Shop Creek,  Monlgomery.C 

•  Sliumway.  EfflugLam B 

•  Sibley,  Ford E 

•  -SldrlL  Vermilion E 

UltHng.  La  Balle N 

•  Sidney,  Champaign E 

Slfgtrt,  Edwarua 8R 

•  Slgel,  Bhelby C 

"".)ara.  Brown W 

liver  Creek,  Calhoun W 

.-Hirer '.'nek.  MadUon C 

Bllrertoa,  Jaiper SB 

•  Slnmn*.  Cook NE 

•  BlMMa,  JotWBM S 

•  Him*.  Wavue SE 

•  Siut-uir.  Morgan W 

•  Six  Mile.  Wayue SE 

Skate*,  bbelby C 

•  Hkeltor..  Logan C 

•  Smlthboroiuti.  Bond 8 

•  SinlUidale,  Llvingaton C 

•  StnltlinMd.  Fulton W 

•  Sniltti»hire,  Warren W 

A-muA  L'fg,(tmf  Mrrrtmac  Ptj 

HmlUiton.  talutClatr SW 

fimlth'llle.  l-r»na C 

•  SmoUirriviiie,  Franklin... 8 

Snlcvrte.  Maaon NW 

Snider,  Vermilion B 

SuuwOake,  Knnklln 8 


IVDU.       for. 


X 
l.tM 


t» 


U 


O 

.BW 
N  W 
W 
C 


.  .............. 

r**.  <BM  TfajTM)  .......... 


::::::: 

ok  ........  NE 


•  M.K./.ln«,  Cook — 

t  £ hiu  l.ln*.  Vermilion B 

IBtaunton.  Maconpln C 

UTaugtrTL*  Balle V 

t Stee'leVlllt i/RBodoiph  '. '.'.& W 

I  Sterling.  Wlil  t«lde NW 

kSterena.  Bwpheaaoa. . .  .NW 
•  Steward,  LM If 

SStewardaoo,  Sbalbr C 
Sticknty,  Cook ...NB 

•  SUllman  Valley,  Ogle H 

istllwell,  Hancock W 

BtlrnipGrove,  Macoupln. ...U 
StockUnd.  lr«; --•- 

•Stockton,  Jo 

Stofki  .Tazewcll C 

•  Stock  Yard».  C-mk NB 

m -Stock  r«r.(JJ«nc.,CookNE 
mtitiHkrt  Taiewell 0 


SU>D«  Church,  Waahlngton  .  .8 

•  Stone  Fort,  Saline  .........  8 

S(on»  PrairU.  Adami  ......  W 

•  «ion«  Quarry,  Skint  Cl'rBW 
Btone«CorDen.McKenry...N 


StoDlngto 


, 

en.Mc 
u.  Cbrt 


. 

Jnt  CUlr 


Stoy.  Crawford , 

SUMburgh,  Bhelby... 
Stratford.  OKle 

jStruut.  Pike 

•  Strawu,  Urp|J9MI... 


C 


-inc.,  Lt  Sail* . . . .  N 

QSIreatorJiiHc.,  Wdford..C 
Stringlown,  (tt*  Pellonla)  . . . 
Strtngtowu.  Rlchland SE 

assess.*™.? 

•  Stul.t,l'-neld,  Bond. 
Sturgtl,  Cook (IB 

£8nblette,  LM N 
itt.  Mercer HW 

Buffern,  Macon 8 

''.Sugar  Crttk,  Jack*on B 

Sugar  Grove.  Kane H 

Sulll »«n,  M..ultrte C 

Sum liirrfl rid,  Stint  CUlr.  .S 

inimer  Hill,  Pike W 

Summer*,  McLean SW 

iBummeraon.  Saint  CUlr.  .S 

_is mil.  Cook NE 

t} Summit,  Knox W 

Summit.  Itock  I tland HW 

•  Mi,«i,t((.  Balnt  CUlr BW 

•  -nminlt.  Will HE 

.Summit  Station,  (aee  Vienna) 

i,  Fulton W 

Lawrence NB 


u| 

J 

9,04 
X 

K 
.r. 
•s 
^ 


£ 

414 

990 
X 

S 

190 

& 

X 

A 


1! 
& 

1 


SSu  inner.  Law 
impter,  White 
Sunbeam.  Merc 


Bunfleld.  Perry 8 

•  Sunny  Hill,  Henry HW 

BunrUr.L*  Balle.... H 

•  Sunart,  Kane N 

ButurJRanoack . . '.".".".".'.".".  '.'.W 

•  Swan  Creek.  Warren W 

•  Swango,  Edgar E 

Swan  wick.  Perry... 


Swiaher.  DeWItt       C 

•  .Virt(cAj>.,Fotd B 

•  Swrgert.  I: 


& 

X 


MAP   INDEX  OF  ILLINOIS. 


Twnr.       COCXTT.       IHDIX. 

ror. 

TOW*.      COC»TT.      mn. 

TOT. 

row,.         CO..TT.       ,»»««. 

TOT. 

TOW».         OKTirTT.       I*DK. 

TOf. 

TOW.        COMMIT.        IVDEl. 

NT 

ByTvan,  Cant  W 

•  Srmenon.  Will  NE 

X 
100 

Ttyoo'it  G  rove,  McHenry  .  .  ,.N 
•  fucker.  Kankakee  E 

i 

WabMh,  Way  o«  N  K 
•  H'afeMA,  WhIW  SB 

30 
7 

•  Welton.  Efflngham  M 
Wrm.  Kanltakee  B 

25 

SO 

Wilton  Center.  Will  NE 

•H 
i.-.i? 

•  1'iiMe  Grove.  Fulton  W 

4UO 

•  ru.-ier.  Ogle  K 

x 

IV) 

Wempietown,  Wtnnebago.  .  .  N 

10 

Wijirt'im,  WaahlnirtQU  8 

•Tallala,  Menard  C 

445 

TuUamore,  Tawwell  C 

130 

Wailfworth.  l*kf  NE 

100 

•  Wrmma.MarKhill...   .         C 

1,053 

•  Windsor,  Shelby  C 

•1 

Rramalro.  Bond  S 

40 

•  Tunnr  1  Bill,  Johnson  8 

200 

Warty  Petni,  PUrk  C 

i 

•  IFMlMrtk,  Cook  NE 

x 

Swindaor  Park.  Cook.  ...KK 

marack,Wlll  NE 

30 

X 

140 

•  Wesley,  Tawwell  C 

100 

Wine  Hill.  Randolph  sW 

I 

•  Tamaroa,  t'erry  S 
•Tamptco,Wliltmde....  NW 

•  Tiintiu,  Sji!K.inio[)  C 

TaniUI.  Pope  S 
Taylor.  Ogle  N 

T^i.-r  I!iil.  Franklin  ..S 

1.000 
429 
X 

JS 
20 
30 

S*Tuni"r.r)u  Page.^^.NK 
trner  Park,  Cook  NE 
•Turpln.  Macon  C 
•  Tu-wolm.  Donglaa  E 
JVin  Hlitfft,  La  Salic  N 
•  Twin  <Swe,  McLean  C 

LJ§ 

KM 

un 

x 

x 

agnera  lAiidlue.  Jarkn-n.  8 
akfflrld,  Klchland  SE 

U'nl-tfn,  Cook  N  E 
WatakfimCttnftrrt.C'tt.  M 
Waldron.  Kankrte.    B 
ifi'«,  iiclc-  N 

100 
X 
X 

sue 

5we«  Hrooklyn,  Lee  N 
ertDirUlon.  Cook  NB 
WMt  fi«Kd«,  Kane  N 
•  Wat  Klffiii,  Kane  N 

X 
250 

A 

X 
as 

SWInfleM.  IHiPage  NK 
Wtug,  IJvlngiton  C 
•  Wlnnebsgo,  Wlnnehaxo.  .  N 
•  Wlnnetka,  Cook  S  E 
•  Vinitair,  C'umbcrl*nd....K 
•  Wlntlow,  Strpheuaon  .  .  .  N  W 

E 

;.  i 
1.85  . 

X 

I 

•  Taylor  Rldge.Kock  l»l'd  BW 
•  Tmylorville,  Christian..  C 

25 
2,829 

Udlna,Kane  N 

•  tllah.  Henry  NW 

100 

Walker,  Macon  C 
ir-irt-T.  Will  NE 

x 

Western  Saratoga,  (,'n!on!'."s 
•  We«lem  Spring),  Cook.  .NE 

40 
451 

W'lntcrrnwd.  Efflngham  5 
Winter*.  Jo  barteaa  NW 

X 

mflrry,  Moultrie  C 

x 

Walkervllle,  O  recne  W 

100 

•WeMfield,  Clark  E 

510 

•  Wireton,  Cwk  NE 

x 

•  Tef^ri*n.  \uw*.  ".'.'.'.'.'.'.  NW 
Temple  Hill,  Pope  8 

EC 

X 

SUHIn,  Pnlaakt  S 
irtch.  Moultrie  C 

350 
X 

Wall,  Jeffemvn  8 
•  Wallace.  Dr.  Kalb  N 

20 
250 

•  fTett  Genoa,  De  K*lb  N 
WertHaJlock.Pw.rta  C 

X 

75 

•  Wilt,  Montgomery  C 
Woburn,  Bond  8 

H 

•  Tenue«*ec.  McDonmigti.,W 
•  Terra  ColU.  McHenry.-..^ 

313 
35 

»rw(,-f<.   L'lsrk  K 

X 
X 

It'r/'/n.  f  Xta,,  ^•nt  KapaUe).. 
W»ll»-W«lla,Cnmherland..  E 

X 

X 

WettHam'A,  (aecHam'd.lnd. 
•  H'r»tJ/'ir<inn>!.  Maron.NW 

X 

x 

•  Woli-,ill.  1'tvrla...  i: 
Wolf  Creek.  Willlimaon  8 

:.i 

Terra  Hi  me.  Hejider>on....W 

250 

Jfti'i'-n.'Sli'ncVr'v  ".".'.'"  .'N 

300 

Wallbaiini.  Henderaon  W 

100 

«»'«(  HiHtdul'.  DuI'ageNK 

x 

•  Wolf  Uke,  I'lii-m  8 

- 

•  Tcutopollv  Effingham  S 

BOO 

nlon  tviitrc.  CuriYlierla'.d.  K 

SO 

Walllnirford,  Will  N'E 

70 

ert  Jeney.  SUrk  C 

Us 

• 

• 

•  TCTI*  rlty.  Sillii--  S 
TTbackery.  Hamilton  8 
hackeru,  Hamilton  B 
QTitaieMr't  ftirt.  Cook.NE 

25 
75 

X 

•  Uakin  Hill,  Kankakee..'..E 
Union  Point,  Union  8 
U*ior  .flock  )"iird*,Cook.  NE 

'S 

x 

* 

SWalnuUHiirean  N 
WalntitGrove,  M'I>ou'h.  W 
•  Walnut  Hill.  Markiu  S 

COS 
30 

125 
X 

•  We*t  Liberty.  Jasper....  BE 

!W.-5t  MfHrurv.  M«  11,  ,,n   N 
WcttJfafwood,  Cook..  NE 
•  Wat  JVffMJL  Vermilion     E 

300 
300 

| 

Wolfs  CroMlng,  Will  NE 
Wolrab  Mill*.  iUrdlii  SE 
•  Worn*-.  Matonpln  SW 
•  WorHlliine.  Jo  DavleM.  .  NW 

& 

x 

M 

•  Thawvllle,  Iroquoli  E 
Thebes,  Alexander  8 
The  Grove,  Cook  NE 

300 
100 
X 

1'nlonvllle,  Maaaac  S 
Unity.  Alexander  S 

•  Upper  Alton,  Martt^u.  ->W 

i 

1,903 

•  Walnut  Prairie,  Clark  .  .  .  .  K 
Walpnte.  Hamilton.  .     S 
•  Walshvine.  Montguifery.  .C 

55 

15 
167 

Wat  Xortnfteia.(^v  Oak  Glen) 
•  Weaton,  McLean  c 
•  Weat  Point.  Hancock.  ...W 

too 

W<.odl>urn.  MacouHn  SW 
{Woodliun-,  Cumberland.   E 
Woodford,  Woodfbrd  C 

:  - 

Thomaa,  Bureau  —  N 

10 

t/pperJ4IWnLs-w.,Mn11ion6W 

Walfcn>hurv;h,  Pope  S 

35 

Went  port,  Lawrence.   .        NE 

x 

•  Woodhnll.  Henry  NW 

•ThoniHborough.Cb'p'n..  .E 

•  TTioriiaavllle,  Montgomery  C 
•  Thorn  peon  vl  lie.  Franklin..  3 

190 
10 
309 

Uitlck,  Whlleatde.".'.'."....  MW 

uy 

135 

t  Walton,  Lee  N 
,l!'.,!lf.:,,.:!:,,/,,    (i.,;!    id!)      .Sh 

Wanboro  (iee  Albion)  

IS 

1 
X 

•  We«  Ridge.  Donglw  K 
WoM.AoMlaflrf.Cook  NE 
•  WettEalem,  Edwardi...  SK 

73 
1.407 
476 

•  Woodland.  IroquoU  E 
•  Wood  Lawn,  Jcffenon  S 
•  Wood  lawn  Park,  Cook.  .NE 

M 
,.-• 

•  Thomson,  Carroll  NW 

r.t 

UUh.  Warren  W 

50 

•  Wanda,  Madlton  SW 

30 

Wat  Sprinafield,  SauK^monc 

668 

•  U'ooitt,  Madlvuu  SW 

X 

•Thornton,  Cook  NE 

371 

X 

•  l|-<ii».  Madlann  6W 

SO 

•  Weat  Union,  Clark  E 

125 

•  Wood*lde,8ang»mou  C 

i 

•  Thornton  June.,  Cook.  .  NK 
Three  Mile  Prairie,  Waah'n.  6 
Tturtna*.  Hamilton  8 

X 

30 
X 

Utopia,  Da  Pmge.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'NE 
•  Valley  City,  Pike  W 

1,700 
50 
CO 

•  Wapella,  De  Witt  C 
•  ITorrta,  Saint  Clalr  SW 
SB-ore,  Union  S 

371 
X 
X 

•  WeatTlHe,  Vennilion  E 
•  Wette'e  Crott'g,  Vermil'nE 
•  WestYork.Crmwtord...  SE 

45 

X 
BOO 

•  Woodaon.  Morgan  w 
•  WiKMJxtook,  Mr»enry.  N 
•  Woodriil--.  Adami  W 

M 

i  •- 

•Tice.Menard  C 
Titono.,  La  Salle  N 
•Tllden.  Randolph  SW 
Tile  Factory  SvUc*,\tim'aE 

TiKt'Kt  -nee  Hlufor.11  

30 

8 

X 

x 

Van  i.uren.  IW  Kalb  N 
raitrtlt  Point,  Marouj'ln  M\ 
•  ViuidMlia-Fayettc  S 
Vandercook,  VennUIgn  E 
•  VanOrln,  Bureau  N 

33 
X 
2,144 
800 

100 

Warner,  Henry  NW 
•  Warren,  Jo  Darlen....  NW 
•  Wammkitrst,  DuPagc.  .  NE 
•  Warr«nibnrg,Macan  C 

•  W:irain;«>ii,  Edgar  E 

30 
1.173 
X 

500 
20 

•  Weuag,  Pulukl  8 
Wtaihtrtfttlit,  (fee,  Kcwaoee) 

WheMland,  Alexander  .'.'."'.',"  8 
•  Whew  ton,  DuPace  N'K 

100 

x 

10 
90 

I,fl22 

Woodworth.  IroquoU  E 
Wootly,  lireene  W 
•  Wi/iHt  i'urtl,  Edgar  E 
Wool.  Pope  S 
•  Woo*nng,Ogle  N 

• 
:  •• 

•  > 

•  TilliHan,  Saint  Clalr....BW 
•  Tilton.  Vennlllxm  B 

x 

474 

•  Varna,  Marshall.....'  '.....C 

X 
398 

•  Warrentnn  Grove,  Lake  NE 
Wirwni  Hie.  DuPage  NE 

25 
250 

•  Wkeaton,  Randolph....  SW 
•  Wheeler.  Jatper  SE 

X 
250 

•  Wonlen.  Madison  SW 
•  Worth.  Cook  NE 

B 
m 

•  Tunbactfio,  Carroll....  NW 
Time,  Pike  NW 
Timothy  Cumberland  B 
•  Tinley  P»rk,  Cook  K« 
Tloga,  Hancock  W 
•  TUkllwa,  Bureau  N 
Todd's  Point,  Shelby  C 
•  Toledo,  Cumberland....  E 
•  Tulono,  Champaign  E 
Toliira,  Marshall  C 

IS 

300 
3UO 
Ml 
75 
676 
902 
10 

Venedy,  Washington  8 
"•  Ytntity  Station,  WaahVn.3 
rtnt,  Kfflncham  8 
•  Venice.  Madlaon  SW 
4>  remit*.  SalntClalr  SW 
•  i'rntcf  A  Ciirondtttt  June., 
Saint  Clalr.  8W 
•  Vera,  Fayette  8 
•  VerKennea,  Jackaon  8 
•  Ven.HUon  drove.  VcnnruK 

X 

£ 

X 

£ 

n 

200 

•  Warrtnert.  Alexander....  S 
•  Warsaw,  Hancock  ;..W 
WantmrR.  Monroe  SW 

W  an  raee  .Johnson  8 
•  Waaco,Kane  N 
•WMobara,  Woodfonl  C 
•  Washington.  Taiewell  C 
•  Wash-gfn  HelffliU,  Cook  N  E 
H-<utt»iyto*  Par  Ic,  Cook..  NE 

172! 
K 
X 
X 
25 
518 
1.301 
3,283 

•  Wheeling,  Cook  NK 
WhItenclrtTfeureau  N 
•  wn.tcllall.  Urceue  W 
•White  Heato,  Platt  C 
WUt*  /fcnwaTUnton  8 
WklteCMk,  Hontgoinery....C 
t  While  Oak,  SalDtClalr.  SW 
kUe  OaX  Point,  Fayette.  .  .8 
White  Oak  Sprmpi.  Hrown.W 
White  Plfteon,  Whltealdc.  NW 

811 
X 
1,9*1 
100 
X 

15 

X 

•10 

*     50 

Wrarville.  Roek  laland...NW 
SWrigtii,  Cole*  E 
'rtffA«GT0r',Cook  NE 
•  Wrlghtcv!11e.  Greene  W 
•  Wyanet,  Bureau  N 
•  HViJM,  Macon  C 
Wynoose.  Kichlaud  HE 
•  Wyomiae,  SUrk  C 
•  Xeola,Cl«y  S 
•  Vale,  J«j<p.-r  SE 

axxjgxaagg 

•  Tomllnson.  Champaign,  .  .  E 
•  Tonic*.  La  fcalle  N 
•  Tr.ntl.  Marlon  8 

10 
473 
ISO 

•  Vermilion,  EdgW  E 
Venn  Illkinvi  ll<-.  La  Salle.  .  .  .  N 
•  Vermont,  Fulton  W 

325 
20 
1,158 

•  W*taga,Knox  W 
•  WatcH  Factory,  Kane.  .  .  .  N 

586 
X 

l,8ft> 

White  Bock,  Ogle  N 
WAiM  W,!lotc,  Kendall          N 
WMttey'tJfti.,  l»ee  Equality) 

BO 
X 

x 

Yankee  Hollow.  JoDavfsNW 
Tankeebiwn,  Woodford  C 
Vantlsvllle.  Shelby  C 

i 

£ 

•Topeka.  Maaon  NW 

141 

Vernal,  Vermilion  E 

10 

•  Waterman,  IwKalbV.  '....» 

351 

rl0aWM,(Mt  I  sen:.  an  V*UCn 

x 

•  YatraClty.  Kno*  W 

M 

•  Toulon,  Stark  C 

•  Tcwandn.  McLean  SW 

913 

403 

•  Vermin,  Marion  S 
•  Verona,  Grundy  N 

200 

212 

•  WarerUiwa,  Kock  l.-rud  N  \V 
•  WfttMkm.  Irnquoli  E 

25 

a,on 

Wllbcrtoa,  Fayette  8 
•  Wiitinrn.  Marshal  C 

X 
25 

Yates  La  ndi  ng.  Pnlaakl  S 
Yatffrillf,  Morgan  W 

X 

• 

•Tower  Hill.  Shelby  C 
Tracy,  Cook  NE 

543 
X 

•  Versailles.  Brown  W 
TVevay  Park,  Cumberland.  E 

517     •Wauon.EAngham  S 
5      Waut-onda,  Lake  NE 

326 
368 

•  H'ti/ifrnu)n,  SalntClalr.SW 
•  n-i;:(F,-'>!)d.  Cook  NB 

X 
32 

•  Yellow  Creek.  StephenE'n  NW 
!'«•*,  Saint  Clalr  8W 

- 

•  Tracy.  Kankakee  E 

260 

induct  Junction,  Cook,.  NE 

4.915 

Wmard,  Alexander  8 

X 

York,  CUrk  E 

M 

•  TremoBt,  Tazewell  C 

508 

Victoria,  Knox  W 

308 

50 

•  n'tllardt.  Cook  NB 

X 

Yorktown,  Bureau.  N 

•  Trenton,  Clinton  8 

. 
•  Trtlla,  Culm  E 

1,384 

X 
90 

•  Victoria,  Can  W 

•  Vienna,  Johnson  8 
•  Villa  Grove,  Donglaa  K 

100 

Waylanit.'scliu>|.  r  W 
•  Wayne,  DnPagc  NB 

1,337 
10 
175 

Willardi  J.ein<ling,  Union.  ..S 
•  Willey.  Chrtttian  C 

•  'i\'[j:;.tiii-'ni'Nifi.  Mi.nlTr!,'    C 

X 
30 
30 

•  Yorkvllle,  Kendall....  N 
•  }-0u»0br<M»l.  Morfan...  W 
•  Tonngvdale,  Kane  V 

X 
X 

•Trimble.  Crawford  SE 
•Triumph.  La  Salle  N 
STrtvolf,  Peurf*  C 
TroutOait.  Jo  Davietl.  NW 

•Trt-ulM-'il:.  Mm-iin  ....C 

50 
51) 
100 
X 
12 

•  Villa  Uldge,  Pulaakl  8 
Vlllaa,  Crawlon)  SE 
•  Vintlancl,  Union  ,.  .S 
•  Viola,  Meroer  NW 
•  VirJen,  Macoupln  SW 

sou 

25 
X 
421 
l.«10 

Wayne.  Jarkson  B 

•  Wayne.  Cltr.  V'unp  NE 
•  Wnynearjlle,  PeWili  C 

•  W  rarer  f.'lU,  I'nlun  ..S 
•  Wrt'hj.  J.'lt.'r-ni.      ...    .3 

X 
600 

368 
X 
X 

•  WllllamBueld.Knox  W 

•  Willow.  Jo  Davits.  NW 
•  Willow  Ulll.  JaBpcr  SE 
•  Willow  Springs,  Cook.  .  .NE 

200 
444 

60 
450 
200 

•  YomifEVtown.  Warren  —  W 
Yuton.  McLean  C 

•  /•!•   flill  If.   (   lintl'D        S 

tZanttntlf,  Montgomery.,  C 
•  larltyt,  WIU  N  E 

,  ,1 

x 

X 
X 

- 

•Trowbrtdge,  Shelby  C 
•Troy.  Stadlson  SW 
Troy  (see  Jollet)  

40 
826 
X 

•  rtrjSnln  Junction,  'caw.'  .'  W 
Titkntu),  McDonoogb  W 

1,02 
X 
X 

Webb'a  Ulll,  Franklin  8 
Webster,  Hincock  W 
•  Wed  run.  La  Salle  N 

IS 
125 
117 

•  Wllmette,  Cook  NE 
•  Wilmington.  Wfll  NE 
•  WHsman.  La  Salle  .N 

1.458 
1,576 

.Zenobta,  Sangamon  C 
'Zlf,  Wayne  NB 
SCton,  Carre"  NW 

IS 

IS 
X 

•  Tr..y<;r.-%r,  L»  s  .lie  N 
•  Trumlmll.  White  8E 
Trnro,  Knox  W 
•  Tnitttr.  Sangamon  C 

283 
15 
10 
X 

Veto,  Lake  NE 
•VMftte*.  Plait  C 
•  FtilcaN,  Monroe  SW 

150 
11 
X 
X 

•  Weedman,  Mcl^an  C 
•  HVhton.Cook  NE 
«Wcldon,  DC  Witt  C 
elga.  Randolph  SW 

50 
X 
400 
31 

•  WiUon,  LlTlngMon  C 
WiStonbttryk,  Kicbland.  .  .  .SE 
Wltoon't.  Randolph  8W 
WUton't  Switck.  BuidoiphSW 

15 
65 

X 
X 

Zion  Station,  (see  M»od).... 
JZolu,  Warren  W 
<m<],  Kock  laiand  NW 

• 
H 

X 

•     IMW^WB-^ar '  •  7ia»<-'  • 


I       J 


SIS*     •  SSsSf'' '•" ,  '  *  'X  »  ;  1 

I 

J 


••S< 


>-•  • 

:^ 


PREFACE. 

Charities  and  a  chapter  devoted  to  its  connection  with  the 
World's  Fair,  the  authors  being  well-known  writers,  and  capable 
of  presenting  the  subject  in  a  most  comprehensive  and  attractive 
manner.  Then  follows  a  brief  sketch  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, with  which  each  State  and  Territory  is  connected  through 
its  representatives  in  Congress ;  which  is,  in  turn,  succeeded  by 
the  biographies  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States,  setting 
forth,  in  addition  to  the  life,  the  most  important  events  of  each 
administration. 

The  Commonwealths  have  been  invited,  through  their  Na- 
tional and  State  Commissioners,  to  contribute  such  statistics, 
etcetera,  as  will  be  of  interest  at  this  particular  time,  as  well  as 
of  future  value.  A  similar  request  has  been  extended  to  every 
Church  organization  represented  in  our  land;  while  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association,  Women's  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  and  other  Societies  have 
also  been  solicited  to  co-operate  with  us  in  a  work  which  will  be 
of  untold  benefit  to  the  States,  severally  and  collectively.  We 
need  not  particularize  where  such  information  has  not  been 
furnished  us,  or  has  been  received  too  late  for  publication ;  such 
State  volume  speaks  for  itself. 

Thirty  full-page  half-tone  engravings  illustrate  the  text  of 
each  State  History,  not  including  the  fourteen  most  important 
buildings  of  the  Exposition ;  the  District  of  Columbia  is  likewise 
pictorially  represented  by  its  chief  attractions,  while  the  portraits 
of  the  Presidents  form  a  highly  valuable  and  interesting  acces- 
sion to  the  work.  Our  State  Map  will  also  be  appreciated,  being 
brought  down  to  the  present,  and  combining  useful  data  un- 
necessary to  specify  in  this  connection. 

A  distinctive  feature  of  our  publication  is  the  Department  de- 
voted to  the  most  prominent  EXHIBITS,  and  we  need  scarcely 
mention  that  it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable,  since  to  the  attendant 
upon  the  Columbian  Exposition,  it  is  a:i  encyclopedia  of  refer- 
ence, and  to  one  deprived  of  the  privilege  of  a  personal  visit  it 
affords  more  practical  information  than  could  otherwise  be  ob- 


PREFACE. 

tained  by  months  of  laborious  study ;  the  illustrated  pages,  pro- 
duced by  our  own  artists  for  this  publication,  alone,  lending  a 
charm  to  what  might  become  monotonous  if  the  old-time  methods 
were  here  employed.  A  Classified  List  covers  such  exhibits  as 
are  not  included  in  this  Department. 

We  trust  we  shall  not  be  considered  guilty  of  egotism  when 
we  claim  for  "The  White  City"  a  most  prominent  place  among 
the  publications  of  the  day.  It  has  received  the  endorsement  of 
Governors  of  the  States,  and  the  World's  Fair  Commissioners 
have  spoken  words  of  highest  commendation.  By  the  appraise- 
ment of  the  people  we  are  now  willing  to  abide,  believing  that 
the  substantial  character  of  the  work,  latest  and  most  valuable 
information  and  choice  illustrations,  cannot  but  meet  the  ap- 
proval of  all  who  give  it  an  unprejudiced  perusal. 


Ristopv  of  Illinois.. 

CHAPTER  I. 
INTRODUCTORY. 

IMPORTANCE   OF   STATE   HISTORY        "THE    ILLINOIS    COUNTRY' 
-  ORIGIN    OF   THE    NAME  — TOPOGRAPHY,    SOIL,    CLIMATIC 
AND    NATURAL    PRODUCTIONS. 

CORRECT  understanding  of  the  history  of 
the  States  is  necessary  in  order  to  more 
fully  comprehend  and  illustrate  the  history 
of  the  Nation  of  which  the  several  States, 
by    their   union,    form    constituent  parts. 
The  original   States,  indeed,  as    political 
divisions,  are  older  than  the  Union  and  each  of  them, 
in  their  early  struggles  for  existence  and  autonomy, 
as  well  as  many  of  the  Territories  of  a  later  period,  have 
evolved  a  history  as  full  of  romantic  interest  as  it  is  of 
political  and  moral  instruction. 

The  greater  part  of  the  territory  which  was  subsequently 
organized  into  the  State  of  Illinois  was  known  and  attracted 
eager  attention  from  the  nations  of  the  old  world — especially  in 
France,  Germany  and  England — before  the  close  of  the  third 
quarter  of  the  seventeenth  century.  More  than  one  hundred 
years  before  the  struggle  for  American  Independence  began  or  the 
geographical  division  known  as  the  "  Territory  of  the  Northwest " 
had  an  existence ;  before  the  names  of  Kentucky,  Tennessee, 
Vermont  or  Ohio  had  been  heard  of,  and  while  the  early  settlers 
of  New  England  and  Virginia  were  still  struggling  for  a  foothold 
among  the  Indian  tribes  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  the  "  Illinois 
Country  "  occupied  a  place  on  the  maps  of  North  America  as 
distinct  and  definite  as  New  York  or  Pennsylvania.  And  from 


10  THE   WHITE   CITY  -   ILLINOIS. 

that  time  forward,  until  it  assumed  its  position  in  the  Union  with 
the  rank  of  a  State,  no  other  section  has  been  the  theatre  of  more 
momentous  and  stirring  events  or  has  contributed  more  material, 
affording  interest  and  instruction  to  the  archaeologist,  the  ethnol- 
ogist and  the  historian,  than  that  portion  of  the  American  Conti- 
nent now  known  as  the  "  State  of  Illinois." 

What  was  known  to  the  early  French  explorers  and  their 
followers  and  descendants,  for  the  ninety  years  which  intervened 
between  the  discoveries  of  Joliet  and  LaSalle,  down  to  the 
surrender  of  this  region  to  the  English,  as  the  "  Illinois  Country," 
is  described  with  great  clearness  and  definiteness  by  Capt. 
Philip  Pittman,  an  English  engineer  who  made  the  first  survey 
of  the  Mississippi  River  soon  after  the  transfer  of  the  French 
possessions  east  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  British,  and  who 
published  the  result  of  his  observations  in  London  in  1770.  In 
this  report,  which  is  evidently  a  work  of  the  highest  authenticity, 
and  is  the  more  valuable  because  written  at  a  transition  period 
when  it  was  of  the  first  importance  to  preserve  and  hand  down 
the  facts  of  early  French  history  to  the  new  occupants  of  the  soil, 
the  boundaries  of  the  "Illinois  Country"  are  defined  as  follows: 

"The  Country  of  the  Illinois  is  bounded  by  the  Mississippi 
on  the  west,  by  the  river  Illinois  on  the  north,  by  the  Ouabache 
and  Miamis  on  the  east  and  the  Ohio  on  the  south."  * 

From  this  it  is  evident  that  the  country  lying  between  the 
Illinois  and  the  Mississippi  Rivers  to  the  west  and  northwest  of 
the  former  stream,  was  not  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  "Illinois 
Country,"  and  this  agrees  generally  with  the  records  of  the  early 
French  explorers,  except  that  they  regarded  the  region  which 
comprehends  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Chicago — the  im- 
portance of  which  appears  to  have  been  appreciated  from  the  first 
as  a  connecting  link  between  the  Lakes  and  the  upper  tributaries 
of  the  rivers  falling  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico — as  belonging 
thereto. 

*  "The  present  state  of  the  European  Settlements  on  the  Mississippi,  with  a  Geograph- 
ical description  of  that  River  by  Capt.  Philip  Pittman,  London,  printed  for  J.  Nourse, 
Book-seller  to  his  Majesty,  1770." 


ILLINOIS — INTRODUCTORY.  II 

The  "Country"  appears  to  have  derived  its  name  from  Inini, 
a  word  of  Algonquin  origin,  signifying  "the  men, "  eupheniized 
by  the  French  into  Illini with  the  suffix  ots,  signifying  "tribe". 
The  root  of  the  term,  applied  both  to  the  country  and  the  Indians 
occupying  it,  has  been  still  further  denned  as  "a  perfect  man  " 
(Haines  on  "  Indian  Names  "),  and  the  derivative  has  been  used 
by  the  French  chroniclers  in  various  forms  though  always  with 
the  same  signification — a  signification  of  which  the  earliest 
claimants  of  the  appellation,  as  well  as  their  successors  of  a 
different  race,  have  not  failed  to  be  duly  proud. 

It  was  this  region  which  gave  name  to  the  State  of  which 
it  constituted  so  large  and  important  a  part.  Its  boundaries, 
so  far  as  the  Wabash  and  the  Ohio  Rivers  (as  well  as  the 
Alississippi  from  the  Ohio  to  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois)  are  con- 
cerned, are  identical  with  those  given  to  the  "  Illinois  Country  " 
by  Pittman.  The  State  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Wisconsin ; 
on  the  east  by  Lake  Michigan,  the  State  of  Indiana  and  the 
Wabash  River ;  southeast  by  the  Ohio,  flowing  between  it  and 
the  State  of  Kentucky ;  and  west  and  southwest  by  the  Mississippi, 
which  separates  it  from  the  States  of  Iowa  and  Missouri.  A 
peculiarity  of  the  Act  of  Congress  defining  the  boundaries  of  the 
State,  is  the  fact  that,  while  the  jurisdiction  of  Illinois  extends 
to  the  middle  of  Lake  Michigan  and  also  of  the  channels  of  the 
Wabash  and  the  Mississippi,  it  stops  at  the  north  bank  of  the 
Ohio  River ;  this  seems  to  have  been  a  sort  of  concession  on 
the  part  of  the  framers  of  the  Act  to  our  proud  neighbors  of  the 
"Dark  and  Bloody  Ground."  Geographically,  the  State  lies 
between  the  parallels  of  36°  59'  and  42°  30'  north  latitude,  and 
the  meridian  of  10°  30'  and  14°  of  longitude  west  from  the  city  of 
Washington.  From  its  extreme  southern  limit  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio  to  the  Wisconsin  boundary  on  the  north,  its  estimated 
length  is  385  miles,  with  an  extreme  breadth,  from  the  Indiana 
State  line  to  the  Mississippi  River  at  a  point  between  Quincy 
and  Warsaw,  of  218  miles.  Owing  to  the  tortuous  course  of  its 
river  and  lake  boundaries,  which  comprise  about  three-fourths  of 


12  THE    WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

the  whole,  its  physical  outline  is  extremely  irregular.  Between 
the  limits  described,  it  has  an  estimated  area  of  56,650  square 
miles,  of  which  650  square  miles  is  water — the  latter  being 
chiefly  in  Lake  Michigan.  This  area  is  more  than  one  and  one 
half  times  that  of  all  New  England,  Maine  being  excepted,  and 
is  greater  than  that  of  any  other  State  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
except  Michigan,  Georgia  and  Florida — Wisconsin  lacking  only 
a  few  hundred  square  miles  of  the  same. 

When  these  figures  are  taken  into  account  some  idea  may 
be  formed  of  the  magnificence  of  the  domain  comprised  within 
the  limits  of  the  State  of  Illinois — a  domain  larger  in  extent 
than  that  of  England,  more  than  one-fourth  of  that  of  all 
France  and  nearly  half  that  of  the  British  Islands,  including 
Scotland  and  Ireland.  The  possibilities  of  such  a  country,  pos- 
sessing a  soil  unequaled  in  fertility,  in  proportion  to  its  area,  by 
any  other  State  of  the  Union,  and  with  resources  in  agriculture, 
manufactures  and  commerce  unsurpassed  in  any  country  on  the 
face  of  the  globe,  transcend  all  human  conception. 

Lying  between  the  Mississippi  and  its  chief  eastern  tribu- 
tary, the  Ohio,  with  the  Wabash  on  the  east  and  intersected 
from  northeast  to  southwest  by  the  Illinois  and  its  numerous  af- 
fluents, and  with  no  mountainous  region  within  its  limits,  Illi- 
nois is  at  once  one  of  the  best  watered,  as  well  as  one  of  the 
most  level  States  in  the  Union.  Besides  the  Sangamon,  Kanka- 
kee,  Fox  and  Des  Plaines  Rivers,  chief  tributaries  of  the  Illinois, 
and  the  Kaskaskia  draining  the  region  between  the  Illinois  and 
the  Wabash,  Rock  River,  in  the  northwestern  portion  of  the 
State,  is  most  important  on  account  of  its  valuable  water-power. 
All  of  these  streams  were  regarded  as  navigable  for  some  sort  of 
craft,  during  at  least  a  portion  of  the  year,  in  the  early  history  of 
the  country,  and  with  the  magnificent  Mississippi  along  the  whole 
western  border,  gave  to  Illinois  a  larger  extent  of  navigable 
waters  than  that  of  any  other  single  State.  Although  practical 
navigation  is  now  limited  to  the  Mississippi,  Illinois  and  Ohio — 
making  an  aggregate  of  about  1,000  miles — the  importance  of 


ILLINOIS  —  INTRODUCTORY.  13 

the  smaller  streams,  when  the  people  were  dependent  almost 
wholly  upon  some  means  of  water  communication  for  the  trans- 
portation of  heavy  commodities  as  well  as  for  travel,  could  not 
be  over-estimated,  and  it  is  not  without  its  effect  upon  the  pro- 
ductiveness of  the  soil,  now  that  water  transportation  has  given 
place  to  railroads.  The  whole  number  of  streams  shown  upon 
the  best  maps  exceeds  280. 

In  physical  conformation  the  surface  of  the  State  presents 
the  aspect  of  an  inclined  plane  with  a  moderate  descent  in  the 
general  direction  of  the  streams  toward  the  south  and  south- 
west. Cairo,  at  the  extreme  southern  end  of  the  State  and  the 
point  of  lowest  depression,  has  an  elevation  above  sea-level  of 
about  300  feet,  while  the  altitude  of  Lake  Michigan  at  Chicago 
is  583  feet.  The  greatest  elevation  is  reached  at  Scale's  Mound 
in  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State — about  820  feet — while  a 
spur  from  the  Ozark  Mountains  of  Missouri,  projected  across  the 
southern  part  of  the  State,  rises  in  Jackson  county  to  a  height  of 
over  500  feet.  South  of  this  ridge,  the  surface  of  the  country 
between  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rivers  was  originally  covered 
with  dense  forests.  These  included  some  of  the  most  valuable 
species  of  timber  for  lumber  manufacture,  such  as  the  different 
varieties  of  oak,  walnut,  poplar,  ash,  sugar-maple  and  cypress, 
besides  elm,  linden,  hickory,  honey-locust,  pecan,  hack-berrj-, 
cotton-wood,  sycamore,  sassafras,  black-gum  and  beech.  The 
native  fruits  included  the  persimmon,  wild  plum,  grape  and  paw- 
paw, with  various  kinds  of  berries,  such  as  black-berries,  rasp- 
berries, strawberries  (in  the  prairie  districts)  and  some  others. 
Most  of  these  native  growths  were  found  along  the  streams  far- 
ther north  except  the  cypress,  beech,  pecan  and  a  few  others. 

A  peculiar  feature  of  the  country,  in  the  middle  and  north- 
ern portion  of  the  State  which  excited  the  amazement  of  early 
explorers,  was  the  vast  extent  of  the  prairies  or  natural  meadows. 
The  origin  of  these  has  been  attributed  to  various  causes,  such 
as  some  peculiarity  of  the  soil,  absence  or  excess  of  moisture,  re- 
cent upheaval  of  the  surface  from  lakes  or  some  other  bodies  of 


14  THE   WHITE  CITY — ILLINOIS. 

water,  the  action  of  fires,  etc.  In  many  sections  there  seems  lit- 
tle to  distinguish  the  soil  of  the  prairies  from  that  of  the  adjacent 
woodlands ,  that  may  not  be  accounted  for  by  the  character  of 
their  vegetation  and  other  causes,  for  the  luxuriant  growth  of 
native  grasses  and  other  productions  has  demonstrated  that  they 
do  not  lack  in  fertility,  and  the  readiness  with  which  trees  take 
root  when  artificially  propagated  and  protected,  has  shown  that 
there  is  nothing  in  the  soil  itself  unfavorable  to  their  growth. 
Whatever  may  have  been  the  original  cause  of  the  prairies,  how- 
ever, there  is  no  doubt  that  annually  occurring  fires  have  had 
much  to  do  in  perpetuating  their  existence  and  even  extending 
their  limits,  as  the  absence  of  the  same  agent  has  tended  to  favor 
the  encroachments  of  the  forests.  While  originally  regarded  as 
an  obstacle  to  the  occupation  of  the  country  by  a  dense  popula- 
tion, there  is  no  doubt  that  their  existence  has  contributed  to  its 
rapid  development  when  it  was  discovered  with  what  ease  these 
apparent  wastes  could  be  subdued  and  how  productive  they  were 
capable  of  becoming  when  once  brought  under  cultivation. 

In  spite  of  the  uniformity  in  altitude  of  the  State  as  a  whole, 
many  sections  present  a  variety  of  surface  and  a  mingling  of 
plain  and  woodland  of  the  most  pleasing  character.  This  is 
especially  the  case  in  some  of  the  prairie  districts  where  the 
undulating  landscape  covered  with  rich  herbage  and  brilliant 
flowers  must  have  presented  to  the  first  explorers  a  scene  of 
ravishing  beauty,  which  has  been  enhanced  rather  than  dimin- 
ished in  recent  times  by  the  hand  of  cultivation.  Along  some  of 
the  streams  also,  especially  on  the  upper  Mississippi  and  Illinois, 
and  at  some  points  on  the  Ohio,  is  found  scenery  of  a  most 
picturesque  variety. 

From  this  description  of  the  country  it  will  be  easy  to  infer 
what  must  have  been  the  varieties  of  the  animal  kingdom  which 
here  found  a  home.  These  included  the  buffalo,  various  kinds 
of  deer,  the  bear,  panther,  fox,  wolf  and  wild-cat,  while  swans, 
geese  and  ducks  covered  the  lakes  and  streams.  It  was  a  ver- 
itable paradise  for  game,  both  large  and  small,  and,  as  well,  for 


ILLINOIS — INTRODUCTORY.  15 

their  native  hunters.  "One  can  scarcely  travel,"  wrote  one  of 
the  earliest  priestly  explorers,  "without  finding  a  prodigious 
multitude  of  turkeys,  that  keep  together  in  flocks  often  to  the 
number  of  ten  hundred."  Beaver,  otter  and  mink  were  found 
along  the  streams.  Most  of  these,  especially  the  larger  species 
of  game,  have  disappeared  before  the  tide  of  civilization,  but  the 
smaller,  such  as  quail,  prairie  chicken,  duck  and  the  different 
varieties  of  fish  in  the  streams,  protected  by  law  during  certain 
seasons  of  the  year,  continue  to  exist  in  considerable  numbers. 

The  capabilities  of  the  soil  in  a  region  thus  situated  can  be 
readily  understood.  In  proportion  to  the  extent  of  its  surface, 
Illinois  has  a  larger  area  of  cultivable  land  than  any  other  State 
in  the  Union,  with  a  soil  of  superior  quality,  much  of  it  unsur- 
passed in  natural  fertility.  This  is  especially  true  of  the 
"American  Bottom,"  a  region  extending  a  distance  of  ninety 
miles  along  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  from  a  few  miles 
below  Alton  nearly  to  Chester,  and  of  an  average  width  of  five 
to  eight  miles.  This  was  the  seat  of  the  first  permanent  white 
settlement  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  portions  of  it  have  been 
under  cultivation  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  years 
without  exhaustion.  Other  smaller  areas  of  scarcely  less 
fertility  are  found  both  upon  the  bottom-lands  and  in  the  prairies 
in  the  central  portions  of  the  States. 

Extending  through  five  and  one-half  degrees  of  latitude, 
Illinois  has  a  great  variety  of  climate.  Though  subject  at  times 
to  sudden  alternations  of  temperature,  these  occasions  have  been 
rare  since  the  country  has  been  thoroughly  settled.  Its  mean 
average  for  a  series  of  years  has  been  48°  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  State  and  56°  in  the  southern,  differing  little  from  other 
States  upon  the  same  latitude.  The  mean  winter  temperature  has 
ranged  from  25°  in  the  north  to  34°  in  the  south,  and  the  sum-  ' 
mer  mean  from  67°  in  the  north  to  78°  in  the  south.  The  extreme 
winter  temperatiire  has  seldom  fallen  below  20°  below  zero  in  the 
northern  portion,  while  the  highest  summer  temperature  ranges 
from  95°  to  102°.  The  average  difference  in  temperature  between 


i6 


THE   WHITE    CITY ILLINOIS. 


the  northern  and  southern  portions  of  the  State  is  about  10°,  and 
the  difference  in  the  progress  of  the  seasons  for  the  same  sections, 
from  four  to  six  weeks. 

Such  a  wide  variety  of  climate  is  favorable  to  the  production 
of  nearly  all  the  grains  and  fruits  peculiar  to  the  temperate  -/.one. 
These  belong  to  the  period  of  development  and  will  be  enumer- 
atea  under  the  head  of  "Industries." 


•sMasad 


'•'.liil 


llhnoib      ^^?- 


;jr^:-         p 


RELIEF  MAP  OF  ILLINOIS. 


CHAPTER  II. 
EARLY  EXPLORATIONS. 

DISCOVERIES   OF  JOLIET,  MAROUETTE   AND  LA  SALLE  —  SAD  FATE 
OF  THE  LATTER  —  HENRY  DE  TONTY  —  THE  INDIAN  CON- 
FEDERATION AT  "STARVED  ROCK." 


HREE  powers  early  became  contestants  for  the 
occupancy  of  the  North  American  Continent. 
The  first  of  these  was  Spain,  claiming  on  the 
ground  of  the  discovery  by  Columbus ;  England, 
basing  her  claim  upon  the  discoveries  of  the  Ca- 
bots,  and  France,  maintaining  her  right  to  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  continent  by  virtue  of  the  dis- 
covery and  exploration  by  Jacques  Cartier  of  the 
Gulf  and  River  St.  Lawrence,  in  1534-5,  and  the  settlement  of 
Quebec  by  Champlain  seventy-four  years  later.  The  claim  of 
Spain  was  general,  extending  to  both  North  and  South  America, 
and  while  she  early  established  her  colonies  in  Mexico,  Cuba  and 
Peru,  the  country  was  too  vast  and  her  agents  too  busy  seeking 
for  gold  to  interfere  materially  with  her  competitors. 

The  Dutch,  Swedes  and  Germans  established  small  though 
flourishing  colonies,  but  they  were  not  colonizers  nor  were  they 
numerically  as  strong  as  their  neighbors,  and  their  settlements 
were  iiltimately  absorbed  by  the  latter.  Both  the  Spaniards  and 
French  were  zealous  in  proselyting  the  aborigines,  but  while 
the  former  did  not  hesitate  to  torture  their  victims  in  order  to  ex- 
tort their  gold  while  claiming  to  save  their  souls,  the  latter  were 
more  gentle  and  beneficent  in  their  policy  and  by  their  kindness 
succeeded  in  winning  and  retaining  the  friendship  of  the  Indians 

lllim.i-  17 


1 8  THE    WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

in  a  remarkable  degree.  They  were  traders  as  well  as  mission- 
aries, and  this  fact  and  the  readiness  with  which  they  adapted 
themselves  to  the  habits  of  those  whom  they  found  in  possession 
of  the  soil,  enabled  them  to  make  the  most  extensive  explorations 
in  small  numbers  and  at  little  cost,  and  even  to  remain  for 
unlimited  periods  among  their  aboriginal  friends.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  English  were  artisans  and  tillers  of  the  soil  with  a  due 
proportion  engaged  in  commerce  or  upon  the  sea,  and  while  they 
were  later  in  planting  their  colonies  in  Virginia  and  New 
England,  and  less  aggressive  in  the  work  of  exploration,  they 
maintained  a  surer  foothold  on  the  soil  when  they  had  once 
established  themselves.  To  this  fact  is  due  the  permanence  and 
steady  growth  of  the  English  colonies  in  the  New  World  and  the 
virtual  dominance  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  over  more  than  five- 
sevenths  of  the  North  American  Continent — a  result  which  has 
been  illustrated  in  the  history  of  every  people  that  has  made 
agriculture,  manufactures  and  legitimate  commerce  the  basis  of 
their  prosperity. 

The  French  explorers  were  the  first  Europeans  to  visit  the 
"Country  of  the  Illinois,"  and  for  nearly  a  century  they  and 
their  successors  and  descendants  held  undisputed  possession  of 
the  country,  as  well  as  the  greater  part  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
It  is  true  that  Spain  put  in  a  feeble  and  indefinite  claim  to  this 
whole  region,  but  she  was  kept  too  busy  elsewhere  to  make  her 
claim  good,  and  in  1763  she  relinquished  it  entirely  as  to  the 
Mississippi  Valley  and  west  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  in  order  to 
strengthen  herself  elsewhere. 

There  is  a  peculiar  coincidence  in  the  fact  that,  while  the 
English  colonists  who  settled  about  Massachusetts  Bay  named 
that  region  "  New  England,"  the  French  gave  to  their  possessions 
from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  the  name 
of  "New  France,"  and  the  Spaniards  called  all  the  region 
claimed  by  them,  extending  from  Panama  to  Puget  Sound, 
'•'New  Spain."  The  boundaries  of  each  were  very  indefinite  and 
often  conflicting,  but  were  settled  by  the  treat}-  of  1763. 


ILLINOIS — EARLY    EXPLORATIONS.  19 

As  early  as  1634,  Jean  Nicolet,  coming  by  way  of  Canada, 
discovered  Lake  Michigan — then  called  by  the  French,  "  Lac  des 
Illinois" — entered  Green  Bay  and  visited  some  of  the  tribes  of 
Indians  in  that  region.  In  1641  zealous  missionaries  had 
reached  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary  .(called  by  the  French  "  Sault  St. 
Marie"),  and  in  1658  two  French  fur-traders  are  alleged  to  have 
penetrated  as  far  west  as  "La  Pointe"  on  Lake  Superior,  where 
they  opened  up  a  trade  with  the  Sioux  Indians  and  wintered  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  Apostle  Islands  near  where  the  towns  of 
Ashland  and  Bayfield,  Wisconsin,  now  stand.  A  few  years  later 
(1665),  Fathers  Allouez  and  Dablon,  French  missionaries,  visited 
the  Chippewas  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  and 
missions  were  established  at  Green  Bay,  Ste.  Marie  and  La 
Pointe.  About  the  same  time  the  mission  of  St.  Ignace  was 
established  on  the  north  shore  of  the  Straits  of  Mackinaw 
(spelled  by  the  French  "Michillimacinac").  It  is  also  claimed 
that  a  French  traveller  named  Radisson  during  the  year  1658-9 
reached  the  upper  Mississippi,  antedating  the  claims  of  Joliet 
and  Marquette  as  its  discoverers  by  fourteen  years.  Nicholas 
Perrot,  an  intelligent  chronicler  who  left  a  manuscript  account  of 
his  travels,  is  said  to  have  made  extensive  explorations  about  the 
head  of  the  great  lakes  and  as  far  south  as  the  Fox  River  of 
Wisconsin,  between  1670  and  1690,  and  to  have  held  an  impor- 
tant conference  with  representatives  of  numerous  tribes  of  In- 
dians at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  in  June,  1671.  Perrot  is  also  said  to 
have  made  the  first  discovery  of  lead  mines  in  the  West. 

Up  to  this  time,  however,  no  white  man  appears  to  have 
reached  the  "  Illinois  Country,"  though  much  had  been  heard  of 
its  beauty  and  its  wealth  in  game.  On  May  17,  1673,  Louis 
Joliet,  an  enterprising  explorer  who  had  already  visited  the  Lake 
Superior  region  in  search  of  copper  mines,  under  a  commission 
from  the  Governor  of  Canada,  in  company  with  Father  Jacques 
Marquette  and  five  voyageurs,  with  a  meagre  stock  of  provisions 
and  a  few  trinkets  for  trading  with  the  natives,  set  out  in  two 
birch-bark  canoes  from  St.  Ignace  on  a  tour  of  exploration  south- 


2O  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

ward.  Coasting  along  the  west  shore  of  Lake  Michigan  and 
Green  Bay  and  through  Lake  Winnebago,  they  reached  the 
country  of  the  Mascontins  on  Fox  River,  ascended  that  stream  to 
the  portage  to  the  Wisconsin,  then  descended  the  latter  to  the 
Mississippi  which  they  discovered t»n  June  lyth.  Descending  the 
Mississippi,  which  they  named  "Rio  de  la  Conception,"  they 
passed  the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines,  where  they  are  supposed  to 
have  encountered  the  first  Indians  of  the  Illinois  tribes,  by  whom 
they  were  hospitably  entertained.  Later  they  discovered  a  rude 
painting  upon  the  rocks  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  which  from 
the  description  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  famous  "  Piasa  Bird," 
which  was  still  to  be  seen,  a  short  distance  above  Alton,  within  the 
present  generation.  Passing  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  River 
and  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  and  continuing  past 
the  Ohio,  they  finally  reached  what  Marquette  called  the  village 
of  the  Akanseas,  which  has  been  assumed  to  be  identical  with  the 
mouth  of  the  Arkansas,  though  it  has  been  questioned  whether 
they  proceeded  so  far  south.  Convinced  that  the  Mississippi 
"  had  its  mouth  in  Florida  or  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,"  and  fearing 
capture  by  the  Spaniards,  they  started  on  their  return.  Reaching 
the  mouth  of  the  Illinois,  they  enterered  that  stream  and  ascended 
past  the  village  of  the  Peorias  and  the  "  Illinois  town  of  the 
Kaskaskias" — the  latter  being  about  where  the  town  of  Utica,  La 
Salle  County,  now  stands — at  each  of  which  they  made  a  brief  stay. 
Escorted  by  guides  from  the  Kaskaskias,  they  crossed  the  portage 
to  Lake  Michigan  where  Chicago  now  stands,  and  returned  to 
Green  Bay,  which  they  reached  in  the  latter  part  of  September. 

Such  is  the  record  of  the  first  visit  of  white  men  to  the 
"Country  of  the  Illinois." 

Joliet  returned  to  Canada  to  report  the  success  of  his  expe- 
dition, while  Marquette,  who  had  been  much  enfeebled  by  disease 
and  his  journey,  after  recruiting  for  a  year  at  the  St.  Xavier  Mis- 
sion on  Green  Bay,  set  out  in  the  latter  part  of  October,  1674, 
with  two  companions  to  return  to  the  village  of  the  Kaskaskias 
on  the  Illinois.  Early  in  December  they  reached  the  mouth  of 


ILLINOIS — EARLY   EXPLORATIONS.  21 

the  Chicago  River,  which  they  found  frozen  over.  Marquette  was 
already  prostrated  by  illness,  and  being  unable  to  proceed,  his 
companions  built  a  cabin  for  him,  as  supposed  on  the  south  branch 
about  six  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  where  he  spent  the 
winter.  His  journal,  which  was  discovered  some  fifty  years  ago, 
makes  mention  of  visits  received  from  the  Indians  with  presents 
of  provisions.  He  appears  also  to  have  been  visited  by  a  trader 
and  surgeon  who  had  already  established  themselves  in  the  vicin- 
ity. In  April,  1675,  he  reached  the  village  of  the  Kaskaskias 
and  established  a  mission  which  he  named  "The  Immaculate 
Conception."  His  stay,  however,  was  brief.  Forced  by  ill-health 
to  abandon  his  mission,  he  attempted  to  return  to  Canada  by  the 
eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.  Having  reached  Sleeping  Bear 
Point,  nearly  opposite  the  St.  Xavier  Mission,  the  voyageurs  were 
compelled  by  a  storm  to  suspend  their  journey.  Here  he  died 
and  was  buried.  A  year  later  a  band  of  Ottawa  Indians,  who  had 
the  greatest  reverence  for  the  self-denying  missionary,  exhumed 
his  remains,  and  taking  them  to  the  St.  Ignace  Mission,  they 
were  reinterred  beneath  the  chapel  with  impressive  ceremonies, 
in  which  both  the  French  and  Indians  took  part. 

The  next  and  most  important  expedition  to  Illinois — impor- 
tant because  it  led  to  the  first  permanent  settlements — was  under- 
taken by  Robert  Cavelier,  Sieur  de  La  Salle,  in  1679.  This  eager 
and  intelligent,  but  finally  unfortunate,  discoverer  had  spent  sev- 
eral years  in  exploration  in  the  lake  region  and  among  the 
streams  south  of  the  lakes  and  west  of  the  Alleghanies.  It  has 
been  claimed  that,  during  this  tour,  he  descended  the  Ohio  to  its 
junction  with  the  Mississippi;  also  that  he  reached  the  Illinois  by 
way  of  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Chicago  portage, 
and  even  descended  the  Mississippi  to  the  36th  parallel,  ante-dat- 
ing Marquette's  first  visit  to  that  stream  b}-  two  years.  The  chief 
authority  for  this  claim  is  Pierre  Margry,  La  Salle's  biographer, 
who  bases  his  statement  ostensibly  on  conversations  with  La  Salle 
and  letters  of  his  friends.  The  absence  of  any  allusion  to  these 
discoveries  in  La  Salle's  own  papers  of  a  later  date  addressed  to 


22  THE   WHITE  CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

the  King,  is  regarded  as  fatal  to  this  claim.  However  this  may 
have  been,  there  is  conclusive  evidence  that,  during  this  period, 
he  met  with  Joliet  while  the  latter  was  returning  from  one  of  his 
trips  to  the  Lake  Superior  country.  With  an  imagination  fired 
by  what  he  then  learned,  he  made  a  visit  to  his  native  country, 
receiving  a  liberal  grant  from  the  French  Government  which  en- 
abled him  to  carry  out  his  plans.  With  the  aid  of  Henry  de 
Tonty,  an  Italian  who  afterward  accompanied  him  in  his  most 
important  expeditions,  and  who  proved  a  most  valuable  and  effi- 
cient co-laborer,  under  the  auspices  of  Frontenac,  then  Governor 
of  Canada,  he  constructed  a  small  vessel  at  the  foot  of  Lake  Erie, 
in  which,  with  a  company  of  34  persons,  he  set  sail  on  the  seventh 
of  August,  1679,  for  the  West.  This  vessel  (named  the  "Grif- 
fon ")  is  believed  to  have  been  the  first  sailing-vessel  that  ever 
navigated  the  lakes.  His  object  was  to  reach  the  Illinois,  and  he 
carried  with  him  material  for  a  boat  which  he  intended  to  put  to- 
gether on  that  stream.  Arriving  in  Green  Bay  early  in  Septem- 
ber, by  way  of  Lake  Huron  and  the  straits  of  Mackinaw,  he 
disembarked  his  stores  and  loading  the  Griffon  with  furs,  started 
it  on  its  return  with  instructions,  after  discharging  its  cargo  at 
the  starting  point,  to  join  him  at  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan. 
With  a  force  of  seventeen  men  and  three  missionaries  in  four 
canoes,  he  started  southward,  following  the  western  shore  of  Lake 
Michigan  past  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  River,  on  November  ist, 
and  reached  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joseph  River,  at  the  southeast 
corner  of  the  Lake,  which  had  been  selected  as  a  rendezvous. 
Here  he  was  joined  by  Tonty,  three  weeks  later,  with  a  force  of 
twenty  Frenchmen  who  had  come  by  the  eastern  shore,  but  the 
Griffon  never  was  heard  from  again,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been 
lost  on  the  return  voyage.  While  waiting  for  Tonty,  he  erected  a 
fort,  afterward  called  Fort  Miami.  The  two  parties  here  united, 
and,  leaving  four  men  in  charge  of  the  fort,  with  the  remain- 
ing thirty-three,  he  resumed  his  journey  on  the  third  of  Decem- 
ber. Ascending  the  St.  Joseph  to  about  where  South  Bend  now 
stands,  he  made  a  portage  with  his  canoes  and  stores  across  to  the 


ILLINOIS  —  EARLY    EXPLORATIONS.  23 

headwaters  of  the  Kankakee  which  he  descended  to  the  Illinois. 
On  the  first  of  January  he  arrived  at  the  great  Indian  town  of 
the  Kaskaskias,  which  Marquette  had  left  for  the  last  time  nearly 
five  years  before,  but  he  found  it  deserted,  the  Indians  being  ab- 
sent on  a  hunting  expedition.  Proceeding  down  the  Illinois,  on 
January  4,  1680,  he  passed  through  Peoria  L/ake  and  the  next 
morning  reached  the  Indian  village  of  that  name  at  the  foot  of 
the  lake,  and  established  friendly  relations  with  its  people.  Hav- 
ing determined  to  set  up  his  vessel  here,  he  constructed  a  rude 
fort  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river  about  four  miles  south  of  the 
village  ;  with  the  exception  of  the  cabin  built  for  Marquette  on 
the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River  in  the  winter  of  1874-5, 
this  was  probably  the  first  structure  erected  by  white  men  in  Il- 
linois. This  received  the  name  Creve-Cazur—"  Broken  Heart " 
which,  from  its  subsequent  history,  proved  exceedingly  appro- 
priate. Having  dispatched  Father  Louis  Hennepin  with  two 
companions  to  the  Upper  Mississippi,  by  way  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Illinois,  on  an  expedition  which  resulted  in  the  discovery  of  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  La  Salle  started  on  his  return  to  Canada  for 
additional  assistance  and  the  stores  which  he  had  failed  to  receive 
in  consequence  of  the  loss  of  the  Griffon.  Soon  after  his  depar- 
ture, a  majority  of  the  men  left  with  Tonty  at  Fort  Creve-Casur 
mutinied,  and  having  plundered  the  fort,  partially  destroyed  it. 
This  compelled  Tonty  and  five  companions  who  had  remained 
true,  to  retreat  to  the  Indian  village  of  the  Illinois  near  "  Starved 
Rock,"  between  where  the  cities  of  Ottawa  and  La  Salle  now 
stand,  where  he  spent  the  summer  awaiting  the  return  of  La 
Salle.  In  September,  Tonty's  Indian  allies  having  been  attacked 
and  defeated  by  the  Iroquois,  he  and  his  companions  were  again 
compelled  to  flee,  reaching  Green  Bay  the  next  Spring,  after  hav- 
ing spent  the  winter  among  the  Pottawatoniies  in  the  present 
State  of  Wisconsin. 

During  the  next  four  years  (1681-1683)  La  Salle  made  two 
other  visits  to  Illinois,  encountering  and  partially  overcoming 
formidable  obstacles  at  each  end  of  the  journey.  At  the  last 


24  THE   WHITE  CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

• 

visit,  in  company  with  the  faithful  Tonty,  whom  he  had  met  at 
Mackinaw  in  the  spring  of  1681,  after  a  separation  of  more  than  a 
year,  he  extended  his  exploration  to  the  month  of  the  Mississippi, 
of  which  he  took  formal  possession  on  April  9,  1682,  in  the  name 
of  "Louis  the  Grand,  King  of  France  and  Navarre."  This  was 
the  first  expedition  of  white  men  to  pass  down  the  great  river  and 
determine  the  problem  of  its  discharge  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Returning  to  Mackinaw,  and  again  to  Illinois,  in  the  fall  of 
1682,  Tonty  set  about  carrying  into  effect  La  Salle's  scheme  of 
fortifying  "The  Rock,"  to  which  reference  has  been  made  under 
the  name  of  "  Starved  Rock."  The  buildings  are  said  to  have 
included  store-houses  (it  was  intended  as  a  trading  post),  dwell- 
ings and  a  block-house  erected  on  the  summit  of  the  rock,  and  to 
which  the  name  of  "Fort  St.  Louis"  was  given,  while  a  village  of 
confederated  Indian  tribes  gathered  about  its  base  on  the  south, 
which  bore  the  name  of  La  Vantum.  According  to  the  historian, 
Parkman,  the  population  of  this  colony  in  the  days  of  its  greatest 
prosperity  was  not  less  than  20,000. 

La  Salle's  future  history  was  as  romantic  as  his  final  fate  was 
tragical.  Returning  to  Canada  in  the  fall  of  1683,  he  met  on  the 
way  a  new  commandant  sent  to  displace  him  in  Illinois.  Con- 
tinuing his  journey  to  France,  he  was  there  entrusted  with  the 
execution  of  a  plan  to  establish  a  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi — sailing  from  Rochelle  in  the  mid-summer  of  1684, 
with  a  fleet  of  four  vessels  carrying  nearly  300  colonists.  After 
various  delays,  it  entered  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  but  failed  to  find  the 
moiith  of  the  Mississippi.  Dissension  arose  between  La  Salle 
and  the  sailing-master  of  the  fleet;  one  vessel  was  captured  by 
Spaniards ;  another  stranded  on  the  Gulf  coast,  while  the  master 
of  the  fleet  sailed  away  with  the  third,  for  France,  leaving  La  Salle 
and  his  fellow-voyagers  on  the  fpurth,  to  their  fate.  Landing  on 
the  shore  of  what  has  since  been  named  Matagorda  Bay,  in  the 
present  State  of  Texas,  he  erected  a  fort.  Reduced  to  great 
destitution  two  years  after  (January,  1687)  he  started  with  a 
portion  of  his  followers  for  Canada.  Reaching  the  bank  of  the 


ILLINOIS  —  EARLY   EXPLORATIONS.  25 

Trinity  River,  lie  was  murdered  by  some  of  his  own  men,  on 
March  19,  1687,  closing  the  career  of  one  of  the  most  brilliant 
and  intrepid  explorers  the  world  has  ever  known.  His  death  was 
partially  avenged  by  the  killing  of  the  leaders  of  the  conspiracy  a 
few  days  after. 

During  the  previous  year,  Tonty  had  descended  the  Miss- 
issippi in  search  of  La  Salle,  and  returning,  built  a  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Arkansas,  leaving  six  men  in  charge.  Here  a 
portion  of  the  survivors  of  La  Salle's  party,  including  his  brother 
Cavelier,  his  nephew  and  one  Joutel,  arrived  in  the  summer  of 
1687,  and  in  September  following  reached  Fort  St.  Louis. _ 

Tonty  retained  his  headquarters  at  Fort  St.  Louis  for  eight- 
een years,  during  which  he  made  extensive  excursions  through- 
out the  West.  The  proprietorship  of  the  fort  was  granted  to 
him  in  1690,  but  in  1702  it  was  ordered  by  the  Governor  of  Can- 
ada to  be  discontinued  on  the  plea  that  the  charter  had  been 
violated.  It  continued  to  be  used  as  a  trading-post,  however,  as 
late  as  1718,  when  it  was  raided  by  the  Indians  and  burned.  De- 
prived of  his  command,  Tonty  entered  the  service  of  Iberville, 
who  founded  the  first  colony  in  Louisiana  in  1700.  In  reference 
to  this  remarkable  man,  who  proved  so  efficient  and  faithful  an 
aid  to  La  Salle  in  all  his  great  undertakings,  the  following  ex- 
tract from  Moses'  "  History  of  Illinois  "  is  worthy  of-  quotation, 
at  least  for  its  romantic  interest: 

"According  to  the  Indian  tradition,  which,  although  of 
doubtful  authenticity,  is  more  in  harmony  with  the  romantic  and 
poetic  life  of  the  old  explorer,  at  the  close  of  a  day  in  the  mid- 
summer of  1718,  he  once  more  arrived  at  Fort  St.  Louis  in  a 
canoe  paddled  by  two  faithful  followers.  His  hair  frosted  by 
many  years  of  exposure,  enfeebled  in  body,  forsaken  by  those 
whom  he  had  befriended,  he  returned  at  last  to  the  familiar  scene 
of  his  former  triumphs  where,  his  last  hours  consoled  by  the 
ministrations  of  his  church,  his  valiant  spirit  passed  away. 
Brave,  generous  and  true,  no  man  contributed  more  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  trade  and  the  occupation  of  the  "Illinois  Country" 


2(3  THK    WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

at  this  early  period  than  the  poorly  requited  Chevalier  Henry  de 
Tonty." 

Having  lost  a  hand  in  battle,  Tonty  carried  one  made  of 
copper,  which  gave  him  the  name  of  "the  iron-handed." 

Other  explorers  who  were  the  contemporaries  or  early  suc- 
cessors of  Marquette,  Joliet,  La  Salle,  Tonty,  Hennepin  and 
their  companions  in  the  Northwest,  and  many  of  whom  are 
known  to  have  visited  the  "  Illinois  Country,"  and  probably  all 
of  whom  did  so,  were  Daniel  Greysolon  du  Lhut  (called  by  La 
Salle,  du  Luth),  a  cousin  of  Tonty,  who  was  the  first  to  reach 
the  Mississippi  directly  from  Lake  Superior,  and  from  whom  the 
city  of  Duluth  has  been  named;  Henry  Joutel,  a  townsman  of 
La  Salle,  who  was  one  of  the  survivors  of  the  ill-fated  Matagorda 
Bay  colony;  Pierre  Le  Sueur,  the  discoverer  of  the  Minnesota 
River,  and  Baron  la  Hontan,  who  made  a  tour  through  Illinois 
in  1688—9,  °f  which  he  published  an  account  in  1703. 

Chicago  River  early  became  a  prominent  point  in  the  es- 
timation of  the  French  explorers  and  was  a  favorite  line  of  travel 
in  reaching  the  Illinois  by  way  of  the  Des  Plaines,  though  prob- 
ably sometimes  confounded  with  other  streams  about  the  head  of 
the  lake.  The  Calumet  and  Grand  Calumet,  allowing  easy  port- 
age to  the  Des  Plaines,  were  also  used,  and  the  St.  Joseph  from 
which  portage  was  had  into  the  Kankakee,  were  probably  parts 
of  the  route  first  used  by  La  Salle.  The  admiration  excited  in 
the  minds  of  the  explorers  by  their  discoveries  is  indicated  in 
the  fact  that  the  name  which  they  sometimes  attached  to  both 
the  Des  Plaines  and  the  Illinois,  as  well  as  the  country  about  the 
head  of  Lake  Michigan,  was  "The  Divine." 


CHAPTER  III. 
ABORIGINES  AND  -EARLY  MISSIONS. 

ABORIGINAL     OCCUPANTS     OF    THE     SOIL  —  EARLY     FRENCH    MIS- 
SIONS    ON     THE     UPPER     ILLINOIS     AND     AT     CAHOKIA 
AND    KASKASKIA. 

HEN  the  early  French  explorers  ar- 
rived in  the  "Illinois  Country"  they 
found   it   occupied    by    a   number    of 
tribes  of  Indians,  the  most  numerous 
being  the  "Illinois,"  which  consisted 
of  several  families  or  bands  that  spread  them- 
selves over  the  country  on  both  sides  of  the 

i* 

Illinois  River,  extending  even  west  of  the  Miss- 
issippi; the  Piankashaws  on  the  east,  extending  beyond  the 
present  western  boundary  of  Indiana,  and  the  Miamis  in  the 
northeast,  with  whom  a  weaker  tribe  called  the  Weas  were  allied. 
The  Illinois  confederation  included  the  Kaskaskias,  Peorias, 
Cahokias,  Tamaroas  and  Mitchigamies — the  last  being  the  tribe 
from  which  Lake  Alichigan  took  its  name.  There  seems  to  have 
been  a  general  drift  of  some  of  the  stronger  tribes  toward  the 
south  and  east  about  this  time,  as  Allouex  represents  that  he 
found  the  Miamis  and  their  neighbors,  the  Mascoutins,  about 
Green  Bay  when  he  arrived  there  in  1670.  At  the  same  time, 
there  is  evidence  that  the  Pottawatomies  were  located  along  the 
southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  about  the  Sault  St.  Marie 
(now  known  as  "The  Soo"),  though  within  the  next  fifty  years 
they  had  advanced  southward  along  the  western  shore  of  Lake 


28  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Michigan  until  they  reached  where  Chicago  now  stands.  Other 
tribes  from  the  north  were  the  Kickapoos,  Sacs  and  Foxes,  and 
Winnebagoes,  while  the  Shawnees  were  a  branch  of  a  stronger 
tribe  from  the  southeast.  Charlevoix,  who  wrote  an  account  of 
his  visit  to  the  "  Illinois  Country  "  in  1 72 1 ,  says :  "  Fifty  years  ago 
the  Miamis  were  settled  on  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake 
Michigan,  in  a  place  called  Chicago  from  the  name  of  a  small 
river  which  runs  into  the  lake",  the  source  of  which  is  not  far 
distant  from  that  of  the  River  Illinois."  It  does  not  follow 
necessarily  that  this  was  the  Chicago  River  of  to-day,  as  the 
name  appears  to  have  been  applied  somewhat  indefinitely,  by  the 
early  explorers,  both  to  a  region  of  country  between  the  head  of 
the  lake  and  the  Illinois  River,  and  to  more  than  one  stream 
emptying  into  the  lake  in  that  vicinity.  It  has  been  conjectured 
that  the  river  meant  by  Charlevoix  was  the  Calumet,  as  his 
description  would  apply  as  well  to  that  as  to  the  Chicago,  and 
there  is  other  evidence  that  the  Miamis  who  were  found 
about  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  during  the  eighteenth 
century,  occupied  a  portion  of  Southern  Michigan  and  Northern 
Indiana,  extending  as  far  east  as  the  Scioto  River  in  Ohio. 

All  of  these  tribes  (except  the  Winnebagoes)  are  assigned  to 
the  Algonquin,  or  Canadian  family,  who  were  generally  friendly 
to  the  French.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Iroquois,  who  were  lo- 
cated south  of  the  lakes  and  about  the  headwaters  of  the  Ohio, 
were  the  deadly  foes  of  the  French  and  of  their  aboriginal 
friends,  the  Algonquins,  as  shown  by  their  attacks  upon  the  Illin- 
ois Indians  about  "  Starved  Rock,"  as  recited  in  the  last  chap- 
ter. From  the  first,  the  Illinois  seem  to  have  conceived  a  strong 
liking  for  the  French,  and  being  pressed  by  the  Iroquois  on  the 
east,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  Pottawatomies  and  Kickapoos  on  the 
north  and  the  Sioux  on  the  west,  by  the  beginning  of  the  eight- 
eenth century  we  find  them  much  reduced  in  numbers  gathered 
about  the  French  settlements  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kaskaskia 
(or  Okaw)  river,  in  the  western  part  of  the  present  counties  of 
Randolph,  Monroe  and  St.  Clair.  In  spite  of  the  zealous  eiforts 


ILLINOIS ABORIGINES   AND   3ARLY    MISSIONS.  29 

of  the  missionaries,  the  contact  of  these  tribes  with  the  whites 
was  attended  with  the  usual  results — demoralization,  degrada- 
tion and  gradual  extermination.  The  latter  result  was  hastened 
by  the  frequent  attacks  to  which  they  were  exposed  from  their 
more  warlike  enemies,  so  that  by  the  latter  part  of  the  eight- 
eenth century,  they  were  reduced  to  a  few  hundred  dissolute 
and  depraved  survivors  of  a  once  vigorous  and  warlike  race. 

During  the  early  part  of  the  French  occupation,  there  arose 
a  chief  named  Chicagou  (from  whom  the  city  of  Chicago  re- 
ceived its  name)  who  appears,  like  Red  Jacket,  Tecumseh  and 
Logan,  to  have  been  a  man  of  unusual  intelligence  and  vigor  of 
character,  and  to  have  exercised  great  influence  with  his  people. 
In  1725  he  was  sent  to  Paris,  where  he  received  the  attentions 
due  to  a  foreign  potentate,  and  on  his  return  was  given  a  com- 
mand in  an  expedition  against  the  Chickasaws,  who  had  been 
making  incursions  from  the 'South. 

Siich  was  the  general  distribution  of  the  Indians  in  the 
northern  and  central  portions  of  the  State,  within  the  first  fifty 
years  after  the  arrival  of  the  French.  At  a  later  period  the 
Kickapoos  advanced  farther  south  and  occupied  a  considerable 
share  of  the  central  portion  of  the  State,  and  even  extended  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Wabash.  The  southern  part  was  roamed  over 
by  bands  from  beyond  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi,  including 
the  Cherokees  and  Chickasaws,  and  the  Arkansas  tribes,  some 
of  whom  were  very  powerful  and  ranged  over  a  vast  extent  of 
country.* 

*A  native  leader  who  exerted  a  powerful  influence  over  the  Illinois  Indians,  as  well 
as  those  of  the  Northwest  generally,  nearly  a  hundred  years  after  Marquette's  and  La 
Salle's  visits  to  the  country,  was  Pontiac,  the  famous  chief  of  the  Ottawas.  He  was  a 
zealous  friend  of  the  French,  and  between  1759  and  1765  made  a  desperate  effort  to  re- 
cover what  the  French  had  lost  at  Quebec  in  the  former  year.  He  organized  the  Indians 
of  the  Northwest  into  a  confederation  and  succeeded  in  capturing  nearly  all  the  posts 
held  by  the  English,  except  Detroit  and  F'ort  Pitt,  where  he  was  compelled  to  accept  de- 
feat. This  ended  what  was  known  as  "  Pontiac's  War. "  Coming  to  Illinois  some  years 
later,  he  remained  about  the  French  settlements  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis.  In  the 
spring  of  1769,  according  to  a  French  authority,  while  participating  with  other  Indians 
in  a  carousal  at  Cahokia  (opposite  St.  Louis),  he  was  treacherously  assassinated  by  a  Kas- 
kaskia  Indian,  said  to  have  been  hired  with  a  barrel  of  whisky  by  an  Englishman  named 
Williamson,  to  commit  the  deed.  This  act,  according  to  Indian  tradition,  was  fearfully 
avenged  a  few  months  later  in  an  attack  by  the  Pottawattomies  upon  the  ancient  village  of 
La  Vantum  and  "Starved  Rock,"  the  latter  then  receiving  its  name  from  the  fate  of  the 
attacked  party,  all  of  whom  are  said  to  have  perished  except  a  half-breed. 


30  THK    \VHITK    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

The  Pottawatomies,  with  their  relatives,  the  Ottawas  and 
the  Chippewas,  together  with  a  remnant  of  the  Shawnees, 
ultimately  became  dominant  in  Northern  Illinois,  until  they 
were  defeated  by  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne  at  Presqne  Isle,  in  1794, 
when  the  treaty  of  Greenville  with  them  and  other  tribes  the 
following  year,  curbed  their  influence.  The  Illinois  Indians  were 
described  by  their  friends,  the  early  missionaries,  as  "  tall  of 
statiire,  strong,  robust,  the  swiftest  runners  in  the  world  and 
good  archers,  proud  yet  affable,"  and  yet  it  was  added,  they  were 
"idle,  revengeful,  jealous,  cunning,  dissolute  and  thievish." 

The  earliest  civilized  dwellings  in  Illinois,  after  the  forts 
erected  for  purposes  of  defense,  were  undoubtedly  the  posts  of 
the  fur-traders  and  the  missionary  stations.  Fort  Miami,  the 
first  military  post,  established  by  La  Salle  in  the  winter  of 
1679-80,  was  at  the  month  of  the  St.  Joseph  River  within  the 
boundaries  of  what  is  now  the  State  of  Michigan.  Fort  Cirrc- 
Cmir,  partially  erected  a  few  months  later  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Illinois  a  few  miles  below  where  the  city  of  Peoria  now  stands, 
was  never  occupied.  Mr.  Charles  Ballance,  the  historian  of 
Peoria,  locates  this  fort  at  the  present  village  of  Wesley,  in  Taze- 
well  County,  nearly  opposite  Lower  Peoria.  Fort  St.  Louis, 
built  by  Tonty  on  the  summit  of  "  Starved  Rock,"  in  the  fall 
and  winter  of  1682,  was  the  second  erected  in  the  "Illinois 
Country,"  but  the  first  occupied.  It  has  been  claimed  that  Mar- 
quette  established  a  mission  among  the  Kaskaskias,  opposite 
"The  Rock"  on  the  occasion  of  his  first  visit  in  September, 
1673,  and  that  he  renewed  it  in  the  spring  of  1675  when  he 
visited  it  for  the  last  time.  It  is  doubtful  if  this  mission 
was  more  than  a  season  of  preaching  to  the  natives,  celebrating 
mass,  administering  baptism,  etc.;  at  least  the  story  of  an 
established  mission  has  been  denied.  That  this  devoted  and 
zealous  propagandist  regarded  it  as  a  mission,  however,  is  evi- 
dent from  his  own  journal.  He  gave  to  it  the  name  of  the 
"  Mission  of  the  Immaculate  Conception,"  and  although  he  was 
compelled  by  failing  health  to  abandon  it  almost  immediately,  it 


ILLINOIS ABORIGINES    AND    EARLY    MISSIONS.  31 

is  claimed  that  it  was  renewed  in  1677  by  Father  Allouez,*  who 
had  been  active  in  founding  missions  in  the  Lake  Superior 
region,  and  that  it  was  maintained  until  the  arrival  of  La  Salle 
in  1680.  The  hostility  of  La  Salle  to  the  Jesuits  led  to  Allouez' 
withdrawal,  but  he  subsequently  returned  and  was  succeeded  in 
1 688  by  Father  Gravier,  whose  labors  extended  from  Mackinaw 
to  BiloKi  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  He  spent  some  time  among 
the  Peorias  previous  to  1700,  and  while  laboring  among  the  lat- 
ter, at  a  still  later  period,  he  received  a  wound,  in  an  attack  in- 
cited by  the  "medicine  men,"  from  which  he  died  at  Alobile  in  1 706. 

There  is  evidence  that  a  mission  had  been  established  among 
the  Miamis  as  early  as  1698,  under  the  name  "  Chicago,"  as  it  is 
mentioned  by  St.  Cosme  in  the  report  of  his  visit  in  1699-1700. 
This,  for  the  reasons  already  given  showing  the  indefinite  use 
made  of  the  name  Chicago  as  applied  to  streams  about  the  head 
of  Lake  Michigan,  probably  referred  to  some  other  locality  in 
the  vicinity,  and  not  to  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Chicago. 
Even  at  an  earlier  date  there  appears,  from  a  statement  in 
Tonty's  Memoirs,  to  have  been  a  fort  at  Chicago — probably 
about  the  same  locality  as  the  mission.  Speaking  of  his  return 
from  Canada  to  the  "Illinois  Country"  in  1685,  he  says:  "I 
embarked  for  the  Illinois  October  30,  1685,  but  being  stopped  by 
the  ice,  I  was  obliged  to  leave  my  canoe  and  proceed  by  land. 
After  going  120  leagues,  I  arrived  at  Fort  Chicagou,  where  M. 
de  la  Durantaye  commanded,  "t 

According  to  the  best  authorities  it  was  during  the  year 
1700  that  a  mission  and  permanent  settlement  was  established 
by  Father  Jacques  Pinet  among  the  Tamaroas  at  a  village  called 
Cahokia  (or  "Sainte  Famille  de  Cahokia"),  a  few  miles  south  of 
the  present  site  of  the  city  of  East  St.  Louis. J  This  was  the 

*Shea's  "  History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  Mississippi." 

tHistorical  Collections  of  Louisiana,  Vol.  II.,  p.  67. 

JThe  first  French  settlement  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  was  established  at  Biloxi,  at  the 
head  of  Mississippi  Sound  in  the  present  State  of  Mississippi,  by  the  brothers  Iberville 
and  Bienville,  natives  of  Montreal,  in  1698.  The  next  year  they  established  a  settlement 
on  Dauphin  Island  opposite  the  mouth  of  Mobile  Bay  and  in  1700  another  at  "Poverty 
Point,"  on  the  Mississippi  thirty-eight  miles  below  New  Orleans.  In  1718  New  Orleans 
was  founded  as  an  emporium  for  the  lower  Mississippi  region. 


32  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

first  permanent  settlement  by  Europeans  in  Illinois,  as  that  at 
Kaskaskia  on  the  Illinois  was  broken  up  the  same  year. 

A  few  months  after  the  establishment  of  the  mission  at 
Cahokia  (which  received  the  name  of  "St.  Sulpice"),  but  dur- 
ing the  same  year,  the  Kaskaskias,  having  abandoned  their  vil- 
lage on  the  upper  Illinois,  were  induced  to  settle  near  the  mouth 
of  the  river  which  bears  their  name,  and  the  mission  and 
village — the  latter  afterward  becoming  the  first  capital  of  the 
Territory  and  State  of  Illinois — came  into  being.*  Among  the 
earliest  missionaries  connected  with  the  Cahokia  mission  were 
Fathers  Bergier  and  Lamoges,  and  among  those  connected  with 
that  at  Kaskaskia  were  Fathers  Gabriel  Marest  and  Jean 
Mermet. 

*This  identity  of  names  has  led  to  some  confusion  in  determining  the  date  and  place 
of  the  first  permanent  settlement  in  Illinois,  the  date  of  Marquette's  first, arrival  at  Kas- 
kaskia on  the  Illinois  being  given  by  some  authors  as  that  of  the  settlement  at  Kaskaskia 
on  the  Mississippi,  twenty-seven  years  later. 


CHAPTER  IV. 
PERIOD  OF  FRENCH  OCCUPATION. 

FIRST   PERMANENT   SETTLEMENTS  —  THE   GROUP   OF   FRENCH 

VILLAGES   ABOUT   KASKASKIA  -  NEW    FRANCE  — 

ILLINOIS    ATTACHED    TO    LOUISIANA. 

S  may  be  readily  inferred  from  the  methods 
of  French  colonization,  the  first  perma- 
nent settlements  gathered  about  the  mis- 
sions at  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia,  or  rather 
were  parts  of  them.  At  later  periods,  but 
during  the  French  occupation  of  the  coun- 
try, other  villages  were  established,  the  most  im- 
portant being  St.  Philip  and  Prairie  du  Rocher;  all 
of  these  being  located  in  the  fertile  valley  now  known  as 
the  "American  Bottom"  between  the  older  towns  of  Ca- 
hokia and  Kaskaskia.  There  were  several  Indian  villages  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  French  settlements,  and  this  became  for  a 
time  the  most  populous  locality  in  the  Mississippi  valley  and 
the  centre  of  an  active  trade  carried  on  with  the  settlements  near 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi.  *  Large  quantities  of  the  products 
of  the  countr}',  such  as  flour,  bacon,  pork,  tallow,  lumber,  lead, 
peltries,  and  even  wine  were  transported  in  keel-boats  or  batteaus 
to  New  Orleans  ;  rice,  manufactured  tobacco,  cotton  goods  and 
such  other  fabrics  as  the  simple  wants  of  the  people  required, 
being  brought  back  in  return.  These  boats  went  in  convoys  of 
seven  to  twelve  in  number  for  mutual  protection,  three  months 

*Vincennes  on  the  Wabash,  settled  in  1710,  was  the  settlement  nearest  to  the   group 
of  villages  in  the  American  Bottom. 


33 


34  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

being  required  to  make  a  trip,  of  which  two  were  made  annually 
— one  in  the  spring  and  the  other  in  the  autumn. 

A  prominent  landmark  of  this  interesting  locality  was  Fort 
Chartres,  a  strong  fortress  erected  by  the  French  in  1720,  and 
afterward  rebuilt  on  a  larger  and  more  substantial  scale,  in  1754. 
It  was  erected  in  the  Mississippi  bottom,  about  eighteen  miles 
northwest  of  Kaskaskia.  Capt.  Philip  Pittrnan,  the  English 
engineer  who  visited  it  in  1766,  describes  it  as  "an  irregular 
quadrangle"  with  the  exterior  sides  490  feet  in  length,  the  walls 
two  feet,  two  inches  thick  and  eighteen  feet  high.  It  enclosed 
an  area  of  more  than  five  acres,  in  which  were  erected  barracks, 
officers'  quarters,  store-houses,  magazines  and  everything  re- 
quired to  make  a  complete  fortress  of  that  time.  The  importance 
attributed  by  the.  French  to  the  protection  of  this  locality  is  in- 
dicated by  the  fact  that  the  cost  of  this  fortress  is  said  to  have 
been  $1,000,000.  Pittmansays:  "It  is  generally  allowed  that 
this  is  the  most  commodious  and  best  built  fort  in  North  Amer- 
ica." In  1 756  it  stood  one  mile  from  the  river,  but  ten  years  later, 
when  Pittmaii  visited  it,,  the  river  had  encroached  to  within 
eighty  rods  of  the  walls,  and  for  a  generation  scarcely  a  vestige 
of  this  structure  has  remained,  all  that  had  not  been  removed  to 
Kaskaskia  and  other  points  for  building  purposes,  having  fallen 
into  the  river.  While  it  belonged  to  France,  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  the  "Illinois  Country  "  was  here,  and  it  became  the 
headquarters  of  the  English  commandant — who  was  the  arbitrary 
Governor  of  the  country — during  the  period  of  occupancy  by 
the  British,  extending  from  1765  to  1772,  when  it  was  partially 
destroyed  by  one  of  the  periodical  floods  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  French  possessions  in  North  America  went  under  the 
general  name  of  "New  France,"  but  their  boundaries  were  never 
clearly  defined,  though  an  attempt  was  made  to  do  so  through 
Commissioners  who  met  at  Paris  in  1752.  The)-  Avere  under- 
stood by  the  French  to  include  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
with  Labrador  and  Nova  Scotia,  to  the  northern  boundaries  of 
the  British  Colonies ;  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes ;  and  the 


ILLIXOLS PERIOD    OF    FRENCH    OCCUPATION.  35 

Valley  of  the  Mississippi  from  the  headwaters  of  the  Ohio  west- 
ward to  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  south  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
While  these  claims  were  contested  by  England  on  the  east  and 
Spain  on  the  southwest,  they  comprehended  the  very  heart  of 
the  North  American  continent,  a  region  unsurpassed  in  fertility 
and  natural  resources  and  now  the  home  of  more  than  half  of 
the  entire  population  of  the  American  Republic.  That  the 
French  should  have  reluctantly  yielded  up  so  magnificent  a  do- 
main is  natural.  And  yet  they  did  this  by  the  treaty  of  1763, 
surrendering  the  region  east  of  the  Mississippi  (except  a  coni- 
parativel}r  small  district  near  the  mouth  of  that  stream)  to  Eng- 
land, and  the  remainder  to  Spain — an  evidence  of  the  straits  to 
which  they  had  been  reduced  by  a  long  series  of  devastating 
wars. 

In  1712  Antoine  Crozat,  under  royal  letters-patent,  obtained 
from  L,ouis  XIV.  of  France,  a  monopoly  of  the  commerce,  with 
control  of  the  country,  "  from  the  edge  of  the  sea  (Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico) as  far  as  the  Illinois."  This  grant  having  been  surrendered 
a  few  years  later,  was  renewed  in  1717  to  the  "Company  of  the 
West,"  of  which  the  celebrated  George  Law  was  the  head,  and 
under  it  jurisdiction  was  exercised  over  the  trade  of  Illinois.  On 
September  27th  of  the  same  year  (1717),  the  "Illinois  Country," 
which  had  been  a  dependency  of  Canada,  was  incorporated  with 
Louisiana  and  became  a  part  of  that  province.  Law's  company 
received  enlarged  powers  under  the  name  of  the  "  East  Indies 
Company,"  and  although  it  went  out  of  existence  in  1721  with 
the  opprobrious  title  of  the  "  South  Sea  Bubble,"  leaving  in  its 
wake  hundreds  of  ruined  private  fortunes  in  France  and  Eng- 
land, it  did  much  to  stimulate  the  population  and  development 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  During  its  existence  (in  1718)  New 
Orleans  was  founded  and  Fort  Chartres  erected,  being  named 
after  the  Due  de  Chartres,  son  of  the  Regent  of  France.  Pierre 
Duque  Boisbriant  was  the  first  commandant  of  Illinois  and  su- 
perintended the  erection  of  the  fort. 

One  of  the  privileges  granted   to   Law's,  company   was   the 


36  THE    WHITK    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

importation  of  slaves;  and  under  it,  in  1721,  Philip  F.  Renault 
brought  to  the  country  five  hundred  slaves  besides  two  hundred 
artisans,  mechanics  and  laborers.  Two  years  later  he  received 
a  large  grant  of  land,  and  foiinded  the  village  of  St.  Philip  a 
few  miles  north  of  Fort  Chartres.  Thus  Illinois  became  slave 
territory  before  a  white  settlement  of  any  sort  existed  in  what 
afterward  became  the  slave  State  of  Missouri.  In  1722  a  parish 
church  and  stone  residence  for  the  Jesuits  were  erected  in  Kas- 
kaskia,  and  mills  and  store-houses  were  built  previous  to  that 
time  or  at  a  later  period  both  there  and  at.Cahokia.  The  village 
of  Prairie  du  Rocher,  four  miles  east  of  Fort  Chartres,  was 
founded  in  1733. 

During  1721  the  country  under  control  of  the  East  Indies 
Company  was  divided  into  nine  civil  and  military  districts,  each 
presided  over  by  a  commandant  and  a  judge,  with  a  superior 
council  at  New  Orleans.  Of  these,  Illinois,  the  largest  and, 
next  to  New  Orleans,  the  most  populous,  was  the  seventh.  It 
embraced  over  one-half  the  present  State,  with  the  country  west 
of  the  Mississippi,  between  the  Arkansas  and  the  43d  degree  of 
latitude,  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  included  the  present 
States  of  Missouri,  Iowa,  Nebraska,  Kansas  and  parts  of  Arkan- 
sas and  Colorado.  In  1732,  the  Indies  Company  surrendered 
its  charter,  and  Louisiana,  including  the  district  of  Illinois,  was 
afterwards  governed  by  officers  appointed  directly  by  the  crown. 
The  roll  of  commandants  of  Illinois  during  the  period  of  French 
occupation,  includes  the  names  of  Pierre  d'  Artaguiette,  1734-36; 
Alphonse  de  la  Buisoniere,  1736-40;  Benoist  de  St.  Claire, 
1740-42;  Chevalier  de  Bertel,  1742-48,  when  St.  Claire  was 
reinstated. 

While  the  general  government  of  the  "  Illinois  Country " 
tinder  the  French  was  a  sort  of  mixed  civil  and  military  rule 
mildly  administered,  that  of  the  villages  was  of  a  paternal  or 
hierarchic  character  administered  by  the  priests,  who  settled 
quarrels,  baptized  children,  married  the  adults,  ministered  to  the 
dying,  buried  the  dead  and  exercised  a  general  supervision  over 


ILLINOIS  —  PERIOD    OF    FRENCH    OCCUPATION.  37 

the  welfare  of  the  little  community.  Their  influence  extended 
to  all,  and  from  their  judgment  there  was  little  disposition  to 
appeal. 

As  early  as  September,  1699,  an  attempt  was  made  by  an 
expedition,  fitted  out  by  the  English  Government  under  com- 
mand of  Captains  Barr  and  Clements,  to  take  possession  of  the 
country  about  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  on  the  ground  of 
prior  discovery ;  but  they  found  the  French  under  Bienville 
already  in  possession  at  Biloxi,  and  they  sailed  away  without 
making  any  further  effort  to  carry  the  scheme  into  effect.  Mean- 
while, in  the  early  part  of  the  next  century,  the  English  were 
successful  in  attaching  to  their  interests  the  Iroquois,  who  were 
the  deadly  foes  of  the  French,  and  held  possession  of  Western 
New  York  and  the  region  around  the  headwaters  of  the  Ohio 
River,  extending  their  incursions  against  the  Indian  allies  of 
the  French  as  far  west  as  Illinois.  The  real  struggle  for  terri- 
tory between  the  English  and  French  began  with  the  formation 
of  the  Ohio  L/and  Company  in  1748-9,  and  the  grant  to  it  by 
the  English  Government  of  half  a  million  acres  of  land  along 
the  Ohio  River,  with  the  exclusive  right  of  trading  with  the  In- 
dian tribes  in  that  region.  Out  of  this  grew  the  establishment, 
in  the  next  two  years,  of  trading  posts  and  forts  on  the  Miami 
and  Maumee  in  Western  Ohio,  followed  by  the  protracted  French 
and  Indian  War,  which  was  prosecuted  with  varied  fortunes  until 
the  final  defeat  of  the  French  at  Quebec,  on  the  thirteenth  of 
September,  1759,  which  broke  their  power  on  the  American  con- 
tinent. Among  those  who  took  part  in  this  struggle,  was  a 
contingent  from  the  French  garrison  of  Fort  Chartres.  Neyon 
de  Villiers,  commandant  of  the  fort,  was  one  of  these,  being  the 
only  survivor  of  seven  brothers  who  participated  in  the  defense  of 
Canada.  Still  hopeful  of  saving  Louisiana  and  Illinois,  he  de- 
parted with  a  few  followers  for  New  Orleans,  but  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  February  10,  1763,  destroyed  all  hope,  for  by  its  terms 
Canada,  and  all  other  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi  as  far 
south  as  the  northern  boundary  of  Florida,  was  surrendered  to 


3o  THE    WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Great  Britain,  while  the  remainder,  including  the  vast  territory 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  was  given  up  to  Spain. 

Thus,  the  "  Illinois  Country  "  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
British,  although  the  actual  transfer  of  Fort  Chartres  and  the 
country  dependent  upon  it  did  not  take  place  until  October  10, 
1765,  when  its  veteran  commandant,  St.  Ange^who  had  come 
from  Vincennes  to  assume  command  on  the  retirement  of  Vill- 
iers,  and  who  held  it  faithfully  for  the  'conqueror — surrendered 
it  to  Capt.  Thomas  Stirling  as  the  representative  of  the  English 
Government.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  this  was  the  last  place  on 
the  North  American  continent  to  lower  the  French  flag.  St. 
Ange,  with  the  few  civil  officers  and  troops  remaining  with  him, 
retired  to  St.  Louis,  which  had  been  founded  in  1764,  and  where, 
at  the  request  of  the  citizens,  many  of  whom,  like  himself,  had 
come  from  the  Illinois  villages,  he  assumed  the  position  of  com- 
mandant, although  he  was  then  upon  Spanish  territory.  In  this 
he  was  confirmed  by  General  Ulloa,  the  Spanish  Governor  of  New 
Orleans,  and  remained  in  authority  until  his  death  on  December 
27,  1774,  at  the  age  of  73.  His  fairness,  courage  and  modera- 
tion won  for  him  the  respect  and  confidence  not  only  of  his  own 
nationality,  but  of  Spaniards  and  English  also. 


CHAPTER  V. 
THE   REVOLUTIONARY  PERIOD. 

BRITISH    OCCUPATION — ENGLISH    GOVERNORS  —  COL.    GEORGE 
ROGERS  CLARK'S  EXPEDITION — CONQUEST  OF  ILLINOIS — 

BRITISH     ATTACK    ON 'ST.     LOUIS — CAPTURE    OF 
FORT   ST.  JOSEPH. 

delay  of  the  British  in  taking  possession  of 
the  "Illinois  Country,"  after  the  defeat  of  the 
French  at  Quebec  and  the  surrender  of  their 
possessions  in  America  by  the  treaty  of  1763, 
was  due  to  its  isolated  position  and  the  difficulty 
of  reaching  it  with  sufficient  force  to  establish  the 
British  authority.  The  first  attempt  was  made 
in  the  spring  of  1764,  when  Maj.  Arthur  L/oftus, 
starting  from  Pensacola,  attempted  to  ascend  the  Mississippi  with 
a  force  of  four  hundred  regulars,  but  being  met  by  a  superior 
Indian  force,  was  compelled  to  retreat.  In  August  of  the  same 
year,  Capt.  Thomas  Morris  was  dispatched  from  Western 
Pennsylvania  with  a  small  force  "  to  take  possession  of  the  Illi- 
nois country."  This  expedition  got  as  far  as  Fort  Miami  on  the 
Mauniee,  when  its  progress  was  arrested,  and  its  commander 
narrowly  escaped  with  his  life.  The  next  attempt  was  made  in 
1765,  when  Maj.  George  Croghan,  a  deputy  superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs,  whose  name  has  been  made  historical  by  the  cele- 
brated speech  of  the  Indian  Chief  L/ogan,  was  detailed  from 
Fort  Pitt,  to  visit  Illinois.  Being  detained,  Lieut.  Alexander 
Frazer,  who  was  to  accompany  Croghan,  proceeded  alone. 
Frazer  reached  Kaskaskia,  but  met  with  so  rough  a  reception 


Illinois. 


40  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

from  both  the  French  and  Indians,  that  he  thought  it  advisable 
to  leave  in  disguise,  and  escaped  by  descending  the  Mississippi  to 
New  Orleans.  Croghan  started  on  his  journey  on  the  fifteenth 
of  May,  proceeding  down  the  Ohio,  accompanied  by  a  party  of 
friendly  Indians,  but  having  been  captured  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Wabash,  he  finally  returned  to  Detroit  without  reaching  his 
destination. 

The  first  British  official  to  reach  Fort  Chartres  was  Capt. 
Thomas  Stirling.  Descending  the  Ohio  with  a  force  of  one 
hundred  men,  he  reached  Fort  Chartres  October  10,  1765,  and 
received  the  surrender  of  the  fort  from  the  faithful  and  courteous 
St.  Ange,  as  detailed  at  the  close  of  the  last  chapter.  It  is  es- 
timated that  at  least  one-third  of  the  French  citizens,  including 
the  more  wealthy,  left  rather  than  become  British  subjects. 
Those  about  Fort  Chartres  left  almost  in  a  body.  Some  joined 
the  French  colonies  on  the  lower  Mississippi,  while  others,  cross- 
ing the  river,  settled  in  St.  Genevive,  then  in  Spanish  territory. 
Much  the  larger  number  followed  the  venerable  St.  Ange  to  St. 
>  Louis,  which  had  been  established  as  a  trading  post  by  Pierre 
La  Clede,  during  the  previous  year,  and  which  now  received 
what,  in  these  later  days,  would  be  called  a  great  "  boom." 

Captain  Stirling  was  relieved  of  his  command  at  Fort  Char- 
tres, December  4th,  by  Maj.  Robert  Farmer.*  Other  British 
Commandants  at  Fort  Chartres  were  Col.  Edward  Cole,  Col. 
John  Reed,  Colonel  Wilkins,  Capt.  Hugh  Lord  and  Francois  de 
Rastel,  Chevalier  de  Rocheblave.  The  last  had  been  an  officer 
in  the  French  army  and  having  resided  at  Kaskaskia,  transferred 
his  allegiance  on  occupation  of  the  country  by  the  British.  He 
was  the  last  official  representative  of  the  British  Government  in 
Illinois.  It  has  been  claimed  that  at  some  time  previous  to  this 
date,  St.  Ange  returned  to  Kaskaskia,  but  authorities  do  not 
seem  to  agree  on  this  point. 

The  total  population  of  tne  French  villages  in   Illinois,  at 


*At  least  one  authority  claims  that  this  n<;me  should  be  Fraser — the  same  who  visited 
Kaskaskia  in  1765. 


ILLINOIS — THE   REVOLUTIONARY   PERIOD.  41 

the  time  of  their  transfer  to  England,  has  been  estimated  at 
about  i, 600,  of  which  700  were  in  Kaskaskia  and  450  in  Caho- 
kia.  Captain  Pittman  estimated  the  population  of  all  the  French 
villages  in  Illinois  and  on  the  Wabash,  at  the  time  of  his  visit  in 
1770,  at  about  2,000.  Of  St.  Louis — or  "Paincourt,"  as  it  was 
sometimes  called — Captain  Pittman  said:  "There  are  about  forty 
private  houses  and  as  many  families."  Most  of  these,  if  not  all, 
had  emigrated  from  the  French  villages.  In  fact,  although  nom- 
inally in  Spanish  territory,  it  was  essentially  a  French  town, 
protected,  as  Pittman  said,  by  "a  French  garrison"  consisting 
of  "a  Captain-Commandant,  two  Lieutenants,  a  Fort  Major,  one 
Sergeant,  one  Corporal  and  twenty  men." 

The  first  official  notice  taken  of  the  " Illinois  Country"  by 
the  Continental  Congress,  was  the  adoption  by  that  body,  July 
13,  1775,  of  an  act  creating  three  Indian  Departments — a  North- 
ern, Middle  and  Southern.  Illinois  was  assigned  to  the  second, 
with  Benjamin  Franklin  and  James  Wilson,  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia,  as  Commissioners.  In  April, 
1776,  Col.  George  Morgan,  who  had  been  a  trader  at  Kaskaskia, 
was  appointed  agent  and  successor  to  these  Commissioners,  with 
headquarters  at  Fort  Pitt.  The  promulgation  of  the  Declara- 
tion of  Independence  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  1776,  and  the 
events  immediately  preceding  and  following  that  event,  directed 
attention  to  the  colonies  on  the  Atlantic  coast;  yet  the  frontiers- 
men of  Virginia  were  watching  an  opportunity  to  deliver  a  blow 
to  the  Government  of  King  George  in  a  quarter  where  it  was 
least  expected,  and  where  it  was  destined  to  have  an  immense  in- 
fluence iipon  the  future  of  the  new  nation,  as  well  as  that  of  the 
American  continent.  During  the  year  1777,  Col.  George  Rogers 
Clark,  a  native  of  Virginia,  then  scarcely  twenty-five  years  of 
age,  having  conceived  a  plan  of  seizing  the  settlements  in  the 
Mississippi  Valley,  sent  trusty  spies  to  learn  the  sentiments  of 
the  people  and  the  condition  of  affairs  at  Kaskaskia.  The  re- 
port brought  to  him  gave  him  encouragement,  and  in  December 
of  the  same  year  he  laid  before  Gov.  Patrick  Henry,  of  Virginia, 


42  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

his  plans  for  the  reduction  of  the  posts  in  Illinois.  These  were 
approved,  and  on  January  2,  1778,  Clark  received  authority  to 
recruit  seven  companies  of  fifty  men  each  for  three  months'  serv- 
ice, and  Governor  Henry  gave  him  $6,000  for  expenses.  Pro- 
ceeding to  Fort  Pitt,  he  succeeded  in  recruiting  three  companies 
who  were  directed  to  rendezvous  at  Corn  Island,  opposite  the 
present  city  of  Louisville.  It  has  been  claimed  that,  in  order  to 
deceive  the  British  as-to  his  real  destination,  Clark  authorized 
the  announcement  that  the  object  of  the  expedition  was  to  pro- 
tect the  settlements  in  Kentucky  from  the  Indians.  At  Corn 
Island  another  company  was  organized,  making  four  in  all,  un- 
der the  command  of  Captains  Bowman,  Montgomery,  Helm  and 
Harrod,  and  having  embarked  on  keel-boats,  they  passed  the 
Falls  of  the  Ohio,  June  24th.  Reaching  an  island  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tennessee  on  the  28th,  he  was  met  by  a  party  of  eight 
American  hunters,  who  had  left  Kaskaskia  a  few  days  before, 
and  who,  joining  his  command,  rendered  good  service  as  guides. 
He  disembarked  his  force  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  creek  one 
mile  above  Fort  Massac,  June  29th,  and,  directing  his  course 
across  the  country,  on  the  evening  of  the  6th  day  (July  4,  1778) 
arrived  within  three  miles  of  Kaskaskia.  The  surprise  of  the 
unsuspecting  citizens  of  Kaskaskia  and  its  small  garrison,  was 
complete.  His  force  having,  under  cover  of  darkness,  been  fer- 
ried across  the  Kaskaskia  river,  about  a  mile  above  the  town, 
one  detachment  surrounded  the  town,  while  the  other  seized  the 
fort,  capturing  Rocheblave  and  his  little  command  without  firing 
a  gun.  The  famous  Indian  fighter  and  hunter,  Simon  Kenton, 
led  the  way  to  the  fort.  This  is  supposed  to  have  been  what 
Captain  Pittman  called  the  "Jesuits'  house,"  which  had  been 
sold  by  the  French  Government  after  the  country  was  ceded  to 
England,  the  Jesuit  order  having  been  suppressed.  A  wooden 
fort,  erected  in  1736,  and  known  afterward  by  the  British  as 
Fort  Gage,  had  stood  on  the  bluff  opposite  the  town,  but  accord- 
ing to  Pittman,  this  was  burnt  in  1766,  and  there  is  no  evidence 
that  it  was  ever  rebuilt. 


ILLINOIS — THE   REVOLUTIONARY   PERIOD.  43 

Clark's  expedition  was  thus  far  a  complete  success.  Roche- 
blave,  proving  recalcitrant,  was  placed  in  irons  and  sent  as  a 
prisoner  of  war  to  Williamsbnrg,  while  his  slaves  were  confis- 
cated, the  proceeds  of  their  sale  being  divided  among  Clark's 
troops.  The  inhabitants  were  easily  conciliated,  and  Cahokia 
having  been  captured  without  bloodshed,  Clark  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  Vincennes.  Through  the  influence  of  Pierre  Gibault — 
the  Vicar-General  in  charge  at  Kaskaskia — the  people  of  Vin- 
cennes were  induced  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  United  States,  and 
although  the  place  was  afterward  captured  by  a  British  force  from 
Detroit,  it  was  on  February  24,  1779,  recaptured  by  Col.  Clark, 
together  with  a  body  of  prisoners,  but  little  smaller  than  the 
attacking  force,  and  $50,000  worth  of  property. 

Seldom  in  the  history  of  the  world  have  such  important  re- 
sults been  achieved  by  such  insignificant  instrumentalities  and 
with  so  little  sacrifice  of  life,  as  in  this  almost  bloodless  cam- 
paign of  the  youthful  conqueror  of  Illinois.  Having  been  won 
largely  through  Virginia  enterprise  and  valor  and  by  material 
aid  furnished  through  Governor  Henry,  the  Virginia  House  of 
Delegates,  in  October,  1778,  proceeded  to  assert  the  jurisdiction 
of  that  commonwealth  over  the  settlements  of  the  Northwest,  by 
organizing  all  the  country  west  and  north  of  the  Ohio  River, 
into  a  county  to  be  called  "  Illinois,"  and  empowering  the  Gov- 
ernor to  appoint  a  "  county-lieutenant  or  commandant-in-chief" 
to  exercise  civil  authority  during  the  pleasure  of  the  appointing 
power.  Thus  "Illinois  county"  was  older  than  the  States  of 
Ohio  or  Indiana,  while  Patrick  Henry,  the  eloquent  orator  of  the 
Revolution,  became  ex-officio  its  first  Governor.  Col.  John  Todd, 
a  citizen  of  Kentucky,  was  appointed  "  County-Lieutenant,"  De- 
cember 12,  1778,  entering  upon  his  duties  in  May  following. 
The  militia  was  organized,  Deputy-Commandants  for  Kaskaskia 
and  Cahokia  appointed,  and  the  first  election  of  civil  officers  ever 
had  in  Illinois,  was  held  under  Colonel  Todd's  direction.  His 
record-book,  now  in  possession  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society, 
shows  that  he  was  accustomed  to  exercise  powers  scarcely  in- 


44  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

ferior  to  those  of  a  State  Executive.  Before  the  close  of  his  first 
year,  he  was  appointed  Colonel  of  a  Virginia  regiment;  in  1780 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Delegates  from 
the  county  of  Kentucky,  and  in  1781  became  a  citizen  and  official 
of  Lexington,  Kentucky.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Blue 
Licks,  August  1 8,  1782. 

In  1782  one  ''Thimothe  Demunbrunt "  subscribed  himself 
as  "Lt.  comd'g  par  interim,  etc." — but  the  origin  of  his 
authority  is  not  clearly  understood.  He  assumed  to  act  as  com- 
mandant until  the  arrival  of  Gov.  Arthur  St.  Clair,  first  Terri- 
torial Governor  of  the  North  west-Territory,  in  1 790.  After  the 
close  of  the  Revolution,  courts  ceased  to  be  held  and  civil  affairs 
fell  into  great  disorder.  "In  effect,  there  was  neither  law  nor 
order  in  the  "Illinois  Country"  for  the  seven  years  from  1783  to 
1790.* 

During  the  progress  of  the  Revolution,  there  were  the  usual 
rumors  and  alarms  in  the  "Illinois  Country"  peculiar  to  frontier 
^life  in  time  of  war.  The  country,  however,  was  singularly 
exempt  from  any  serious  calamity  such  as  a  general  massacre. 
One  reason  for  this  was  the  friendly  relations  which  had  existed 
between  the  French  and  their  Indian  neighbors  previous  to  the 
conquest,  and  which  the  new  masters,  after  the  capture  of  Kas- 
kaskia,  took  pains  to  perpetuate.  Several  movements  were  pro- 
jected by  the  British  and  their  Indian  allies  about  Detroit  and 
in  Canada,  but  they  were  kept  so  busy  elsewhere  that  they  had 
little  time  to  put  their  plans  into  execution.  One  of  these  was 
a  proposed  movement  from  Pensacola  against  the  Spanish  posts 
on  the  lower  Mississippi,  to  punish  Spain  for  having  engaged  in 
the  war  of  1779,  but  the  promptness  with  which  the  Spanish 
Governor  of  New  Orleans  proceeded  to  capture  Fort  Manchac, 
Baton  Rouge  and  Natchez  from  their  British  possessors,  con- 
vinced the  latter  that  this  was  a  "game  at  which  two  could  play." 
In  ignorance  of  these  results,  an  expedition  750  strong,  com- 
posed largely  of  Indians,  fitted  out  at  Mackinaw  under  command 

*Moses'  History  of  Illinois. 


ILLINOIS  —  THE   REVOLUTIONARY   PERIOD.  45 

of  Capt.  Patrick  Sinclair,  started  in  the  early  part  of  May,  1780, 
to  co-operate  with  the  expedition  on  the  lower  Mississippi,  but  in- 
tending to  deal  a  destructive  blow  to  the  Illinois  villages  and  the 
Spanish  towns  of  St.  Louis  and  St.  Genevive  on  the  way.  This 
expedition  reached  St.  Louis  May  26th,  but  Col.  George  Rogers 
Clark  having  arrived  at  Cahokia  with  a  small  force  twenty-four 
hours  earlier,  prepared  to  co-operate  with  the  Spaniards  on  the 
western  shore  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  invading  force  confined 
their  depredations  to  killing  seven  or  eight  villagers,  and  then 
beat  a  hasty  retreat  in  the  direction  they  had  come.  These  were 
the  last  expeditions  organized  to  regain  the  "country  of  the  Illi- 
nois" or  capture  Spanish  posts  on  the  Mississippi. 

An  expedition  of  a  different  sort  is  worthy  of  mention  in 
this  connection,  as  it  originated  in  Illinois.  This  consisted  of  a 
company  of  seventeen  men,  led  by  one  Thomas  Brady,  a  citizen 
of  Cahokia,  who,  marching  across  the  country,  in  the  month  of 
October,  1780,  after  the  retreat  of  Sinclair  from  St.  Louis,  suc- 
ceeded in  surprising  and  capturing  Fort  St.  Joseph  about  where 
La  Salle  had  erected  Fort  Miami,  near  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Joseph  River,  a  hundred  years  before.  Brady  and  his  party 
captured  a  few  British  prisoners  and  a  large  quantity  of  goods. 
On  their  return,  while  encamped  on  the  Calumet,  they  were 
attacked  by  a  band  of  Pottawatomies,  and  all  were  killed, 
wounded  or  taken  prisoners  except  Brady  and  two  others,  who 
escaped.  Early  in  January,  1781,  a  party  consisting  of  sixty- 
five  whites,  organized  from  St.  Louis  and  Cahokia,  with  some  200 
Indians,  and  headed  by  Don  Eugenio  Pourre,  a  Spaniard,  started 
on  a  second  expedition  against  Fort  St.  Joseph.  By  silencing 
the  Indians,  whom  they  met  on  their  way,  with  promises  of 
plunder,  they  were  able  to  reach  the  fort  without  discovery,  cap- 
tured it  and  raising  the  Spanish  flag,  formally  took  possession 
in  the  name  of  the  King  of  Spain.  After  retaining  possession 
for  a  few  days,  the  party  returned  to  St.  Louis,  but  in  negotiating 
the  treaty  of  peace  at  Paris,  in  1783,  this  incident  was  made  the 
basis  of  a  claim  put  forth  l>y  Spain  to  ownership  of  the  "Illinois 
Country"  "by  right  of  conquest." 


CHAPTER    VI. 
THE  TERRITORIAL  PERIOD. 

ILLINOIS   AS   PART   OF  THE    NORTHWEST    AND    INDIANA    TERRI- 
TORIES—  ORDINANCE   OF    1787  —  GOVERNORS    ST.  CLAIR 
AND  HARRISON  —  INDIAN  TREATIES — ILLINOIS  TER- 
RITORY ORGANIZED  —  EARLY  SETTLERS — GOV- 
ERNOR EDWARDS — WAR  OF    l8l2 — FORT 

DEARBORN   MASSACRE EARLY 

ILLINOIS  TOWNS. 

T  the  very  outset  of  its  existence,  the  New 
Government  of  the  United  States  was  con- 
fronted with  an  embarrassing  question 
which  deeply  affected  the  interests  of  the 
territory  of  which  Illinois  formed  a  part. 
This  was  the  claim  of  certain  States  to 
lands  lying  between  their  western  boundaries  and 
the  Mississippi  River,  then  the  western  boundary 
of  the  Republic.  These  claims  were  based  either  upon 
the  terms  of  their  original  charters  or  upon  the  cession 
of  lands  by  the  Indians,  and  it  was  under  a  claim  of  the  former 
charter,  as  well  as  by  right  of  conquest,  that  Virginia  assumed 
to  exercise  authority  over  the  "  Illinois  Country "  after  its  cap- 
ture by  the  Clark  expedition.  This  construction  was  opposed 
by  the  States  which,  from  their  geographical  position  or  other 
cause,  had  no  claim  to  lands  beyond  their  own  boundaries,  and 
the  controversy  was  waged  with  considerable  bitterness  for  sev- 
eral years,  proving  a  formidable  obstacle  to  the  ratification  of  the 


Illinois. 


46 


ILLINOIS  —  THE   TERRITORIAL   PERIOD.  47 

Articles  of  Confederation.  As  early  as  1779  the  subject  received 
the  attention  of  Congress  in  the  adoption  of  a  resolution  request- 
ing the  States  having  such  claims  to  "  forbear  settling  or  issuing 
warrants  for  unappropriated  lands  or  granting  the  same  during  the 
continuance  of  the  present  (Revolutionary)  War."  In  the  follow- 
ing year,  New  York  authorized  her  delegates  in  Congress  to  limit 
its  boundaries  in  such  manner  as  they  might  think  expedient,  and 
to  cede  to  the  Government  its  claim  to  western  lands.  The  case 
was  further  coir  plicated  by  the  claims  of  certain  land  companies 
which  had  been  previously  organized.  New  York  filed  her  cession 
to  the  General  Government  of  lands  claimed  by  her  in  October, 
1782,  followed  by  Virginia  nearly  a  year  later,  and  by  Massachu- 
setts and  Connecticut  in  1785  and  1786.  Other  States  followed 
somewhat  tardily,  Georgia  being  the  last,  in  1802.  It  was  from 
the  splendid  domain  north  and  west  of  the  Ohio  thus  acquired  from 
Virginia  and  other  States,  that  the  Northwest  Territory  was 
finally  organized.  The  first  step  was  taken  in  the  passage  by 
Congress,  in  1784,  of  a  resolution  providing  for  the  temporary 
government  of  the  Western  Territory,  and  this  was  followed 
three  years  later  by  the  enactment  of  the  celebrated  Ordinance 
of  1787.  While  this  latter  document  contained  numerous  pro- 
visions which  marked  a  new  departure  in  the  science  of  free  gov- 
ernment— as,  for  instance,  that  declaring  that  "religion,  morality 
and  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good  government  and  the  hap- 
piness of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  education  shall 
forever  be  encouraged" — its  crowning  feature  was  the  sixth 
article,  as  follows :  "  There  shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involun- 
tary servitude  in  the  said  Territory,  otherwise  than  in  the  pun- 
ishment of  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  con- 
victed." 

Although  there  has  been  considerable  controversy  as  to  the 
authorship  of  the  above  and  other  provisions  of  this  immortal 
document,  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  substantially  the  same  lan- 
guage was  introduced  in  the  resolutions  of  1784,  by  a  delegate 
from  a  slave  State — Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia — though  not 


48  THK   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

then  adopted.  Jefferson  was  not  a  member  of  the  Congress  of 
1787  (being  then  minister  to  France)  and  could  have  had  noth- 
ing directly  to  do  with  the  later  Ordinance ;  yet  it  is  evident  that 
the  principle  which  he  had  advocated,  finally  received  the  ap- 
proval of  eight  out  of  the  thirteen  States, — all  that  were  repre- 
sented in  that  Congress — including  the  slave  States  of  Virginia, 
Delaware,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina  and  Georgia.'" 

Under  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  organizing  the  Northwest 
Territory,  Gen.  Arthur  St.  Clair,  who  had  been  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  was  appointed  the  first  Governor  on  February  i, 
1788,  with  Winthrop  Sargent,  Secretary,  and  Samuel  Holden 
Parsons,  James  Mitchell  Varnum  and  John  Cleves  Synimes, 
Judges.  All  these  were  reappointed  by  President  Washington 
in  1789.  The  new  Territorial  Government  was  organized  at 
Marietta,  a  settlement  on  the  Ohio,  July  15,  1788,  but  it  was 
nearly  two  years  later  before  Governor  St.  Clair  visited  Illinois, 
arriving  at  Kaskaskia,  March  5,  1790.  The  county  of  St.  Clair 
(named  after  him)  was  organized  at  this  time,  embracing  all  the 
settlements  between  the  Wabash  and  the  Mississippi.  He  found 
the  inhabitants  generally  in  a  deplorable  condition,  neglected  by 
the  Government,  the  courts  of  justice  practically  abolished  and 
many  of  the  citizens  sadly  in  need  of  the  obligations  due  them 
from  the  Government  for  supplies  furnished  to  Colonel  Clark 
twelve  years  before.  After  a  stay  of  three  months,  the  Governor 
returned  east.  In  1795,  Judge  Turner  held  the  first  court  in  St. 
Clair  County,  Cahokia  being  the  county  seat.  The  second 
county  (Randolph)  was  organized  the  same  year,  and  Kaskaskia 
became  its  county  seat.  In  1796  Governor  St.  Clair  paid  a  sec- 
ond visit  to  Illinois,  accompanied  by  Judge  Symmes,  who  held 
court  at  the  two  county-seats.  On  November  4,  1791,  occurred 
the  celebrated  defeat  of  Governor  St.  Clair,  in  the  western  part 
of  the  present  State  of  Ohio,  by  a  force  of  Indians  under  com- 


*For  an  exhaustive  discussion  of  the  authorship  of  this  famous  provision,  as  well  as 
a  discussion  of  the  claims  of  the  States  to  the  lands  constituting  the  Northwest  Territory, 
see  Moses'  "History  of  Illinois,"  Vol.  I,  pp.  174-192. 


ILLINOIS  — THE   TERRITORIAL   PERIOD.  49 

niand  of  Little  Turtle,  in  which  the  whites  sustained  a  heavy 
loss  of  both  men  and  property.  St.  Clair,  having  resigned  his 
command  of  the  army,  was  succeeded  by  Gen.  Anthony  Wayne, 
who,  in  a  vigorous  campaign,  overwhelmed  the  Indians  with  de- 
feat ;  this  resulted  in  the  treaty  with  the  Western  tribes  at  Green- 
ville, August  3,  1795,  which  was  the  beginning  of  a  period  of 
comparative  peace  with  the  Indians  all  over  the  Western  country. 

In  1798,  the  Territory  having  gained  the  requisite  popula- 
tion, an  election  of  members  of  a  legislative  Council  and  House 
of  Representatives  was  held  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
the  Ordinance  of  1787.  This  was  the  first  Territorial  Legisla- 
ture organized  in  the  history  of  the  Republic.  It  met  at  Cincin- 
nati, February  4,  1799,  Shadrach  Bond  being  the  delegate  from 
St.  Clair  County  and  John  Edgar  from  Randolph.  Gen.  Will- 
iam Henry  Harrison,  who  had  succeeded  Sargent  as  Secretary 
of  the  Territory,  June  26,  1798,  was  elected  Delegate  to  Congress, 
receiving  a  majority  of  one  vote  over  Arthur  St.  Clair,  Jr.,  son  of 
the  Governor. 

By  act  of  Congress,  Ma}'  7,  1800,  the  Northwest  Territory 
was  divided  into  Ohio  and  Indiana  Territories;  the  latter  oc- 
cupying the  region  west  of  the  present  State  of  Ohio,  and  hav- 
ing its  capital  at  "  Saint  Vincent "  (Vincennes) .  May  13,  William 
Henry  Harrison,  who  had  been  the  first  Delegate  in  Congress 
from  the  Northwest  Territory,  was  appointed  Governor  of 
Indiana  Territory,  which  at  first  consisted  of  three  counties: 
Knox,  St.  Clair  and  Randolph — the  two  latter  being  within 
the  boundaries  of  the  present  State  of  Illinois.  Their  ag- 
gregate population  at  this  time  was  estimated  at  less  than 
5,000.  During  his  administration  Governor  Harrison  con- 
cluded thirteen  treaties  with  the  Indians,  of  which  six  related  to 
the  cession  of  lands  in  Illinois. * 

*The  first  treaty  relating  to  lands  in  Illinois  was  that  of  Greenville,  concluded 
by  General  Wayne  in  1795.  By  this  the  Government  acquired  six  miles  square  at  thu 
niouth  of  the  Chicago  River ;  twelve  miles  square  at  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  ;  six  miles 
square  at  the  old  Peoria  fort ;  the  post  of  Fort  Massac ;  and  150,000  acres  assigned  to 
General  Clark  and  his  soldiers,  besides  all  other  lands  "in  possession  of  the  French  peo- 
ple and  all  other  white  settlers  atnon^  them,  the  Indian  title  to  which  had  been  thus  ex- 
tinguished." — .!/<««'  History  of  Illinois. 


50  THE   WHITE   CITY — ILLINOIS. 

During  the  year  1803,  the  treaty  with  France  for  the  pur- 
chase of  Louisiana  and  West  Florida  was  concluded,  and  on 
March  26,  1804,  an  act  was  passed  by  Congress  attaching  all 
that  portion  of  Louisiana  lying  north  of  the  thirty-third  parallel 
of  latitude  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  to  Indiana  Territory  for 
governmental  purposes.  This  included  the  present  States  of  Ar- 
kansas, Missouri,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  the  two 
Dakotas,  part  of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho,  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon.  This  arrangement  continued  only  until  the 
following  March,  when  Louisiana  was  placed  under  a  separate 
Territorial  organization. 

For  four  years  Indiana  Territory  was  governed  under  laws 
framed  by  the  Governor  and  Judges,  .but,  the  population  having 
increased  to  the  required  number,  an  election  was  held,  Septem- 
ber n,  1804,  on  the  proposition  to  advance  the  government  to 
the  "second  grade"  by  the  election  of  a  Territorial  Legislature. 
The  smallness  of  the  vote  indicated  the  indifference  of  the  peo- 
ple on  the  subject.  Out  of  400  votes  cast  the  proposition  re- 
ceived a  majority  of  138.  The  two  Illinois  counties  cast  a  total  of 
142  votes,  of  which  St.  Clair  furnished  81,  and  Randolph  61  ; 
the  former,  giving  a  majority  of  37  against  the  measure  and  the 
latter  19  in  its  favor,  shows  a  net  majority  against  it  of  18;  the 
adoption  of  the  proposition  was  due  therefore,  to  the  affirmative 
vote  in  the  Indiana  district.*  At  the  election  of  delegates  to  a 
Territorial  Legislature,  held  January  3,  1805,  Shadrach  Bond, 
Sr.  and  William  Biggs  were  elected  for  St.  Clair  County  and 
George  Fisher  for  Randolph.  Bond  having  meanwhile  become 
a  member  of  the  Legislative  Council,  Shadrach  Bond,  Jr.  was 
chosen  his  successor.  The  Legislature  convened  at  Vincennes, 
February  7,  1805,  but  only  to  recommend  a  list  of  persons  from 
whom  it  was  the  duty  of  Congress  to  select  a  Legislative  Coun- 
cil. In  addition  to  Bond,  Pierre  Menard  was  chosen  for  Ran- 
dolph and  John  Hay  for  St.  Clair. 

*  There  were  in  the  Territory  at  this  time  six  counties.;  one  of  these  (Wayne)  was  in 
Michigan,  which  was  set  off,  in  1805,  as  a  separate  Territory. 


ILLINOIS  —  THE   TERRITORIAL   PERIOD.  51 

The  Illinois  counties  were  represented  in  two  regular  and 
one  special  session  of  the  Territorial  Legislature  during  the  time 
they  were  a  part  of  Indiana  Territory.  By  act  of  Congress, 
which  became  a  law  February  3,  1809,  the  Territory  was  divided, 
the  western  part  being  named  Illinois. 

At  this  point  the  history  of  Illinois  as  a  separate  political 
division  begins ;  though,  while  its  boundaries  in  all  other  direc- 
tions were  as  now,  on  the  north  it  extended  to  the  Canada  line. 
From  what  has  already  been  said,  it  appears  that  the  earliest 
white  settlements  were  established  by  French  Canadians,  chiefly 
at  Kaskaskia,  Cahokia  and  the  other  villages  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  American  Bottom.  At  the  time  of  Clark's  invasion, 
there  were  not  known  to  have  been  more  than  two  Americans 
among  these  people,  except  such  hunters  and  trappers  as  paid 
them  occasional  visits.  One  of  the  earliest  American  settlers  in 
Southern  Illinois  was  Capt.  Nathan  Hull,  who  came  from  Massa- 
chusetts and  settled  at  an  early  day  on  the  Ohio,  near  where 
Golconda  now  stands,  afterward  removing  to  the  vicinity  of  Kas- 
kaskia, where  he  died  in  1806.  In  1781,  a  company  of  immi- 
grants, consisting  (with  one  or  two  exceptions)  of  members  of 
Clark's  Command  in  1778,  arrived  with  their  families  from  Mary- 
land and  Virginia  and  established  themselves  on  the  American 
Bottom.  The  "New  Design"  settlement,  on  the  boundary  line 
between  St.  Clair  and  Monroe  counties,  and  the  first  distinctively 
American  colony  in  the  "Illinois  Country,"  was  established  by  this 
party.  Some  of  its  members  afterward  became  prominent  in  the 
history  of  the  Territory  and  the  State.  William  Biggs,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  first  Territorial  Legislature,  with  others,  settled  in  or 
near  Kaskaskia  about  1783,  and  William  Arundel,  the  first 
American  merchant  at  Cahokia,  came  there  from  Peoria  during 
the  same  year.  Gen.  John  Edgar,  for  many  years  a  leading  citi- 
zen and  merchant  at  the  capital,  arrived  at  Kaskaskia  in  1784, 
and  William  Morrison,  Kaskaskia's  principal  merchant,  and  an 
uncle  of  the  late  Col.  J.  L.  D.  Morrison  and  of  Hon.  William  R. 
Morrison,  came  from  Philadelphia  as  early  as  1790,  followed 


52  THE    WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

some  years  afterward  by  several  brothers.  James  Lemen  came 
before  the  beginning  of  the  present  century,  and  was  the  founder 
of  a  large  and  influential  family  in  the  vicinity  of  Shiloh,  St. 
Clair  County,  and  Rev.  David  Bagley  headed  a  colony  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty-four  from  Virginia,  who  arrived  in  1797. 
Among  other  prominent  arrivals  of  this  period  were  John  Rice 
Jones,  Pierre  Menard  (First  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  State), 
Shadrach  Bond,  Jr.  (First  Governor),  John  Hay,  John  Messen- 
ger, William  Kinney,  Capt.  Joseph  Ogle;  and  of  a  later  date, 
Nathaniel  Pope  (afterward  Secretary  of  the  Territory,  Delegate 
to  Congress,  Justice  of  the  United  States  Court  and  father  of 
the  late  Maj.-Gen.  John  Pope),  Elias  Kent  Kane  (first  Sec- 
retary of  State  and  afterward  United  States  Senator),  Daniel  P. 
Cook  (first  Attorney-General  and  second  Representative  in  Con- 
gress), George  Forquer  (at  one  time  Secretary  of  State),  and  Dr. 
George  Fisher — all  prominent  in  Territorial  or  State  history. 

The  government  of  the  new  Territory  was  organized  by  the 
appointment  of  Ninian  Edwards — who  had  been  Chief-Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Kentucky — Governor ;  Nathaniel  Pope, 
Secretary,  and  Alex.  Stuart,  Obadiah  Jones  and  James  B. 
Thomas,  Territorial  Judges.  Stuart  having  been  transferred  to 
Missouri,  Stanley  Griswold  was  appointed  in  his  stead.  Gov- 
ernor Edwards  arrived  at  Kaskaskia,  the  capital,  in  June,  1809. 
At  that  time  the  two  counties  of  St.  Clair  and  Randolph  com- 
prised the  settled  portion  of  the  Territory,  with  a  white  popula- 
tian  estimated  at  about  9,000.  The  Governor  and  Judges  im- 
mediately proceeded  to  formulate  a  code  of  laws,  and  the  appoint- 
ments made  by  Secretary  Pope,  who  had  preceded  the  Governor 
in  his  arrival  in  the  Territory,  were  confirmed.  Benjamin  J. 
Boyle  was  the  first  Attorney-General,  but  he  resigned  in  a  few 
months  when  the  place  was  offered  to  John  J.  Crittenden,  who 
was  United  States  Senator  from  Kentucky  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  late  war,  who  declined.  Thomas  T.  Crittenden  was 
then  appointed. 

An  incident  of  the  year  1811  was  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe, 


ILLINOIS  —  THE  TERRITORIAL   PERIOD.  53 

resulting  in  the  defeat  of  Tecumseh  the  great  Chief  of  the 
Shawnees,  by  General  Harrison.  Four  companies  of  mounted 
rangers  were  raised  in  Illinois  this  year  under  direction  of  Col. 
\\illiam  Russell,  of  Kentucky,  who  built  Camp  Russell  near 
Edwardsville  the  following  year.  They  were  commanded  by 
Captains  Samuel  Whiteside,  William  B.  Whiteside,  James  B. 
Moore  and  Jacob  Short.  The  memorable  earthquake  which  had 
its  centre  about  New  Madrid,  Missouri,  occurred  in  December  of 
this  year,  and  was  severely  felt  in  some  portions  of  Southern 
Illinois. 

During  the  following  year  the  second  waf  with  England 
broke  out,  but  no  serious  outbreak  occurred  in  Illinois  until  Au- 
gust, 1812,  when  the  massacre  at  Fort  Dearborn,  where  Chicago 
now  stands,  took  place.  This  had  long  been  a  favorite  trading 
post  of  the  Indians,  at  first  under  French  occupation  and  after- 
ward under  the  Americans.  Sometime  during  1803-4,  a  f°rt  had 
been  built  near  the  mouth  of  the  Chicago  on  the  south  side,  on 
land  acquired  at  the  time  of  the  treaty  of  Greenville  in  1795. 
It  consisted  of  two  block-houses  with  a  parade-ground  and  sally- 
port surrounded  by  a  stockade.  In  the  spring  of  1812  some 
alarm  had  been  caused  by  outrages  committed  by  Indians  in  the 
vicinity,  and  in  the  early  part  of  August  Capt.  Nathan  Heald, 
commanding  the  garrison  of  less  than  seventy-five  men,  received 
instructions  from  General  Hull,  in  command  at  Detroit,  to 
evacuate  the  fort,  disposing  of  the  public  property  as  he  might 
see  proper.  Friendly  Indians  advised  Heald  either  to  make 
preparations  for  a  vigorous  defense,  or  evacuate  at  once.  Instead 
of  this,  he  notified  the  Indians  of  his  intention  to  retire  and 
divide  the  stores  among  them,  with  the  condition  subsequently 
agreed  upon  in  council,  that  his  garrison  should  be  afforded  an 
escort  and  safe  passage  to  Fort  Wayne.  On  the  fourteenth  of 
August  he  proceeded  to  distribute  the  bulk  of  the  goods  as 
promised  but  the  ammunition,  guns  and  liquors  were  destroyed. 
This  he  justified  on  the  ground  that  a  bad  use  would  be  made  of 
them,  while  the  Indians  construed  it  as  a  violation  of  the  agree- 


54  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

ment.      The  tragedy  which  followed,  is  thus  described  in  Moses' 
"History  of  Illinois:" 

"Black  Partridge,  a  Pottawatomie  chief  who  had  been  on 
terms  of  friendship  with  the  whites,  appeared  before  Captain 
Heald  and  informed  him  plainly  that  his  young  men  intended  to 
imbrue  their  hands  in  the  blood  of  the  whites;  that  he  was  no 
longer  able  to  restrain  them,  and,  surrendering  a  medal  he  had 
worn  in  token  of  amity,  closed  by  saying :  '  I  will  not  wear  a 
token  of  peace  while  I  am  compelled  to  act  as  an  enemy.'  In 
the  meantime  the  Indians  were  rioting  upon  the  provisions,  and 
becoming  so  aggressive  in  their  bearing  that  it  was  resolved  to 
inarch  out  the  next  day.  The  fatal  fifteenth  arrived.  To  each 
soldier  was  distributed  twenty-five  rounds  of  reserved  ammunition. 
The  baggage  and  ambulance  wagons  were  laden,  and  the  garrison 
slowly  wended  its  way  outside  the  protecting  walls  of  the  fort — 
the  Indian  escort  of  500  following  in  the  rear.  What  next  oc- 
curred in  this  disastrous  movement  is  narrated  by  Captain  Heald 
in  his  report,  as  follows:  'The  situation  of  the  country  ren- 
dered it  necessary  for  us  to  take  the  beach,  with  the  lake  on  our 
left,  and  a  high  sand-bank  on  our  right  at  about  three  hundred 
yards  distance.  We  had  proceeded  about  a  mile  and  a  half, 
when  it  was  discovered  [by  Captain  Wells]  that  the  Indians 
were  prepared  to  attack  us  from  behind  the  bank.  I  immedi- 
ately marched  up  with  the  company  to  the  top  of  the  bank,  when 
the  action  commenced ;  after  firing  one  round,  we  charged,  and 
the  Indians  gave  way  in  front  and  joined  those  on  our  flanks. 
In  about  fifteen  minutes  they  got  possession  of  all  our  horses, 
provisions  and  baggage  of  every  description,  and  finding  the 
Miamis  [who  had  come  from  Fort  \Vayne  with  Captain  Wells  to 
act  as  an  escort]  did  not  assist  us,  I  drew  off  the  few  men  I  had 
left  and  took  possession  of  a  small  elevation  in  the  open  prairie 
out  of  shot  of  the  bank,  or  any  other  cover.  The  Indians  did 
not  follow  me  but  assembled  in  a  body  on  the  top  of  the  bank, 
and  after  some  consultation  among  themselves,  made  signs  for  me 
to  approach  them.  I  advanced  toward  them  alone,  and  was  met 


ILLINOIS — THE   TERRITORIAL   PERIOD.  55 

by  one  of  the  Pottawatomie  chiefs  called  Black  Bird,  with  an  in- 
terpreter. After  shaking  hands,  he  requested  me  to  surrender, 
promising  to  spare  the  lives  of  all  the  prisoners.  On  a  few  mo- 
ments consideration  I  conclu4ed  it  would  be  most  prudent  to 
comply  with  this  request,  although  I  did  not  put  entire  confi- 
dence in  his  promise.  The  troops  had  made  a  brave  defense, 
but  what  could  so  small  a  force  do  against  such  overwhelming 
numbers?  It  was  evident  with  over  half  their  number  dead 
upon  the  field,  or  wounded,  further  resistance  would  be  hopeless. 
Twenty-six  regulars  and  twelve  militia,  with  two  women  and 
twelve  children,  were  killed.  Among  the  slain  were  Captain 
Wells,  Dr.  Van  Voorhis  and  Ensign  George  Ronan.  [Captain 
Wells,  when  young,  had  been  captured  by  Indians  and  had  mar- 
ried among  them.]  He  (Wells)  was  familiar  with  all  the  wiles, 
stratagems,  as  well  as  the  vindictiveness  of  the  Indian  charac- 
ter, and  when  the  conflict  began,  he  said  to  his  niece  (Mrs. 
Heald),  by  whose  side  he  was  standing,  'We  have  not  the  slight- 
est chance  for  life ;  we  must  part  to  meet  no  more  in  this  world. 
God  bless  you.'  With  these  words  he  dashed  forward  into  the 
thickest  of  the  fight.  He  refused  to  be  taken  prisoner,  knowing 
what  his  fate  would  be,  when  a  young  red-skin  cut  him  down 
with  his  tomahawk,  jumped  upon  his  body,  cut  out  his  heart  and 
ate  a  portion  of  it  with  savage  delight. 

"The  prisoners  taken  were  Captain  Heald  and  wife,  both 
wounded,  Lieutenant  Helm,  also  wounded,  and  wife,  with  twenty- 
five  non-commissioned  officers  and  privates,  and  eleven  women 
and  children.  The  loss  of  the  Indians  was  fifteen  killed.  Mr. 
Kinzie's  family  had  been  entrusted  to  the  care  of  some  friendly 
Indians  and  were  not  with  the  retiring  garrison.  The  Indians 
engaged  in  this  outrage  were  principally  Pottawatomies,  with  a 
few  Chippewas,  Ottawas,  Winiiebagoes  and  Kickapoos.  Fort 
Dearborn  was  plundered  and  burned  on  the  next  morning." 

Thus  ended  the  most  bloody  tragedy  that  ever  occurred  on 
the  soil  of  Illinois  with  Americans  as  victims.  The  place  where 
this  affair  occurred,  as  described  by  Captain  Heald,  was  on  the 


56  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

lake  shore  about  at  the  foot  of  Eighteenth  Street  in  the  present 
city  of  Chicago.* 

The  part  played  by  Illinois  in  the  War  of  1812,  consisted 
chiefly  in  looking  after  the  large  Indian  population  within  and 
near  its  borders.  Two  expeditions  were  undertaken  to  Peoria 
Lake  in  the  fall  of  1812;  the  first  of  these  under  the  direction 
of  Governor  Edwards,  burned  two  Kickapoo  villages,  one  of 
them  being  that  of  "Black  Partridge"  who  had  befriended  the 
whites  at  Fort  Dearborn.  A  few  weeks  later  Capt.  Thomas 
E-  Craig,  at  the  head  of  a  company  of  militia,  made  a  descent 
upon  the  ancient  French  village  of  Peoria,  on  the  pretext  that 
the  inhabitants  had  harbored  hostile  Indians  and  fired  on  his 
boats.  He  burned  a  part  of  the  town  and  taking  the  people  as 
prisoners  down  the  river,  put  them  ashore  below  Alton,  in  the 
beginning  of  winter.  Both  these  affairs  were  severely  censured. 

There  were  expeditions  against  the  Indians  on  the  Illinois 
and  Upper  Mississippi  in  1813  and  1814.  In  the  latter  year, 
Illinois  troops  took  part  with  credit  in  two  engagements  at  Rock 
Island— the  last  of  these  being  in  co-operation  with  regulars,  un- 
der command  of  Maj.  Zachary  Taylor,  afterward  President, 
against  a  force  of  Indians  supported  by  the  British.  Fort  Clark 
at  Peoria  was  erected  in  1813,  and  Fort  Edwards  at  Warsaw,  op- 
posite the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines,  at  the  close  of  the  cam- 
paign of  1814.  A  council  with  the  Indians,  conducted  by 
Governors  Edwards  of  Illinois  and  Clarke  of  Missouri,  and 
Auguste  Chouteau,  a  merchant  of  St.  Louis,  as  Government 
Commissioners,  on  the  Mississippi  just  below  Alton,  in  July, 
1815,  concluded  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  principal  Northwestern 
tribes,  thus  ending  the  war. 

By  Act  of  Congress,  adopted  May  21,  1812,  the  Territory  of 
Illinois  was  raised  to  the  second  grade — /.  c.  empowered  to  elect 

*After  the  destruction  of  the  fort  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Chicago  remained 
unoccupied  until  1816,  when  the  fort  was  rebuilt.  At  that  time  the  bones  of  the  victims 
of  the  massacre  of  1812  still  lay  blenching  upon  the  sands  near  the  lake  shore,  but  they 
were  gathered  up  a  few  years  later  and  buried.  The  new  fort  continued  to  be  occupied 
somewhat  irregularly  until  1837,  when  it  was  finally  abandoned,  there  being  no  longer 
any  reason  for  maintaining  it  as  a  defense  against  the  Indians. 


ILLINOIS  —  THE  TERRITORIAL   PERIOD.  57 

a  Territorial  Legislature.  In  September,  three  additional  coun- 
ties— Madison,  Gallatin  and  Johnson — were  organized,  making 
five  in  all,  and  in  October  an  election  for  the  choice  of  five  mem- 
bers of  the  Council  and  seven  Representatives  was  held,  re- 
sulting as  follows:  Councilmen — Pierre  Menard,  of  Randolph 
County;  William  Biggs,  of  St.  Clair;  Samuel  Judy,  of  Madison; 
Thomas  Ferguson,  of  Johnson,  and  Benjamin  Talbot,  of  Galla- 
tin :  Representatives — George  Fisher,  of  Randolph ;  Joshua 
Oglesby  and  Jacob  Short,  of  St.  Clair;  William  Jones,  of  Madi- 
son; Phillip  Trammel  and  Alexander  Wilson,  of  Gallatin,  and 
John  Grammar,  of  Johnson.  The  Legislature  met  at  Kaskaskia, 
November  25th,  the  Council  organizing  with  Pierre  Menard  as 
President  and  John  Thomas,  Secretary,  and  the  House,  with 
George  Fisher  as  Speaker  and  William  C.  Greenup,  Clerk. 
Shadrach  Bond  was  elected  the  first  Delegate  to  Congress. 

A  second  Legislature  was  elected  in  1814,  convening  at  Kas- 
kaskia, November  i4th.  Menard  was  continued  President  of  the 
Council  during  the  whole  Territorial  period;  while  George 
Fisher  was  Speaker  of  each  House,  except  the  second.  The 
county  of  Edwards  was  organized  in  1814  and  White,  in  1815. 
Other  counties  organized  under  the  Territorial  Government 
were  Jackson,  Monroe,  Crawford  and  Pope  in  1816;  Bond  in 

1817,  and  Franklin,  Union  and  Washington  in  1818,  making 
fifteen  in  all.     In  1816  the  Bank  of  Illinois  was  established  at 
Shawneetown,  with  branches  at  Edwardsville  and  Kaskaskia. 

Besides  the  French  villages  in  the  American  Bottom,  there 
is  said  to  have  been  a  French  and  Indian  village  on  the  west 
bank  of  Peoria  Lake,  as  early  as  1711.  This  site  appears  to 
have  been  abandoned  about  1775  and  a  new  village  established 
on  the  present  site  of  Peoria,  soon  after,  which  was  maintained 
until  1812,  when  it  was  broken  up  by  Captain  Craig.  Other 
early  towns  were  Shawneetown,  laid  out  in  1808;  Belleville, 
established  as  the  county-seat  of  St.  Clair  County,  in  1814;  Ed- 
wardsville, founded  in  1815;  Upper  Alton,  in  1816,  and  Alton  in 

1818.  Carmi,  Fairfield,    Waterloo,    Golconda,    Lawrenceville, 


58  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Mt.  Carmel  and  Vienna  also  belong  to  this  period ;  while  Jack- 
sonville, Springfield  and  Galena  were  settled  a  few  years  later. 
Chicago  is  mentioned  in  "Beck's  Gazetteer"  of  1823,  as  "a 
village  of  Pike  County." 


CHAPTER  VII. 
UNDER    STATE    GOVERNMENT. 

ILLINOIS     ADMITTED     INTO    THE    UNION  —  ADMINISTRATION     OF 

GOVERNOR     BOND — REMOVAL    OF     THE    CAPITAL    TO     VAN- 

DALIA  —  GOVERNOR     COLES  —  EMANCIPATION     OF     HIS 

SLAVES — ATTEMPT  TO    INTRODUCE  SLAVERY   INTO 

ILLINOIS — THE  PROMINENT   LEADERS. 

preliminary  steps  for  the  admission  of  Illinois 
as  a  State,  were  taken  in  the  passage  of  an 
Enabling  Act  by  Congress,  April  13,  1818.  An 
important  incident  in  this  connection  was  the 
amendment  of  the  act,  making  the  parallel  of 
42°  30'  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Mississippi 
River  the  northern-  boundary,  instead  of  a  line 
extending  from  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
Lake.  This  was  obtained  through  the  influence  of  Hon.  Nathan- 
iel Pope,  then  Delegate  from  Illinois,  and  by  it  the  State  secured 
a  strip  of  country  fifty-one  miles  in  width,  from  the  Lake  to  the 
Mississippi,  embracing  what  have  since  become  fourteen  of  the 
most  populous  counties  of  the  State,  including  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago. The  political,  material  and  moral  results  which  have  fol- 
lowed this  important  act,  have  been  the  subject  of  much 
interesting  discussion  and  cannot  be  easily  over-estimated. * 

Another  measure  of  great  importance,  which  Mr.  Pope  se- 
cured, was  a  modification  of  the  provision  of  the  enabling  act 
reqxiiring  the  appropriation  of  five  per  cent,  of  the  proceeds  from 

This  subject,  as  well  as  the  validity  of  this  portion  of  the  act,  is  treated  at  length  in 
s'  "History  of  Illinois,"  pp.  276-281. 

iiiin.. is.  59 


60  THE  WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

the  sale  of  public  lands  within  the  State,  to  the  construction  of 
roads  and  canals.  The  amendment  which  he  secured  authorizes 
the  application  of  two-fifths  of  this  fund  to  the  making  of  roads 
leading  to  the  State,  but  requires  "the  residue  to  be  appropriated 
by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  for  the  encouragement  of  learn- 
ing, of  which  one-sixth  part  shall  be  exclusively  bestowed  on  a 
college  or  university."  This  was  the  beginning  of  that  system 
of  liberal  encouragement  of  education  by  the  General  Govern- 
ment, which  has  been  attended  with  such  beneficent  results  in 
the  younger  States,  and  has  reflected  so  much  honor  upon  the 
Nation. 

The  enabling  act  required  as  a  precedent  condition  that  a 
census  of  the  Territory,  to  be  taken  that  year,  should  show  a 
population  of  40,000.  Such  a  result  was  shown,  but  it  is  now 
confessed  that  the  number  was  greatly  exaggerated,  the  true 
population  as  afterward  given  being  34,020.  According  to  the 
decennial  census  of  1820,  the  population  of  the  State  at  that 
time  was"55,i62.  If  there  was  any  short-coming  in  this  respect 
in  1818,  the  State  has  fully  compensated  for  it  by  its  unexampled 
growth  in  later  years. 

An  election  of  delegates  to  a  convention  to  frame  a  State 
Constitution  was  held  July  6—8,  1818  (consuming  three  days), 
thirty-three  delegates  being  chosen  from  the  fifteen  counties  of 
the  State.  The  convention  met  at  Kaskaskia,  August  3,  and 
organized  by  the  election  of  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  President,  and 
William  C.  Greenup,  Secretary,  closing  its  labors  August  26th. 
The  Constitution,  which  was  modeled  largely  upon  the  Consti- 
tutions of  Kentucky,  Ohio  and  Indiana,  was  not  submitted  to  a 
vote  of  the  people.  Objection  was  made  to  its  acceptance  by 
Congress  on  the  ground  that  the  population  of  the  Territory 
was  insufficient  and  that  the  prohibition  of  slavery  was  not  as 
explicit  as  required  by  the  Ordinance  of  1787;  but  these  argu- 
ments were  overcome  and  the  document  accepted  by  a  vote  of  1 1 7 
yeas  to  34  nays.  The  only  officers  whose  election  was  provided 
for  by  popular  vote,  were  the  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor, 


ILLINOIS  —  UNDER   STATE   GOVERNMENT.  6 1 

Sheriff,  Coroner  and  County  Commissioners.  The  Secretary  of 
State,  State  Treasurer,  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts,  Public 
Printer  and  Supreme  and  Circuit  Judges  were  all  appointive 
either  by  the  Governor  or  General  Assembly.  The  elective  fran- 
chise was  granted  to  all  white  male  inhabitants,  above  the  age  of 
21  years,  who  had  resided  in  the  State  six  months. 

The  first  State  election  was  held  September  17,  1818,  result- 
ing in  the  choice  of  Shadrach  Bond  for  Governor,  and  Pierre 
Menard,  L/ieutenant-Governor.  The  Legislature  chosen  at  the 
same  time,  consisted  of  thirteen  Senators  and  twenty-seven  Rep- 
resentatives. It  commenced  its  session  at  Kaskaskia,  October  5, 
1818,  and  adjourned  after  a  session  of  ten  days,  awaiting  the 
formal  admission  of  the  State,  which  took  place  December  3d. 
A  second  session  of  the  same  Legislature  was  held,  extending 
from  January  4th,  to  March  31,  1819.  Risdon  Moore  was 
Speaker  of  the  first  House.  The  other  State  officers  elected  at 
the  first  session  were  Elias  C.  Berry,  Auditor ;  John  Thomas, 
Treasurer,  and  Daniel  P.  Cook,  Attorney-General.  Elias  Kent 
Kane,  having  been  appointed  Secretary  of  State  by  the  Gov- 
ernor, was  confirmed  by  the  Senate.  Ex-Governor  Edwards  and 
Jesse  B.  Thomas  were  elected  United  States  Senators,  the  former 
serving  one  year,  when  he  was  re-elected.  Thomas  served  two 
terms,  retiring  in  1829.  The  first  Supreme  Court  consisted  of 
Joseph  Phillips,  Chief  Justice,  with  Thomas  C.  Browne,  William 
P.  Foster  and  John  Reynolds,  Associate  Justices.  Foster,  who 
was  a  mere  adventurer  without  any  legal  knowledge,  left  the 
State  in  a  few  months  and  was  succeeded  by  William  Wilson. 

Menard,  who  served  as  Lieutenant-Governor  four  years,  was 
a  noteworthy  man.  A  native  of  Canada  and  of  French  descent, 
he  came  to  Kaskaskia  in  1790,  at  the  age  of  twenty -four  years, 
and  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  was  hospitable,  frank, 
liberal  and  enterprising.  The  following  story  related  of  him 
illustrates  a  pleasant  feature  of  his  character.  "  At  one  time 
there  was  a  scarcity  of  salt  in  the  country,  and  Menard  held  the 
only  supply  outside  of  St.  Louis.  A  number  of  his  neighbors 


62  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

called  upon  him  for  what  they  wanted  ;  he  declined  to  let  them 
know  whether  he  coiild  supply  them  or  not,  but  told  them  to 
come  to  his  store  on  a  certain  day  when  he  would  inform  them. 
They  came  at  the  time  appointed,  and  were  seated  :  Menard 
passed  around  among  them  and  inquired  of  each,  'You  got 
money?  '  Some  said  they  had  and  some  that  they  had  not,  but 
would  pay  as  soon  as  they  killed  their  hogs.  Those  who  had 
money  he  directed  to  range  themselves  on  one  side  of  the  room 
and  those  who  had  none,  on  the  other.  Of  course,  those  who 
had  the  means  expected  to  get  the  salt  and  the  others  looked 
very  much  distressed  and  crestfallen.  Menard  then  spoke  up  in 
his  brusque  way,  and  said,  '  You  men  who  got  de  money,  can  go 
to  St.  Louis  for  your  salt.  Dese  poor  men  who  got  no  money 
shall  have  my  salt,  by  gar.'  Such  was  the  man — noble-hearted 
and  large  minded,  if  unpolished  and  uncouth." 

Daniel  P.  Cook,  the  first  Attorney-General,  was  a  native  of 
Kentucky  and  a  nephew  of  Nathaniel  Pope,  who  was  the  last 
Territorial  Delegate  in  Congress  from  Illinois  and  the  first  Judge 
of  the  United  States  District-Circuit  for  Illinois,  which  office  he 
held  up  to  his  death  in  1850.  In  1816,  Cook  was  practicing  law 
at  Kaskaskia,  while  manager  and  part  owner  of  the  Illinois  In- 
telligencer, the  first  paper  published  in  the  Territory.  The  same 
year  he  was  appointed  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts,  and  in  1818 
a  Circuit  Judge,  followed  by  the  appointment  of  Attorney-Gen- 
eral on  the  organization  of  the  State  Government.  He  was  a 
candidate  for  Representative  in  Congress  at  the  first  State  elec- 
tion, but  was  defeated  by  John  McLean,  of  Shawneetown.  At 
the  next  election  he  was  more  successful,  defeating  McLean  by  a 
majority  of  633  in  a  total 'vote  of  3,751.  He  continued  to  serve 
Illinois  as  its  sole  Representative  until  1827,  when  he  was  de- 
feated by  Joseph  Duncan,  afterward  Governor.  He  died  in  Ken- 
tucky in  October  of  the  same  year,  aged  33  years.  He  was  a 
young  man  of  rare  ability,  an  opponent  of  slavery,  and  the 
State  is  chiefly  indebted  to  him  for  securing  from  the  Govern- 
ment the  first  grant  for  the  construction  of  the  Illinois  and 


ILLINOIS  —  UNDER   STATE   GOVERNMENT.  63 

Michigan  Canal.  His  services  were  recognized  by  naming  Cook 
County  in  his  honor. 

At  the  second  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  five  Com- 
missioners were  appointed  to  select  a  new  site  for  the  State  Capi- 
tal. What  is  now  the  city  of  Vandalia  was  selected,  and  in  De- 
cember, 1820,  the  entire  archives  of  the  State  were  removed  to 
the  new  capital,  being  transported  in  one  small  wagon,  at  a  cost 
of  $25.00,  under  the  supervision  of  the  late  Sidney  Breese,  who 
afterward  became  United  States  Senator  and  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court. 

During  the  session  of  the  Second  General  Assembly,  which 
met  at  Vandalia,  December  4,  1820,  a  bill  was  passed  establishing 
a  State  Bank  at  Vandalia,  with  branches  at  Shawneetown,  Ed- 
wardsville  and  Brownsville.  John  McLean,  who  had  been  the 
first  Representative  in  Congress,  was  Speaker  of  the  House  at 
this  session.  He  was  twice  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
though  he  served  only  about  two  years,  dying  in  1830. 

The  second  State  election,  which  occurred  in  August,  1822, 
proved  the  beginning  of  a  turbulent  period  through  the  intro- 
duction of  some  exciting  questions  into  State  politics.  There 
were  four  candidates  for  gubernatorial  honors  in  the  field :  Chief- 
Justice  Phillips,  of  the  Supreme  Court,  supported  by  the  friends 
of  Governor  Bond;  Associate-Justice  Browne,  of  the  same  court, 
supported  by  the  friends  of  Governor  Edwards;  Gen.  James  B. 
Moore,  a  noted  Indian  fighter  and  the  candidate  of  the  "Old 
Rangers,"  and  Edward  Coles.  The  latter  was  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, who  had  served  as  private  secretary  of  President  Monroe, 
and  had  been  employed  as  a  special  messenger  to  Russia.  He 
had  made  two  visits  to  Illinois,  the  first  in  1815  and  the  second 
in  1818.  The  Convention  to  form  a  State  Constitution  being 
in  session  at  the  date  of  the  latter  visit,  he  took  a  deep  interest 
in  the  discussion  of  the  slavery  question  and  exerted  his  influ- 
ence in  securing  the  adoption  of  the  prohibitory  article  in  the 
organic  law.  On  April  i,  1819,  he  started  from  his  home  in  Vir- 
ginia to  remove  to  Edwardsville,  Illinois,  taking  with  him  his 


64  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

ten  slaves.  The  journey  from  Brownsville,  Pennsylvania,  was 
made  in  two  flat-boats  to  a  point  below  Louisville,  where  he  dis- 
embarked, traveling  by  land  to  Edwardsville.  While  descending 
the  Ohio  River  he  surprised  his  slaves  by  announcing  that  they 
were  free.  The  scene  as  described  by  himself  was  most  dramatic. 
Having  declined  to  avail  themselves  of  the  privilege  of  leaving 
him,  he  took  them  with  him  to  his  destination,  where  he  event- 
ually gave  each  head  of  a  family  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of 
land.  Arrived  at  Edwardsville,  he  assumed  the  position  of  Reg- 
ister of  the  Land  Office,  to  which  he  had  been  appointed  by 
President  Monroe,  before  leaving  Virginia. 

The  act  of  Coles  with  reference  to  his  slaves  established  his 
reputation  as  an  opponent  of  slavery,  and  it  was  in  this  attitude 
that  he  stood  as  a  candidate  for  Governor — both  Phillips  and 
Browne  being  friendly  to  "the  institution,"  which  had  had  a  vir- 
tual existence  in  the  "  Illinois  Country  "  from  the  time  Renault 
brought  500  slaves  to  the  vicinity  of  Kaskaskia,  one  hundred 
years  before ;  and,  although  the  Constitution  declared  that 
"neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude  shall  hereafter  be  in- 
troduced into  the  State,"  this  had  not  been  effectual  in  eliminat- 
ing it.  In  fact,  while  this  language  was  construed,  so  long  as  it 
remained  in  the  Constitution,  as  prohibiting  legislation  author- 
izing the  admission  of  slaves  from  outside,  it  was  not  regarded 
as  inimical  to  the  institution  as  it  already  existed;  and,  as  the 
population  came  largely  from  the  slave  States,  there  had  been  a 
rapidly  growing  sentiment  in  favor  of  removing  the  inhibitory 
clause.  Although  the  pro-slavery  party  was  divided  between 
two  candidates  for  Governor,  it  had  hardly  contemplated  the 
possibility  of  defeat,  and  it  was  consequently  a  surprise  when  the 
returns  showed  that  Coles  was  elected,  receiving  2,854  votes  to 
2,687  for  Phillips,  2,443  for  Browne  and  622  for  Moore — Coles' 
plurality  being  167  in  a  total  of  8,606.  Coles  thus  became  Gov- 
ernor on  less  than  one-third  of  the  popular  vote.  Daniel  P 
Cook,  who  had  made  the  race  for  Congress  at  the  same  election 
against  McLean,  as  an  avowed  opponent  of  slavery,  was  success- 
ful by  a  majority  of  876. 


ILLINOIS — UNDER   STATE   GOVERNMENT.  65 

The  real  struggle  was  now  to  occur  in  the  Legislature, 
which  met  December  2,  1822.  The  House  organized  with  Will- 
iam M.  Alexander  as  Speaker,  while  the  Senate  elected  Thomas 
Lippincott  (afterward  a  prominent  Presbyterian  minister  and  fa- 
ther of  the  late  Gen.  Charles  E.  Lippincott),  Secretary  and 
Henry  Dodge  (afterward  Governor  of  Wisconsin  Territory  and 
father  of  the  late  Augustus  C.  Dodge,  for  some  time  United 
States  Senator  from  Iowa),  Enrolling  and  Engrossing  Clerk. 
The  other  State  officers  appointed  by  the  Governor,  or  elected  by 
the  Legislature,  were  Samuel  D.  Lockwood,  Secretary  of  State ; 
Elisha  C.  Berry,  Auditor;  Abner  Field,  Treasurer;  and  James 
Turney,  Attorney-General.  Lockwood  had  served  nearly  two 
years  previously  as  Attorney-General,  but  remained  in  the  office 
of  Secretary  of  State  only  three  months,  when  he  resigned  to 
accept  the  position  of  Receiver  for  the  Land  Office. * 

The  slavery  question  came  up  in  the  Legislature  on  the 
reference  to  a  special  committee  of  a  portion  of  the  Governor's 
message,  calling  attention  to  the  continued  existence  of  slavery 
in  spite  of  the  ordinance  of  1787,  and  recommending  that  steps 
be  taken  for  its  extinction.  Majority  and  minority  reports  were 
submitted,  the  former  claiming  the  right  of  the  State  to  amend  its 
Constitution  and  thereby  make  such  disposition  of  the  slaves  as 
it  saw  proper.  Out  of  this  grew  a  resolution  submitting  to  the 

*Lockwood  was  a  native  of  New  York  and  came  from  Auburn  in  that  State  to  Illi- 
nois in  company  with  the  late  William  H.  Brown,  of  Chicago,  in  1818.  After  serving  as 
Receiver  of  Public  Moneys  at  Edwardsville,  he  was,  in  1824,  elected  by  the  Legislature  a 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  serving  until  the  adoption  of  the  second  Constitution,  in 
1848.  Previous  to  this  he  was  entrusted,  by  the  first  Board  of  Canal  Commissioners,  with 
the  duty  of  securing  an  engineer  to  make  the  first  survey  of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan 
Canal.  As  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  he  was  appointed,  in  conjunction  with  Justice 
Theophilus  \V.  Smith,  to  prepare  the  first  revision  of  the  State  laws,  though  the  greater 
part  of  the  work  fell  upon  Lockwood.  He  was  a  man  of  singular  purity  of  character  and 
enjoyed  in  the  highest  degree  the  respect  of  all  parties.  In  1828  he  became  a  citizen  of 
Jacksonville,  where  he  proved  an  efficient  friend  and  patron  of  Illinois  College  at  that 
place.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847,  and  though  not 
a  member  of  any  church,  is  credited  with  formulating  the  provision  of  the  Constitution 
then  adopted  recognizing  a  Supreme  Being.  He  removed  from  Jacksonville  to  Batavia. 
Kane  County,  in  1853,  serving  as  State  Trustee  of  Illinois  Central  Railroad  lands  until 
liis  death,  iii  1874,  at  the  age  of-S.s  years.  The  following  incident  of  his  life  while  pros- 
ecuting attorney  is  taken  from  Ford's  History  of  Illinois :  "In  1820,  was  fought  the 
first  and  last  duel  in  Illinois.  One  of  the  parties  fell  mortally  wounded  ;  the  other  was 
tried  and  convicted  of  murder,  and  suffered  the  extreme  penalty  of  the  law  by  hanging. 
Mr.  Lockwood  was  then  the  attorney  of  the  State  and  prosecuted  in  the  ca.se.  To  his 
talents  and  success  as  a  prosecutor,  the  people  are  indebted  for  this  early  precedent  and 
example,  which  did  more  than  is  generally  known  to  prevent  the  barbarous  practice  of 
dueling  from  being  introduced  into  the  State." 


66  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

electors  at  the  next  election  a  proposition  for  a  convention  to  re- 
vise the  Constitution.  This  passed  the  Senate  by  the  necessary 
two-thirds  vote,  and  having  come  up  in  the  House  (February  n, 
1823)  it  failed  by  a  single  vote — Nicholas  Hansen,  a  Representa- 
tive from  Pike  County,  whose  seat  had  been  unsuccessfully  con- 
tested by  John  Shaw,  being  one  of  those  voting  in  the  negative. 
The  next  day,  without  further  investigation,  the  majority  pro- 
ceeded to  reconsider  its  action  in  seating  Hansen,  and  Shaw  was 
seated  in  his  place,  though  in  order  to  do  this  some  crooked 
work  was  necessary  to  evade  the  rules.  Shaw  being  seated,  the 
submission  resolution  was  then  passed.  No  more  exciting  cam- 
paign was  ever  had  in  Illinois.  Of  five  papers  then  published 
in  the  State,  the  Edwardsville  Spectator  edited  by  Hooper  War- 
ren, opposed  the  measure,  being  finally  reinforced  by  the  Illinois 
Intelligencer \  which  had  been  removed  to  Vandalia;  the  Illinois 
Gazette,  at  Shajvneetown,  published  articles  on  both  sides  of  the 
question,  though  rather  favoring  the  anti-slavery  cause,  while 
the  Republican  Advocate,  at  Kaskaskia,  the  organ  of  Senator 
E.  K.  Kane,  and  the  Repitbhcan  at  Edwardsville,  under  direction 
of  Judge  Theophilus  W.  Smith,  Emanuel  J.  West  and  Judge 
Samuel  McRoberts  (afterward  United  States  Senator),  favored 
the  Convention.  Among  other  supporters  of  the  Convention 
proposition  were  Senator  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  John  McLean,  Rich- 
ard M.  Young,  Judges  Phillips,  Browne  and  Reynolds  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  many  more ;  while  among  the  leading  cham- 
pions of  the  opposition,  were  Judge  L-ockwood,  George  Forquer 
(afterward  Secretary  of  State),  Morris  Birkbeck,  George  Churchill, 
Thomas  Mather  and  Rev.  Thomas  Lippincott.  Daniel  P.  Cook, 
then  Representative  in  Congress,  was  the  leading  champion  of 
freedom  011  the  stump,  while  Governor  Coles  contributed  the  sal- 
ary of  his  entire  term  ($4,000),  as  well  as  his  influence,  to  the 
support  of  the  cause.  Governor  Edwards  (then  in  the  Senate) 
was  the  owner  of  slaves  and  occupied  a  non-committal  position. 
The  election  was  held  August  2,  1824,  resulting  in  4,972  votes  for 
a  Convention,  to  6,640  against  it,  defeating  the  proposition  by  a 


ILLINOIS  —  UNDER   STATE  GOVERNMENT.  67 

majority  of  1,668.  Considering  the  size  of  the  aggregate  vote 
(11,612),  the  result  was  a  decisive  one.  By  it  Illinois  escaped 
the  greatest  danger  it  ever  encountered  previous  to  the  war  of  the 
Rebellion.* 

At  the  same  election  Cook  was  re-elected  to  Congress  by 
3,016  majority  over  Shadrach  Bond.  The  vote  for  President  was 
divided  between  John  Quincy  Adams,  Andrew  Jackson,  Henry 
Clay  and  William  H.  Crawford — Adams  receiving  a  plurality, 
but  much  below  a  majority.  The  Electoral  College  failing  to 
elect  a  President,  the  decision  of  the  question  passed  into  the 
hands  of  the  Congressional  House  of  Representatives,  when. 
Adams  was  elected,  receiving  the  vote  of  Illinois  through  its 
only  Representative,  Mr.  Cook. 

During  the  remainder  of  his  term,  Governor  Coles  was 
made  the  victim  of  much  vexatious  litigation  at  the  hands  of  his 
enemies,  a  verdict  being  rendered  against  him  in  the  sum  of 
$2,000  for  bringing  his  emancipated  negroes  into  the  State,  in  vio- 
lation of  the  law  of  1819.  The  Legislature  having  passed  an 
act  releasing  him  from  the  penalty,  it  was  declared  unconstitu- 
tional by  a  malicious  Circuit  Judge,  though  his  decision  was 
promptly  reversed  by  the  Supreme  Court.  Having  lived  a  few 
years  on  his  farm  near  Edwardsville,  in  1832  he  removed  to 
Philadelphia,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days,  his 
death  occurring  there  July  7,  1868.  In  the  face  of  opprobrium 
and  defamation,  and  sometimes  in  danger  of  mob  violence,  Gov- 
ernor Coles  performed  a  service  to  the  State  which  has  scarcely 
yet  been  fully  recognized. 

A  ridiculous  incident  of  the  closing  year  of  Coles'  ad- 
ministration was  the  attempt  of  Lieut. -Gov.  Frederick  Adol- 
phus  Hubbard,  after  having  tasted  the  sweets  of  executive 
power  during  the  Governor's  temporary  absence  from  the  State, 
to  retain  his  position  after  the  Governor's  return.  The  am- 

*The  number  of  slaves  in  Illinois,  according  to  the  census  of  1810,  was  168;  ten 
years  later  they  had  increased  to  917  ;  then  the  number  began  to  diminish,  being  reduced 
in  18^0  to  747,  and  in  1840  (the  last  census  which  shows  any  portion  of  the  population 
held  to  bondage)  it  was  331. 


68 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 


bitious  aspirations  of  the  would-be  usurper  were  suppressed  by 
the  Supreme  Court. 

An  interesting  incident  of  the  year  1825,  was  the  visit  of 
General  L/afayette  to  Kaskaskia.  He  was  welcomed  in  an  ad- 
dress by  Governor  Coles,  and  the  event  was  made  the  occasion  of 
much  festivity  by  the  French  citizens  of  the  ancient  capital. 

The  first  State  House  at  Vandalia  having  been  destroyed  by 
fire  December  9,  1823,  a  new  one  was  erected  during  the  follow- 
ing year  at  a  cost  of  $12,381.50,  toward  which  the  people  of 
Vandalia  contributed  $5,000. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


FROM   EDWARDS   TO    FRENCH.     . 

THE    ADMINISTRATIONS    OF    GOVERNORS    EDWARDS,     REYNOLDS, 

DUNCAN,     CARLIN,     FORD     AND     FRENCH — PERSONAL     AND 

CHARACTER   SKETCHES  —  THE   BLACK-HAWK,   MORMON 

AND    MEXICAN     WARS  —  INTERNAL    IMPROVEMENT 

CRAZE  — THE  LOVEJOY  MURDER — APPEARANCE 

OF   NEW   MEN   IN   STATE   AFFAIRS. 


- — ^y\HE  State  election  of  1826  resulted  iu  again  call- 
£<,         ing  Ninian  Edwards  to  the  gubernatorial  chair, 
which  he  had  filled  during  nearly  the  whole  of 


kthe  existence  of  Illinois  as  a  Territory.  Elected 
one  of  the  first  United  States  Senators,  and  re- 
elected  for  a  second  term  in  1819,  he  had  resigned 
this  office  in  1824  to  accept  the  position  of  Minis- 
ter to  Mexico,  by  appointment  of  President  Mon- 
roe. Having  become  involved  in  a  controversy  with  William  H. 
Crawford,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  he  resigned  the  Mexican 
mission,  and  after  a  period  of  retirement  to  private  life  for  the 
first  time  after  he  came  to  Illinois,  he  appealed  to  the  people  of 
the  State  for  endorsement,  with  the  result  stated. 

His  administration  was  uneventful  except  for  the  "Winne- 
bago  W7ar,"  which  caused  considerable  commotion  on  the  frontier, 
without  resulting  in  much  bloodshed.  Governor  Edwards  was  a 
,  fine  specimen  of  the  "old  school  gentleman"  of  that  period- 
dignified  and  polished  in  his  manners,  courtly  and  precise  in  his 
address,  proud  and  ambitious,  with  a  tendency  to  the  despotic  in 


70  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

his  bearing  in  consequence  of  having  been  reared  in  a  slave 
State  and  his  long  connection  with  the  executive  office.  His 
earty  education  had  been  under  the  direction  of  the  celebrated 
William  Wirt,  between  whom  and  himself  a  close  friendship  ex- 
isted. He  was  wealthy  for  the  time,  being  an  extensive  land- 
owner as  well  as  slave-holder  and  the  proprietor  of  stores  and 
mills,  which  were  managed  by  agents,  but  he  lost  heavily  by  bad 
debts.  He  was  for  many  years  a  close  friend  of  Hooper  Warren, 
the  pioneer  printer,  furnishing  the  material  with  which  the  latter 
published  his  papers  at  Springfield  and  Galena.  At  the  expira- 
tion of  his  term  of  office  near  the  close  of  1830,  he  retired  to  his 
home  at  Belleville,  where,  after  making  an  unsuccessful  cam- 
paign for  Congress  in  1832,  in  which  he  was  defeated  by  Charles 
Slade,  he  died  of  cholera,  July  20,  1833. 

William  Kinney,  of  Belleville,  who  was  a  candidate  for 
Lieutenant-Governor  on  the  ticket  opposed  to  Edwards,  was 
elected  over  Samuel  M.  Thompson.  In  1830,  Kinney  became  a 
candidate  for  Governor  but  was  defeated  by  John  Reynolds,  known 
as  the  "old  Ranger."  One  of  the  arguments  used  against 
Kinney  in  this  campaign  was,  that  in  the  Legislature  of  1823  he 
was  one  of  three  members  who  voted  against  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal,  on  the  ground  that  "  it  (the  canal)  would  make 
an  opening  for  the  Yankees  to  come  to  the  country." 

During  Edwards'  administration  the  first  steps  were  taken 
towards  the  erection  of  a  State  penitentiary  at  Alton,  funds 
therefor  being  secured  by  the  sale  of  a  portion  of  the  Saline  lands 
in  Gallatin  County.  The  first  Commissioners  having  charge  of 
its  construction  were  Shadrach  Bond,  William  P.  McKee  and  Dr. 
Gershom  Jayne.  The  last  named  was  father  of  Dr.  William 
Jayne,  of  Springfield,  and  father-in-law  of  ex-Senator  Lyman 
Trumbull. 

The  election  of  1830  resulted  in  the  choice  of  John  Rey- 
nolds for  Governor  over  William  Kinney,  by  a  majority  of  3,899, 
in  a  total  vote  of  49,051,  while  Zadoc  Casey,  the  candidate  on 
the  Kinney  ticket,  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor.  Reynolds 


ILLINOIS  —  FROM    EDWARDS   TO    FRENCH.  JI 

was  a  native  of  Pennsylvania;  he  was  born  in  1788,  and  came 
to  Illinois  in  1800.  After  he  had  reached  his  majority  he  spent 
two  years  at  a  college  at  Knoxville,  Tennessee  ;  served  in  a  com- 
pany of  rangers  during  the  war  of  1812,  and  about  1814  began 
the  practice  of  law  at  Cahokia,  offering  his  services  gratuitously 
to  the  "poor  people  of  Illinois  and  Missouri  Territories."  His 
identification  with  the  early  settlers  and  the  "old  rangers"  gave 
him  considerable  personal  popularity,  which  was  aided  by  great 
natural  shrewdness  and  not  injuriously  affected  by  certain 
crudities  of  speech  and  eccentricities  of  habit,  in  spite  of  the 
rudiments  of  a  classical  education.  He  has  furnished  valuable 
material  for  the  future  historian  in  his  "Pioneer  History  of  Illi- 
nois," and  "Life  and  Times." 

The  most  important  event  of  Reynolds'  administration  was 
the  "Black-Hawk  War."  Eight  thousand  militia  were  called 
out  during  this  war  to  reinforce  fifteen  hundred  regular  troops, 
the  final  result  being  the  driving  of  four  hundred  Indians  west 
of  the  Mississippi.  Rock  Island,  which  had  been  the  favorite 
rallying  point  of  the  Indians  for  generations,  was  the  central 
point  at  the  beginning  of  this  war.  It  is  impossible  to  give  the 
details  of  this  complicated  struggle  which  was  protracted  through 
two  campaigns  (1831  and  1832),  though  there  was  no  fighting 
worth  speaking  of  except  in  the  last,  and  no  serious  loss  to  the 
whites  in  that,  except  the  surprise  and  defeat  of  Stillman's  com- 
mand. Beardstown  was  the  base  of  operations  in  each  of  these 
campaigns,  and  that  city  has  probably  never  witnessed  such 
scenes  of  bustle  and  excitement  since.  The  Indian  village  at 
Rock  Island  was  destroyed,  and  the  fugitives,  after  being  pursued 
through  northern  Illinois  and  southwestern  Wisconsin,  without 
being  allowed  to  surrender,  were  driven  beyond  the  Mississippi 
in  a  famishing  condition  and  with  spirits  completely  broken. 
Galena,  at  that  time  the  emporium  of  the  "  Lead  Mine  Region," 
and  the  largest  town  in  the  State  north  of  Springfield,  was  the 
center*  of  great  excitement,  as  the  war  was  waged  in  the  region 
surrounding  it. 


72  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Although  cool  judges  have  not  regarded  this  campaign  as 
reflecting  honor  upon  either  the  prowess  or  the  magnanimity  of 
the  whites,  it  has  been  remarkable  for  the  number  of  those  con- 
nected with  it  whose  names  afterward  became  famous  in  the 
history  of  the  State  and  the  Nation.  Among  them  were  two  who 
afterward  became  Presidents  of  the  United  States — Col. 
Zachary  Taylor  of  the  regular  army,  and  Abraham  Lincoln,  a 
Captain  in  the  State  militia — besides  Jefferson  Davis,  then  a 
Lieutenant  in  the  regular  army  and  afterward  head  of  the  South- 
ern Confederacy;  three  subsequent  Governors — Duncan,  Carlin 
and  Ford — besides  Governor  Reynolds  who  at  that  time  occupied 
the  gubernatorial  chair;  James  Semple,  afterward  United  States 
Senator;  John  T.  Stuart,  Lincoln's  tutor  and  partner,  and  later 
a  member  of  Congress,  to  say  nothing  of  many  others,  who  in 
after  years  occupied  prominent  positions  as  members  of  the 
Legislature  or  otherwise.  Among  the  latter  were  Gen.  John  J. 
Hardin ;  the  late  Joseph  Gillespie,  of  Edwardsville ;  Col.  John 
Dement;  William  Thomas,  of  Jacksonville;  Lieut.-Col.  Jacob 
Fry ;  Henry  S.  Dodge,  afterward  Governor  of  the  Territory 
of  Wisconsin,  and  others. 

Near  the  close  of  his  term  of  office,  Reynolds  resigned  to 
accept  a  nomination  for  Congress,  to  which  he  was  elected  in 
1834,  and  again  in  1838  and  1840.  Lieutenant-Governor  Casey 
having  followed  his  example  for  a  similar  reason,  the  office  of 
Governor  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  devolved  on  W.  L.  D. 
E,wing,  who  had  been  President  of  the  Senate  and  acting  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor.  Ewing  probably  held  a  greater  variety  of 
offices  under  the  State,  than  any  other  man  who  ever  lived  in  it. 
Repeatedly  elected  to  each  branch  of  the  General  Assembly,  he 
more  than  once  filled  the  chair  of  Speaker  of  the  House  and 
President  of  the  Senate ;  served  as  Acting  Lieutenant-Govenior 
and  Governor  by  virtue  of  the  resignation  of  his  superiors ;  was 
United  States  Senator  from  1835  to  1837 ;  still  later  became  Clerk 
of  the  House  where  he  had  presided  as  Speaker,  finally  in  1843 
being  elected  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts,  and  dying  in  office 


ILLINOIS — FROM    EDWARDS    TO    FRENCH.  73 

three  years  later.  In  less  than  twenty  years,  he  held  eight  or 
ten  different  offices,  including  the  highest  in  the  State,  and  yet 
he  is  probably  as  little  known  to  the  present  generation  as  any 
man  who  has  ever  been  prominentl}'  identified  with  State 
history. 

Joseph  Duncan,  who  had  served  the  State  as  its  only  Repre- 
sentative in  three  Congresses,  was  elected  Governor,  August 
1834,  over  four  competitors — William  Kinney,  Robert  K.  Mc- 
Laughlin,  James  Evans  and  W.  B.  Archer.  He  was  born  at 
Paris,  Kentucky,  February  22,  1794,  his  father,  Maj.  Joseph 
Duncan,  having  emigrated  from  Virginia  in  1790.  He  took  part 
in  the  War  of  1812,  being  promoted  to  a  lieutenancy,  notwith- 
standing his  youth.  In  1818  he  came  to  Illinois,  whither  his 
brother,  Capt.  Matthew  Duncan,  of  the  regular  army,  had  pre- 
ceded him  four  years  earlier  and  had  established  at  Kaskaskia 
the  first  newspaper  published  in  the  State.  In  1823  ne  was 
commissioned  Major-General  of  the  State  militia,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  entering  Congress  two 
years  later.  He  began  his  political  career  as  a  Democrat,  but 
later  became  a  Whig,  and  in  1842  served  that  party  as  its  candi- 
date for  Governor,  meeting  at  that  election  with  his  first  politi- 
cal defeat.  He  was  liberal,  public-spirited  and  one  of  the  most 
honored  citizens  Illinois  ever  had.  From  1828  his  home  was  at 
Jacksonville,  where,  a  few  years  later,  he  built  the  first  frame 
house.  He  was  one  of  the  most  efficient  co-workers  with  Judge 
S.  D.  Lockwood,  President  J.  M.  Sturtevant  and  others  in  found- 
ing Illinois  College,  making  to  it  a  donation  of  $10,000,  and 
serving  as  a  trustee  of  the  college  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
January  15,  1844. 

Governor  Duncan's  administration  was  made  memorable  by 
the  large  number  of  distinguished  men  who  either  entered  pub- 
lic life  at  this  period  or  gained  additional  prominence  by  their 
connection  with  public  affairs.  Among  these  were  Abraham  Lin- 
coln and  Stephen  A.  Douglas ;  Col.  E.  D.  Baker,  who  afterward 
and  at  different  times  represented  Illinois  and  Oregon  in  the 


74  ™E   WHITE    CITY  —  ILLIXOIS. 

councils  of  the  Nation,  and  who  fell  at  Ball's  Bluff  in  1862; 
O.  H.  Browning,  a  prospective  United  States  Senator  and  future 
Cabinet  officer;  the  late  Lieutenant-Governor,  John  Dougherty; 
Gen.  James  Shields,  Col.  John  J.  Hardin,  Archibald  Wil- 
liams, Cyrus  and  Ninian  W.  Edwards,  Dr.  John  Logan,  father 
of  Gen.  John  A.  Logan,  Stephen  T.  Logan,  and  many  more. 

During  this  administration  was  begun  that  gigantic  scheme 
of  "internal  improvements,"  which  proved  so  disastrous  to  the 
financial  interests  of  the  State.  The  estimated  cost  of  these 
various  works  undertaken,  was  over  $11,000,000,  and  though  lit- 
tle of  substantial  value  was  realized,  yet,  in  1852  the  debt 
(principal  and  interest),  thereby  incurred  (including  that  of  the 
canal),  aggregated  nearly  $17,000,000.  The  collapse  of  the 
scheme  was,  no  doubt,  hastened  by  the  unexpected  suspension  of 
specie  payments  by  the  banks  all  over  the  country,  which  fol- 
lowed soon  after  its  adoption. 

At  the  session  of  the  General  Assembly  of  1836-7,  an  act 
was  passed  removing  the  State  capital  to  Springfield,  and  an  ap- 
propriation of  $50,000  was  made  to  erect  a  building;  to  this 
amount  the  city  of  Springfield  added  a  like  sum,  beside  donating 
a  site.  In  securing  the  passage  of  these  acts,  the  famous  "Long 
Nine,"  consisting  of  A.  G.  Herndon  and  Job  Fletcher,  in  the 
Senate,  and  Abraham  Lincoln,  Ninian  W.  Edwards,  John  Daw- 
son,  Andrew  McCormick,  Dan  Stone,  William  F.  Elkin  and  Rob- 
ert L.  Wilson,  in  the  House — all  Representatives  from  Sanga- 
mon  County — played  a  leading  part. 

An  event  occurred  near  the  close  of  Governor  Duncan's 
term,  which  left  a  stain  upon  the  locality,  but  for  which  his  ad- 
ministration had  no  responsibility;  to-wit,  the  murder  of  Rev. 
Elijah  P.  Lovejoy,  by  a  pro-slavery  mob  at  Alton.  Lovejoy  was 
a  native  of  Maine,  who,  coming  to  St.  Louis  in  1827,  had  been 
employed  upon  various  papers,  the  last  being  the  S/.  Louis  Ob- 
server. The  outspoken  hostility  of  this  paper  to  slavery  aroused 
a  bitter  local  opposition  which  led  to  its  removal  to  Alton,  where 
the  first  number  of  the  Alton  Observer  was  issued,  September  8, 


ILLINOIS — FROM    EDWARDS   TO   FREN'CH.  75 

1836,  though  not  until  one  press  and  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  material  had  been  destroyed  by  a  mob.  On  the  night  of 
August  21,  1837,  there  was  a  second  destruction  of  the  material, 
when  a  third  press  having  been  procured  it  was  taken  from  the 
warehouse  and  thrown  into  the  Mississippi.  A  fourth  press  was 
ordered,  and,  pending  its  arrival,  Lovejoy  appeared  before  a  pub- 
lic meeting  of  his  opponents  and,  in  an  impassioned  address, 
maintained  his  right  to  freedom  of  speech,  declaring  in  conclu- 
sion :  "If  the  civil  authorities  refuse  to  protect  me,  I  must  look 
to  God  ;  and  if  I  die,  I  have  determined  to  make  my  grave  in 
Alton."  These  words  proved  prophetic.  The  new  press  was 
stored  in  the  warehouse  of  Godfrey,  Gillman  &  Co.,  on  the 
night  of  November  6,  1837.  A  guard  of  sixty  volunteers  re- 
mained about  the  building  the  next  day,  but  when  night  came 
all  but  nineteen  retired  to  their  homes.  During  the  night  a  mob 
attacked  the  building,  when  a  shot  from  the  inside  killed  Lyman 
Bishop.  An  attempt  was  then  made  by  the  rioters  to  fire  the 
warehouse  by  sending  a  man  to  the  roof.  To  dislodge  the  incen- 
diary Lovejoy,  with  two  others,  emerged  from  the  building  when 
two  or  three  men  in  concealment  fired  upon  him,  the  shots  tak- 
ing effect  in  a  vital  part  of  his  body,  causing  his  death  almost 
instantly.  He  was  buried  the  following  day  without  an  inquest. 
Several  of  the  attacking  party  and  the  defenders  of  the  building 
were  tried  for  riot  and  acquitted — the  former  probably  on  account 
of  popular  sympathy  with  the  crime,  and  the  latter  because  they 
were  guiltless  of  any  crime  except  that  of  defending  private 
property  and  attempting  to  preserve  the  law.  The  act  of  firing 
the  fatal  shots  has  been  charged  upon  two  men — a  Dr.  Jennings 
and  his  comrade,  Dr.  Beall.  The  former,  it  is  said,  was  after- 
ward cut  to  pieces  in  a  bar-room  fight  in  Vicksburg,  Mississippi, 
while  the  latter^  having  been  captured  by  Comanche  Indians 
in  Texas,  was  burned  alive.  On  the  other  hand,  Lovejoy  has 
been  honored  as  a  martyr  and  the  sentiments  for  which  he  died 
have  triumphed. 

Duncan  was  succeeded  by  Gov.   Thomas  Carlin,   who  was 


76  THE  WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

chosen  at  the  election  of  1838  over  Cyrus  Edwards  (a  younger 
brother  of  Gov.  Ninian  Edwards),  the  Whig  candidate.  The 
successful  candidate  for  Lieutenant-Governor  was  Stinson  H. 
Anderson,  of  Jefferson  County.  Carlin  was  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky, where  he  was  born  July  18,  1789;  he  came  to  Illinois  in 
1812,  and  served  as  a  soldier  through  the  war  of  that  period.  In 
1818  he  settled  upon  the  site  of  the  present  city  ofCarrollton,  the 
county-seat  of  Green  County.  Later  he  commanded  a  company  in 
the  Black-Hawk  war,  served  as  sheriff  of  his  county,  and,  at  the 
time  of  his  nomination,  was  Register  of  the  land-office  at  Quincy. 
His  life  had  been  that  of  a  backwoodsman,  and  he  was  not  edu- 
cated in  the  learning  of  the  schools,  but  he  bore  the  reputation 
of  a  man  of  sterling  integrity  and  of  indomitable  courage. 

Among  the  members  of  the  Legislature  chosen  at  this  time 
we  find  the  names  of  O.  H.  Browning,  Robert  Blackwell,  George 
Churchill,  William  G.  Gatewood,  Ebenezer  Peck  (of  Cook 
County),  William  A.  Richardson,  Newton  Cloud,  Jesse  K.  Du- 
bois,  O.  B.  Ficklin,  Vital  Jarrot,  John  Logan,  William  F.  Thorn- 
ton and  Archibald  Williams — all  men  of  prominence  in  the 
subsequent  history  of  the  State.  This  was  the  last  Legislature 
that  assembled  at  Vandalia,  Springfield  becoming  the  capital, 
July  4,  1839.* 

An  incident  of  this  campaign  was  the  election  to  Congress, 
after  a  bitter  struggle,  of  John  T.  Stuart  over  Stephen  A.  Doug- 
las from  the  Third  District,  by  a  majority  of  fourteen  votes. 
Stuart  was  re-elected  in  1840,  but  in  1842  he  was  succeeded,  un- 
der a  new  apportionment,  by  Col.  John  J.  Hardin,  while  Douglas, 
elected  from  the  Quincy  District,  then  entered  the  National 
Councils  for  the  first  time. 

An  exciting  event  during  Carlin's  administration  was  the 
attempt  to  remove  Alexander  P.  Field  from  the  office  of  Secre- 
tary of  State,  which  he  had  held  since  1828.  Under  the  Consti- 

*The  corner  stone  of  the  first  State  capitol  at  Springfield  was  laid  with  imposing  cer- 
emonies, July  4,  1837,  Col.  E.  D.  Baker  delivering  an  eloquent  address.  Its  estimated 
cost  was  $136,000,  but  $240,000  was  expended  upon  it  before  its  completion. 


ILLINOIS  —  FROM    EDWARDS   TO    FRENCH.  77 

tution  of  1818,  this  office  was  filled  by  nomination  by  the 
Governor  "with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate."  Carlin 
nominated  John  A.  McClernand  to  supersede  Field,  but  the 
Senate  refused  to  confirm  the  nomination.  After  adjournment 
of  the  Legislature,  McClernand  attempted  to  obtain  possession 
of  the  office  by  writ  of  quo  warranto.  The  judge  of  a  circuit 
court  decided  the  case  in  his  favor,  but  this  decision  was  over- 
ruled by  the  supreme  court.  A  special  session  having  been 
called,  in  November,  1840,  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  then  of  Morgan 
County,  was  nominated  and  confirmed  Secretary  of  State,  but 
held  the  position  only  a  few  months,  when  he  resigned  to  accept 
a  place  on  the  supreme  bench,  being  succeeded  as  Secretary  by 
Lyman  Trumbull. 

Certain  decisions  of  some  of  the  lower  courts  about  this 
time,  bearing  upon  the  suffrage  of  aliens,  excited  the  apprehen- 
sion of  the  Democrats,  who  had  heretofore  been  in  political  con- 
trol of  the  State,  and  a  movement  was  started  in  the  Legislature 
to  reorganize  the  Supreme  Court,  a  majority  of  whom  were 
Whigs.  The  Democrats  were  not  unanimous  in  favor  of  the 
measure,  but  after  a  bitter  struggle  it  was  adopted,  receiving  a 
bare  majority  of  one  in  the  House.  Under  this  act  five  addi- 
tional judges  were  elected,  viz :  Thomas  Ford,  Sidney  Breese, 
Walter  B.  Scates,  Samuel  H.  Treat  and  Stephen  A.  Douglas — 
all  Democrats.  Mr.  Ford,  one  of  the  new  Judges,  and  afterward 
Governor,  has  characterized  this  step  as  "  a  confessedly  violent 
and  somewhat  revolutionary  measure,  which  could  never  have 
succeeded  except  in  times  of  great  party  excitement." 

The  great  Whig  mass-meeting  at  Springfield,  in  June,  1840, 
was  an  incident  of  the  political  campaign  of  that  year.  No  such 
popular  assemblage  had  ever  been  seen  in  the  State  before.  It  is 
estimated  that  20,000  people — nearly  five  per  cent,  of  the  entire 
population  of  the  State — were  present,  including  a  large  delega- 
tion from  Chicago  who  marched  overland,  under  command  of  the 
late  Maj.-Gen.  David  Hunter,  bearing  with  them  many  devices 
so  popular  in  that  memorable  campaign. 


78  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Judge  Thomas  Ford  became  the  Democratic  candidate  for 
Governor  in  1842,  taking  the  place  on  the  ticket  of  Col.  A.  W. 
Snyder,  who  had  died  after  nomination.  Ford  was  elected  by 
more  than  8,000  majority  over  ex-Governor  Duncan,  the  Whig 
candidate.  John  Moore,  of  McLean  County  (who  had  been  a 
member  of  the  Legislature  for  several  terms  and  was  afterward 
State  Treasurer),  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor.  Ford  was  a 
native  of  Uniontown,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  was  born  in  1800; 
had  been  twice  appointed  State's  attorney  and  four  times  elected 
Judge,  and  was  at  the  time  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Court. 
He  owed  much  of  his  success  in  life  to  his  half-brother,  George 
Forquer,  who  had  held  the  office  of  Secretary  of  State,  and  had 
been  an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congressional  honors. 

The  failure  of  the  State  and  the  Shawneetown  banks,  near 
the  close  of  Carlin's  administration,  had  produced  a  condition  of 
business  depression  that  was  felt  all  over  the  State.  At  the  be- 
ginning of  Ford's  administration,  the  State  debt  was  estimated  at 
$15,657,950 — within  about  one  million  of  the  highest  point  it 
ever  reached — while  the  total  population  was  a  little  over  half  a 
million.  In  addition  to  these  drawbacks,  the  Mormon  question 
became  a  source  of  embarrassment.  This  people,  who,  after  hav- 
ing been  driven  from  Missouri,  settled  at  Nauvoo,  in  Hancock 
County;  they  increased  rapidly  in  numbers,  and  by  the  arrogant 
course  of  their  leaders  and  their  odious  doctrines — especially 
with  reference  to  "celestial  marriage,"  and  their  assumptions  of 
authority — aroused  the  bitter  hostility  of  neighboring  communi- 
ties not  of  their  faith.  The  popular  indignation  became  greatly 
intensified  by  the  course  of  unscrupulous  politicians  and  the 
granting  to  the  Mormons  by  the  Legislature  of  certain  charters 
and  special  privileges.  Various  charges  were  made  against  the 
obnoxious  sect,  including  rioting,  kidnapping,  robbery,  counter- 
feiting, etc.,  and  the  Governor  called  out  the  militia  of  the  neigh- 
boring counties  to  preserve  the  peace.  Joseph  Smith — the  foun- 
der of  the  sect — with  his  brother  Hyrurn  and  three  others,  were 
induced  to  surrender  to  the  authorities  at  Carthage,  on  the 


ILLINOIS  —  FROM    EDWARDS  TO   FRENCH.  79 

twenty-third  of  June, 1844,  under  promise  of  protection  of  their 
persons.  Then  the  charge  was  changed  to  treason  and  they 
were  thrown  into  jail,  a  guard  of  eight  men  being  placed  about 
the  building.  A  considerable  portion  of  the  militia  had  dis- 
banded and  returned  home,  while  others  were  openly  hostile  to 
the  prisoners.  On  June  2jth  a  band  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
disguised  men  attacked  the  jail,  finding  little  opposition  among 
those  set  to  guard  it.  In  the  assault  which  followed,  both  of  the 
Smiths  were  killed,  while  John  Taylor,  another  of  the  prisoners, 
was  wounded.  The  trial  of  the  murderers  was  a  farce  and  they 
were  acquitted.  A  state  of  virtual  war  continued  for  a  year,  in 
which  Governor  Ford's  authority  was  openly  defied  or  treated 
with  contempt  by  those  he  had  called  upon  to  preserve  the  peace. 
In  the  fall  of  1845  the  Mormons  agreed  to  leave  the  State,  and 
the  following  spring  the  pilgrimage  to  Salt  Lake  began.  Gen. 
John  J.  Hardin,  who  afterward  fell  at  Buena  Vista,  was  twice 
called  on  by  Governor  Ford  to  head  parties  of  militia  to  restore 
order,  while  Gen.  Mason  Bray  man  conducted  the  negotiations 
which  resulted  in  the  promise  of  removal.  The  great  body  of 
the  refugees  spent  the  following  winter  at  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa, 
arriving  at  Salt  Lake  in  June  following.  Another  considerable 
body  entered  the  service  of  the  Goverment  to  obtain  safe  conduct 
and  sustenance  across  the  plains.  While  the  conduct  of  the  Mor- 
mons during  their  stay  at  Nauvoo  was  no  doubt  very  irritating 
and  often  lawless,  it  is  equally  true  that  the  disordered  condition 
of  affairs  was  taken  advantage  of  by  unscrupulous  demagogues 
for  dishonest  purposes,  and  this  episode  has  left  a  stigma  upon 
the  name  of  more  than  one  over-zealous  anti-Mormon  hero. 

Though  Governor  Ford's  integrity  and  ability  in  certain 
directions  have  not  been  questioned,  his  administration  was  not 
a  successful  one,  largely  on  account  of  the  conditions  which  pre- 
vailed at  the  time  and  the  embarrassments  which  he  met  from 
his  own  party.  He  died  at  Peoria,  November  3,  1850,  in  poverty. 
The  history  of  the  State  which  he  wrote  in  the  latter  years  of 


80  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

his  life,  is  regarded  as  invaluable,  and  will  be  more  highly  ap- 
preciated as  we  recede  from  the  period  in  which  he  lived. 

A  still  more  tragic  chapter  opened  during  the  last  year  of 
Ford's  administration,  in  the  beginning  of  the  war  with  Mexico. 
Three  regiments  of  twelve  months'  volunteers,  called  for  by  the 
General  Government  from  the  State  of  Illinois,  were  furnished 
with  alacrity  and  many  more  men  offered  their  services  than 
could  be  accepted.  The  names  of  their  respective  commanders- 
Cols.  John  J.  Hardin,  William  H.  Bissell  and  Ferris  Foreman 
— have  been  accorded  a  high  place  in  the  annals  of  the  State  and 
the  Nation.  Hardin  was  of  an  honorable  Kentucky  family;  he 
had  achieved  distinction  at  the  bar  and  served  in  the  State  Legis- 
lature and  in  Congress,  and  his  death  on  the  battle-field  of  Buena 
Vista  was  iiniversally  deplored.  Bissell  afterward  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  Congress  and  was  the  first  Republican  Governor  of 
Illinois,  elected  in  1856.  Edward  D.  Baker,  then  a  Whig  mem- 
ber of  Congress,  received  authority  to  raise  an  additional  regi- 
ment, and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  reputation  as  broad  as  the  Na- 
tion. Two  other  regiments  were  raised  in.  the  State  "for  the 
war"  during  the  next  year,  led  respectively  by  Col.  Edward  W. 
B.  Newby  and  James  Collins,  beside  four  independent  companies 
of  mounted  volunteers.  The  whole  number  of  volunteers  fur- 
nished by  Illinois  in  this  conflict  was  6,123,  °f  whom  86  were 
killed,  12  died  of  wounds,  and  160  were  wounded.  Their  loss  in 
killed  was  greater  than  that  of  any  other  State,  and  the  number 
of  wounded  only  exceeded  by  those  from  South  Carolina  and 
Pennsylvania.  Among  other  Illinoisans  who  participated  in 
this  struggle,  were  Thomas  L.  Harris,  William  A.  Richardson, 
J.  L.  D.  Morrison,  Murray  F.  Tuley  and  Charles  C.  P.  Holden, 
while  still  others,  either  in  the  ranks  or  in  subordinate  positions, 
received  the  "baptism  of  fire  "  which  prepared  them  to  win  dis- 
tinction as  commanders  of  corps,  divisions,  brigades  and  regi- 
ments during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  including  such  names 
as  John  A.  Logan,  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Benjamin  M.  Prentiss, 
James  D.  Morgan,  W.  H.  L.  Wallace  (who  fell  at  Pittsburgh 


ILLINOIS — FROM    EDWARDS   TO    FRENCH.  8l 

Landing),  Stephen  G.  Hicks,  Michael  K.  Lawler,  Leonard  F. 
Ross,  Isham  N.  Haynie,  T.  Lyle  Dickey,  Dudley  Wickersham, 
Isaac  C.  Pugh,  Thomas  H.  Flynn,  J.  P.  Post,  Nathaniel  Niles, 
W.  R.  Morrison,  and  others. 

Except  for  the  Mexican  War,  which  was  still  in  progress, 
and  acts  of  mob  violence  in  certain  portions  of  the  State — 
especially  by  a  band  of  self-styled  "regulators"  in  Pope  and 
Massac  Counties — the  administration  of  Augustus  C.  French, 
which  began  with  the  close  of  the  year  1846,  was  a  quiet  one. 
French  was  elected  at  the  previous  August  election  by  a  vote  of 
58,700  to  36,775  for  Thomas  M.  Kilpatrick,  the  Whig  candidate, 
and  5,112  for  Richard  Eels,  the  Free-Soil  (or  Abolition)  candi- 
date. The  Whigs  held  their  first  State  Convention  this  year  for 
the  nomination  of  a  State  ticket,  meeting  at  Peoria.  At  the 
same  election  Abraham  Lincoln  was  elected  to  Congress,  defeat- 
ing Peter  Cartwright,  the  famous  pioneer  Methodist  preacher, 
who  was  the  Democratic  candidate.  At  the  session  of  the  Legis- 
lature which  followed,  Stephen  A.  Douglas  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  as  successor  to  James  Semple. 

Governor  French  was  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  born 
August  2,  1808 ;  he  had  practiced  his  profession  as  a  lawyer 
in  Crawford  County,  had  been  a  member  of  the  Tenth  and 
Eleventh  General  Assemblies  and  Receiver  of  the  land  office  at 
Palestine.  The  State  had  now  begun  to  recover  from  the  de- 
pression caused  by  the  reverses  of  1837  and  subsequent  years, 
and  for  some  time  its  growth  in  population  had  been  satisfactory. 
The  old  Constitution,  however,  had  been  felt  to  be  a  hampering 
influence,  especially  in  dealing  with  the  State  debt,  and,  as  early 
as  1842,  the  question  of  a  State  Convention  to  frame  a  new  Con- 
stitution had  been  submitted  to  popular  vote,  but  was  defeated  by 
the  narrow  margin  of  1,039  votes.  The  Legislature  of  1844-5 
adopted  a  resolution  for  resubmission,  and  at  the  election  of  1846 
it  was  approved  by  the  people  by  a  majority  of  35,326  in  a  total 
vote  of  81,352.  The  State  then  contained  99  counties  with  an 


82 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 


aggregate  population  of  662,150.  The  assessed  valuation  of 
property  one  year  later  was  $92,206,493,  while  the  State  debt 
was  $16,661,795 — or  more  than  18  per  cent,  of  the  entire  as- 
sessed value  of  the  property  of  the  State. 


CHAPTER  IX. 


ADMINISTRATIONS  OF  FRENCH  AND  MATTESON. 

STATE   CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTION   OF    1847 — FEATURES    OF 
THE    NEW    CONSTITUTION  —  GOVERNOR     FRENCH'S    SECOND 
TERM  —  ILLINOIS     CENTRAL     RAILROAD  —  MATTESON'S 
ADMINISTRATION  —  ORGANIZATION     OF    THE     RE- 
PUBLICAN  PARTY — LINCOLN-DOUGLAS  DEBATE. 

election  of  members  of  a  State  Convention  to 
form  a  second  Constitution  for  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois, was  held  April  19,  1847.  Of  one  hundred 
and  sixty -two  members  chosen,  ninety-two  were 
Democrats,  leaving  seventy  members  to  all  shades 
of  the  opposition.  Among  the  members  of 
this  historic  body  whose  names  were  already 
prominent  in  State  affairs  or  became  so  at  a 
still  later  date,  were  Archibald  Williams,  of  Adams  County; 
Michael  G.  Dale,  of  Bond ;  Daniel  H.  Whitney,  of  Boone ;  James 
W.  Singleton,  of  Brown;  Henry  E.  Dummer,  of  Cass;  Uri 
Manly,  of  Clark;  Benjamin  Bond,  of  Clinton;  Thomas  A.  Mar- 
shall, of  Coles ;  Francis  C.  Sherman,  Reuben  E.  Heacock  and 
David  L.  Gregg,  of  Cook;  Hezekiah  M.  Wead,  of  Fulton;  Linus 
E.  Worcester  and  D.  M.  Woodson,  of  Greene  ;  George  W.  Arm- 
strong, of  LaSalle;  Thomas  C.  Sharpe,  of  Hancock;  Jesse  O. 
Norton,  of  Will;  Alex.  M.  Jenkins,  of  Jackson  ;  Zadok  Casey 
and  Walter  B.  Scates,  of  Jefferson;  Thompson  Campbell,  of 
Jo  Daviess;  James  Knox,  of  Knox;  John  Dement,  of  Lee;  Da- 
vid Davis,  of  McLean;  John  M.  Palmer,  of  Macoupin;  Stephen 
A.  Hurlbut,  of  Boone;  Cyrus  Edwards,  Edward  M.  West  and 


8S 


84  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

George  T.  Brown,  of  Madison;  Anthony  Thornton,  of  Shelby; 
Newton  Cloud,  Samuel  D.  Lockwood  and  William  Thomas,  of 
Morgan ;  John  D.  Whiteside,  of  Monroe ;  Daniel  J.  Pinckney, 
of  Ogle;  Lincoln  B.  Knowlton  and  Onslow  Peters,  of  Peoria; 
William  R.  Archer  and  William  A.  Grimshaw,  of  Pike ;  Richard 

B.  Servant,  of  Randolph;  Alfred  Kitchell,  of  Richland;  James 
H.  Matheny,  N.  W.  Edwards  and  Stephen  T.  Logan,  of  Sanga- 
mon;  N.  M.  Knapp,  of  Scott;  William  W.  Roman  and  William 

C.  Kinney,  •  of  St.    Clair ;  Abner   C.    Harding,  of  Warren ;  S. 
Snowden  Hayes,  of  WThite ;  Selden  M.  Church,  of  Winnebago, 
and    Willis    Allen,   of  Franklin.      Of  these,   eight — Campbell, 
Hurlbut,  Norton,  Knox,  Harding,  Singleton,  Thornton  and  Al- 
len— were  afterward  members  of  Congress ;  Wead,  Woodson  and 
Davis,  Circuit  Judges  (the  last  being  still  later  a  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court  and  United  States  Senator),  while  John  M.  Pal- 
mer became  Governor  and  David  L.  Gregg  became  Secretary  of 
State,  and  Minister  to  the  Sandwich  Islands.     Others  were  after- 
ward prominent  members  of  the  General  Assembly,  or  otherwise 
exerted  an  influence  in  shaping  the  destinies  of  the  Stats.* 

The  Convention  assembled  at  Springfield,  June  7,  1847 ;  it 
was  organized  by  the  election  of  Newton  Cloud,  Permanent  Presi- 
dent, and  concluded  its  labors  after  a  session  of  nearly  three 
months,  adjourning  August  3ist.  The  Constitution  was  sub- 
mitted to  a  vote  of  the  people,  March  6,  1848,  and  was  ratified  by 
59,887  votes  in  its  favor  to  15,859  against.  A  special  article 
prohibiting  free  persons  of  color  from  settling  in  the  State  was 
adopted  by  49,060  votes  for,  to  20,883  against  it;  and  another,  pro- 
viding for  a  two-mill  tax,  by  41,017  for,  to  30,586  against.  The 
Constitution  went  into  effect  April  i,  1848. 

The  provision  imposing  a  special  two-mill  tax,  to  be  applied 
to  the  payment  of  the  State  indebtedness,  was  the  means  of  re- 
storing the  State  credit,  while  that  prohibiting  the  immigration 
of  free  persons  of  color,  though  in  accordance  with  the  spirit  of 

*A  reunion  of  the  survivors  of  this  body  was  held  at  Springfield,  January  3,  1884, 
which  was  attended  by  twenty-two  of  the  thirty-one  members  then  understood  to  be 
living. 


ILLINOIS  —  FRENCH  AND  MATTESON.  85 

the  times,  brougnt  upon  the  State  much  opprobrium  and  was  re- 
pudiated with  emphasis  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion.  The 
demand  for  retrenchment,  caused  by  the  financial  depression  fol- 
lowing the  wild  legislation  of  1837,  ^  to  tne  adoption  of  many 
radical  provisions  in  the  new  Constitution,  some  of  which  were 
afterward  found  to  be  serious  errors  opening  the  way  for  grave 
abuses.  Among  these  were  the  practical  limitations  of  the  bien- 
nial sessions  of  the  General  Assembly  to  forty-two  days,  while 
the  per  diem  of  members  was  fixed  at  two  dollars.  The  salaries 
of  State  officers  were  also  fixed  at  what  would  now  be  recognized 
as  an  absurdly  low  figure,  that  of  Governor  being  $1,500;  Su- 
preme Court  Jxidges,  $1,200  each  ;  Circuit  Judges,  $1,000 ;  State 
Auditor,  $1,000;  Secretary  of  State,  and  State  Treasurer,  $800 
each.  •  Among  less  objectionable  provisions  were  those  restricting 
the  right  of  suffrage  to  white  male  citizens,  which  excluded 
many  unnaturalized  foreigners  who  had  exercised  the  privilege 
as  "  inhabitants"  under  the  Constitution  of  1818;  providing  for 
the  election  of  all  State,  judicial  and  county  officers  by  popular 
vote  ;  prohibiting  the  State  from  incurring  indebtedness  in  excess 
of  $50,000  without  a  special  vote  of  the  people,  or  granting  the 
credit  of  the  State  in  aid  of  any  individual  association  or  corpora- 
tion ;  fixing  the  date  of  the  State  election  on  the  Tuesday  after 
the  first  Monday  in  November  in  every  fourth  year,  instead  of 
the  first  Monday  in  August,  as  had  been  the  rule  under  the 
old  Constitution.  The  tenure  of  office  of  all  State  officers  was 
fixed  at  four  years  except  that  of  State  Treasurer,  which  was 
made  two  years,  and  the  Governor  only  was  made  ineligible  to 
immediate  re-election.  The  number  of  members  of  the  General 
Assembly  was  fixed  at  twenty-five  in  the  Senate  and  seventy-five 
in  the  House,  subject  to  a  certain  specified  ratio  of  increase  when 
the  population  should  exceed  1,000,000. 

As  the  Constitution  of  1818  had  been  modeled  upon  the 
form  then  most  popular  in  the  Southern  States — especially  with 
reference  to  the  large  number  of  officers  made  appointive  by  the 
Governor,  or  elective  by  the  Legislature — so  the  new  Constitu- 


86  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

tion  was,  in  some  of  its  features,  more  in  sympathy  with  those 
of  other  Northern  States,  and  indicated  the  growing  influence  of 
New  England  sentiment.  This  was  especially  the  case  with 
reference  to  the  section  providing  for  a  system  of  township  or- 
ganization in  the  several  counties  of  the  State  at  the  pleasure 
of  a  majority  of  the  voters  of  each  county. 

Besides  the  election  for  the  ratification  of  the  State  Constitu- 
tion, three  other  State  elections  were  held  in  1848,  viz:  (i)  for 
the  election  of  State  officers  in  August;  (2)  an  election  of 
Judges  in  September,  and  (3)  the  Presidential  election  in  No- 
vember. At  the  first  of  these,  Governor  French,  whose  first 
term  had  been  cut  short  two  years  by  the  adoption  of  the  new 
Constitution,  was  re-elected  for  a  second  term,  practically  with- 
out opposition,  the  vote  against  him  being  divided  between  Pierre 
Menard  and  Dr.  C.  V.  Dyer.  French  thus  became  his  own  suc- 
cessor, being  the  first  Illinois  Governor  to  be  re-elected,  and, 
though  two  years  of  his  first  term  had  been  cut  off  by  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Constitution,  he  served  in  the  gubernatorial  office  six 
years.  The  other  State  officers  elected,  were  William  McMur- 
try,  of  Knox,  Lieutenant-Governor ;  Horace  S.  Cooley,  of 
Adams,  Secretary  of  State;  Thomas  H.  Campbell,  of  Randolph, 
Auditor,  and  Milton  Carpenter,  of  Hamilton,  State  Treasurer — all 
Democrats,  and  all  but  McMurtry  being  their  own  successors.  At 
the  Presidential  election  in  November,  the  electoral  vote  was 
given  to  L/ewis  Cass,  the  Democratic  candidate,  who  received  56,- 
300  votes, to  53,047  for  Taylor,  the  Whig  candidate,  and  15,774  for 
Martin  Van  Buren,  the  candidate  of  the  Free  Democracy  or 
Free-Soil  party.  Thus,  for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the 
State  after  1824,  the  Democratic  candidate  for  President  failed 
to  receive  an  absolute  majority  of  the  popular  vote,  being  in  a 
minority  of  12,521,  while  having  a  plurality  over  the  Whig  can- 
didate of  3,253.  The  only  noteworthy  results  in  the  election 
of  Congressmen  this  year,  was  the  election  of  Col.  E.  D.  Baker 
(Whig),  from  the  Galena  District,  and  Maj.  Thomas  L,.  Harris 
(Democrat),  from  the  Springfield  District.  Both  Baker  and 


ILLINOIS  —  FRENCH  AND  MATTESON.  87 

Harris  had  been  soldiers  in  the  Mexican  War,  which  probably 
accounted  for  their  election  in  Districts  usually  opposed  to  them 
politically.  The  other  five  Congressmen  elected  from  the  State 
at  the  same  time — including  John  Wentworth,  then  chosen  for  a 
fourth  term  from  the  Chicago  District — were  Democrats.  The 
Judges  elected  to  the  Supreme  Bench  were  Lyman  Trumbull, 
from  the  Southern  Division ;  Samuel  H.  Treat,  from  the  Cen- 
tral, and  John  Dean  Caton,  from  the  Northern — all  Democrats. 

A  leading  event  of  this  session  was  the  election  of  a  United 
States  Senator  in  place  of  Sidney  Breese.  Gen.  James  Shields, 
who  had  been  severely  wounded  on  the  battle-field  of  Cerro 
Gordo;  Sidney  Breese,  who  had  been  United  States  Senator  for 
six  years,  and  John  A.  McClernand,  then  a  member  of  Congress, 
were  arrayed  against  each  other  before  the  Democratic  caucus. 
After  a  bitter  contest,  Shields  was  declared  the  choice  of  his 
party  and  was  finally  elected.  He  did  not  immediately  obtain 
his  seat,  however.  On  presentation  of  his  credentials,  after  a 
heated  controversy  in  Congress  and  out  of  it,  in  which  he  in- 
judiciously assailed  his  predecessor  in  very  intemperate  language, 
he  was  declared  ineligible  on  the  ground  that,  being  of  foreign 
birth,  the  nine  years  of  citizenship  required  by  the  Constitution 
after  naturalization  had  not  elapsed  previous  to  his  election.  In 
October  following,  the  Legislature  was  called  together  in  special 
session,  and,  Shields'  disability  having  now  been  removed  by  the 
expiration  of  the  Constitutional  period,  he  was  re-elected,  though 
not  without  a  renewal  of  the  bitter  contest  of  the  regular  ses- 
sion. 

Another  noteworthy  event  of  this  special  session  was  the 
adoption  of  a  joint  resolution  favoring  the  principles  of  the 
"Wilniot  Proviso."  Although  this  was  repealed  at  the  next 
regular  session  on  the  ground  that  the  points  at  issue  had  been 
settled  in  the  Compromise  Measures  of  1850,  it  indicated  the 
drift  of  sentiment  in  Illinois  toward  opposition  to  the  spread  of 
the  institution  of  slavery,  and  this  was  still  more  strongly  em- 
phasized by  the  election  of  Abraham  Lincoln  in  1860. 


88  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Two  important  measures  which  passsed  the  General  As- 
sembly at  the  session  of  1851,  were  the  Free-Banking  Law,*  and 
the  act  incorporating  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company. 
The  credit  of  first  suggesting  this  great  thoroughfare  has  been 
awarded  to  William  Smith  Waite,  a  citizen  of  Bond  County, 
Illinois,  as  early  as  1835^  The  ^rst  steP  toward  legislation  in 
Congress  on  this  subject  was  taken  in  the  introduction  by  Sena- 
tor Breese  of  a  bill  in  March,  1843,^  but  it  was  not  until  1850 
that  the  measure  took  the  form  of  a  direct  grant  of  lands  to 
the  State,  finally  passing  the  Senate  in  May  and  the  House  in 
September  following.  The  act  ceded  to  the  State  of  Illinois,  for 
the  purpose  of  aiding  in  the  construction  of  a  line  of  railroad, 
from  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi,  with  branches  to 
Chicago  and  Dubuque,  Iowa,  respectively,  alternate  sections  of 
land  on  each  side  of  said  railroad,  aggregating  2,595,000  acres, 
the  length  of  the  road  and  branches  exceeding  seven  hundred 
miles.  An  Act  incorporating  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Com- 
pany passed  the  State  Legislature  in  February,  1851.  The 
company  was  thereupon  promptly  organized  with  a  number  of 
New  York  capitalists  at  its  head,  including  Robert  Schuyler, 
George  Griswold  and  Gouverneur  Morris,  and  the  grant  was  placed 
in  the  hands  of  trustees  to  be  used  for  the  purpose  designated, 
under  the  pledge  of  the  Company  to  build  the  road  by  July  4, 
1854,  and  to  pay  seven  per  cent,  of  its  gross  earnings  into  the 
State  Treasury  perpetually.  A  large  proportion  of  the  line  was 
constructed  through  sections  of  country  either  sparsely  settled 
or  wholly  unpopulated,  but  which  have  since  become  among  the 

*Though  imperfect  in  some  of  its  details,  the  provisions  of  this  law  for  the  protec- 
tion of  circulation  proved  effective  up  to  the  time  of  the  Rebellion.  By  1860  one  hun- 
dred and  ten  banks  had  been  established  under  it  with  an  aggregate  circulation  of  $12,- 
320,964.  In  November,  1862,  only  twenty-two  remained  solvent,  while  ninety-three  had 
suspended  or  gone  out  of  business.  The  banks  in  liquidation  paid  on  their  circulation 
all  the  way  from  par  to  as  little  as  forty-nine  cents  on  the  dollar,  the  average  being  about 
sixty,  involving  a  lossof  nearly  $4,000,000. — Afoses'  History  of  Illinois. 

t\V.  K.  Ackennan,  a  former  President  of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company,  in 
his  "  Historical  Sketch  "  in  reference  to  that  enterprise,  claims  this  honor  for  Lieu t.-Gov. 
Alexander  M.  Jenkins,  in  the  Senate  in  1832.  Jenkins  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor 
the  same  year,  serving  until  the  close  of  1834. 

}A  special  charter  for  such  a  road  had  passed  the  Illinois  Legislature  in  1834. — Acker- 
man. 


ILLINOIS — FRENCH    AND   MATTESON.  89 

richest  ana  most  populous  portions  of  the  State.  The  fund 
already  received  by  the  State  from  the  road  exceeds  the  amount 
of  the  State  debt  incurred  under  the  internal  improvement 
scheme  of  1837.* 

On  his  retirement  from  the  governorship,  Governor  French 
was  appointed  one  of  the  State  Bank  Commissioners,  and  still 
later  became  a  professor  of  law  in  McKendree  College,  at  Leba- 
non. In  1862  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention from  St.  Clair,  and  died  at  Lebanon,  September  4,  1864. 

Joel  A.  Matteson  (Democrat)  was  elected  Governor  at  the 
November  election,  in  1852,  receiving  80,645  votes  to  64,405  for 
Edwin  B.  Webb,f  Whig,  and  8,809  for  Dexter  A.  Knowlton, 
Free-Soil.  The  other  State  officers  elected,  were  Gustavus 
Kcerner,  Lieutenant-Governor;  Alexander  Starne,  Secretary  of 
State;  Thomas  H.  Campbell,  Auditor;  and  John  Moore,  Treas- 
urer. The  Whig  candidates  for  these  offices,  respectively  were 
James  L.  D.  Morrison,  Buckner  S.  Morris,  Charles  A.  Betts  and 
Francis  Arenz.  John  A.  Logan  appeared  among  the  new  mem- 
bers of  the  House  chosen  at  this  election  as  a  Representative 
from  Jackson  County ;  while  Henry  W.  Blodgett,  since  United 
States  District  Judge  for  the  Northern  District  of  Illinois,  and 
now  counsel  of  the  American  Arbitrators  of  the  Behring  Sea 
Commission,  was  the  only  Free-Soil  member,  being  the  Repre- 
sentative from  Lake  County.  John  Reynolds,  who  had  been 
Governor,  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  Member  of  Con- 
gress, was  a  member  of  the  House  and  was  elected  Speaker. 

The  State  debt  reached  its  maximum  at  the  beginning  of 
Matteson's  administration,  amounting  to  $16,724,177,  of  which 
$7,259,822  was  canal  debt.  The  State  had  now  entered  upon  a 
new  and  prosperous  period,  and  in  the  next  four  years  the  debt 
was  reduced  by  the  sum  of  $4,564,840,  leaving  the  amount  out- 

*For  a  detailed  history  of  this  great  enterprise  see  "Moses1  History  of  Illinois," 
Vol.  II,  pp.  572-58°. 

tWebb  was  a  brother  of  James  Watson  Webb,  for  many  years  editor  of  the  New  York 
Courier  and  Enquirer,  and  afterward  Minister  to  Brazil  by  appointment  of  President 
Lincoln. 


9O  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

standing,  January  i,  1857,  $I2)834,i44.  The  three  State  insti- 
tutions at  Jacksonville — the  Asylums  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb, 
the  Blind,  and  Insane — had  been  in  successful  operation  several 
years,  but  now  internal  dissensions  and  dissatisfaction  with  their 
management  seriously  interfered  with  their  prosperity  and 
finally  led  to  revolutions  which,  for  a  time,  impaired  their  use- 
fulness. 

During  Matteson's  administration  a  period  of  political  ex- 
citement began,  caused  by  the  introduction  in  the  United  States 
Setiate,  in  January,  1854,  by  Senator  Douglas,  of  Illinois,  of 
the  bill  for  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise — otherwise 
known  as  the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill.  Although  this  belongs 
rather  to  National  history,  the  prominent  part  played  in  it  by  an 
Illinois  statesman  who  had  won  applause  three  or  four  years  be- 
fore by  the  service  he  had  performed  in  securing  the  passage  of 
the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  grant,  and  the  effect  which  his 
course  had  in  revolutionizing  the  politics  of  the  State,  justifies 
reference  to  it  here.  After  a  debate,  almost  unprecedented  in 
bitterness,  it  became  a  law,  May  30,  1854.  The  agitation  in 
Illinois  was  intense.  At  Chicago,  Douglas  was  practically  de- 
nied a  hearing.  Going  to  Springfield,  where  the  State  Fair  was 
in  progress  during  the  first  week  of  October,  1854,  he  made  a 
speech  in  the  State  Capitol  in  his  defense.  This  was  replied  to 
by  Abraham  Lincoln,  then  a  private  citizen,  to  whom  Douglas 
made  a  rejoinder.  Speeches  were  also  made  in  criticism  of 
Douglas'  position  by  Judges  Breese  and  Trumbull  (both  of 
whom  had  been  prominent  Democrats)  and  other  Democratic 
leaders  were  understood  to  be  ready  to  assail  the  champion  of 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  bill,  though  the}^  afterward  thought  better 
of  it  and  became  supporters  of  the  measure.  The  first  State 
Convention  of  opponents  of  the  Nebraska  Bill  was  held  at  the 
same  time,  but  the  attendance  was  small  and  the  attempt  to 
effect  a  permanent  organization  was  not  successful.  At  the  ses- 
sion of  the  Nineteenth  General  Assembly,  which  met  in  January 
following,  Lyman  Trumbull  was  chosen  the  first  Republican 


ILLINOIS  —  FRENCH    AND    MATTESON.  91 

United  States  Senator  from  Illinois,  in  place  of  General  Shields, 
whose  term  was  about  to  expire.  Trumbull  was  elected  on  the 
tenth  ballot,  receiving  fifty-one  votes  to  forty-seven  for  Governor 
Matteson,  though  Lincoln  had  led  on  the  Republican  side  at 
every  previous  ballot,  and  on  the  first  had  come  within  six  votes 
of  an  election.  Although  he  was  then  the  choice  of  a  large  major- 
ity of  the  opposition  to  the  Democratic  candidate,  when  Lincoln 
saw  that  the  original  supporters  of  Trtrmbull  would  not  cast 
their  votes  for  himself,  he  generously  insisted  that  his  friends 
should  support  his  rival,  thus  determining  the  result. 

On  the  twenty-second  of  February,  1856,  occurred  the  con- 
vention of  Anti-Nebraska  (Republican)  editors  at  Decatur, 
which  proved  the  first  effective  step  in  consolidating  the  opposi- 
tion to  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  into  a  compact  political  organ- 
ization. The  main  business  of  this  convention  consisted  in  the 
adoption  of  a  series  of  resolutions  defining  the  position  of  their 
authors  on  National  questions — especially  with  reference  to  the 
institution  of  slavery — and  appointing  a  State  Convention  to  be 
held  at  Bloomington,  May  agth,  following.  A  State  Central 
Committee  to  represent  the  new  party  was  also  appointed  at  this 
convention.  With  two  or  three  exceptions  the  Committeemen 
accepted  and  joined  in  the  call  for  the  State  Convention,  which 
was  held  at  the  time  designated,  when  the  first  Republican  State 
ticket  was  put  in  the  field.  Among  the  distinguished  men  who 
participated  in  this  Convention  were  Abraham  Lincoln,  O.  H. 
Browning,  Richard  Yates,  Owen  Lovejoy,  John  M.  Palmer, 
Isaac  N.  Arnold  and  John  Wentworth.  Palmer  presided,  while 
Abraham  Lincoln,  who  was  one  of  the  chief  speakers,  was  one 
of  the  delegates  appointed  to  the  National  Convention,  held  at 
Philadelphia  on  the  seventeenth  of  June.  The  candidates  put  in 
nomination  for  State  offices  were :  William  H.  Bissell,  for  Governor; 
Francis  A.  Hoffman,  for  Lieutenant-Governor  (afterward  replaced 
by  John  Wood  on  account  of  ineligibility);  Ozias  M.  Hatch,  for 
Secretary  of  State;  Jesse  K.  Dubois,  for  Auditor;  James  H. 
Miller,  for  State  Treasurer,  and  William  H.  Powell  for  Superin- 


92  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

tendent  of  Public  instruction.  The  Democratic  ticket  was  com- 
posed of  William  A.  Richardson,  for  Governor;  R.  J.  Hamilton, 
Lieutenant-Governor;  W.  H.  Snyder,  Secretary  of  State;  S.  K. 
Casey,  Auditor;  John  Moore,  Treasurer,  and  J.  H.  St.  Matthew, 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.  The  American  organiza- 
tion also  nominated  a  ticket  headed  by  Buckner  S.  Morris  for 
Governor.  Although  the  Democrats  carried  the  State  for  Bu- 
chanan, their  candidate  for  President,  by  a  plurality  of  9,159, 
the  entire  Republican  State  ticket  was  elected  by  pluralities 
ranging  from  3,031  to  20,213 — the  latter  being  the  majority  for 
Miller,  candidate  for  State  Treasurer,  whose  name  was  on  both 
the  Republican  and  American  tickets. 


CHAPTER   X. 


ILLINOIS  UNDER  REPUBLICAN  RULE. 

THE  ADMINISTRATION  OF  GOVERNOR  BISSELL — PERSONAL  SKETCp 
— GOV.    JOHN    WOOD  —  CAMPAIGN    OF    1860  —  LINCOLN  AND 
YATES  —  THE   REBELLION  —  ILLINOIS   IN   THE   GREAT 
STRUGGLE — PEACE  MEETINGS  IN  1863 — CAMP  DOUG- 
LAS  CONSPIRACY  —  CAMPAIGN    OF    1864  —  AS- 
SASSINATION   OF    LINCOLN  —  THE    LOYAL 
WOMEN     OF     ILLINOIS  —  OGLESBY'S 
ADMINISTRATION. 

ITH  the  inauguration  of  Governor 
Bissell,  the  Republican  party  en- 
tered upon  the  control  of  the  State 
Government,  which  was  maintained 
without  interruption  until  the  close 
of  the  administration  of  Governor  Fifer,  in 
January,  1893 — a  period  of  thirty-six  years. 
On  account  of  physical  disability  Bissell's  in- 
auguration took  place  in  the  executive  mansion, 
January  12,  1857.  He  was  immediately  made  the  object  of  viru- 
lent personal  attack  in  the  House,  being  charged  with  perjury  in 
taking  the  oath  of  office  in  face  of  the  fact  that,  while  a  member 
of  Congress,  he  had  accepted  a  challenge  to  fight  a  duel  with 
Jefferson  Davis.  To  this,  the  reply  was  made  that  the  offense 
charged  took  place  outside  of  the  State  and  beyond  the  legal 
jurisdiction  of  the  Constitution  of  Illinois. 

While  the  State  continued  to  prosper  under  Bissell's  admin- 
istration, the  most  important  events  of  this  period  related  rather 


94  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

• 

to  general  than  to  State  policy.  One  of  these  was  the  delivery 
by  Abraham  Lincoln,  in  the  Hall  of  Representatives,  on  the 
evening  of  June  17,  1858,  of  the  celebrated  speech  in  which  he 
announced  the  doctrine  that  "  a  house  divided  against  itself  can- 
not stand."  This  was  followed  during  the  next  few  months  by 
the  series  of  memorable  debates  between  those  two  great  cham- 
pions of  their  respective  parties — Lincoln  and  Douglas — which 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  whole  land.  The  result  was  the 
re-election  of  Douglas  to  the  United  States  Senate  for  a  third 
term,  but  it  also  made  Abraham  Lincoln  President  of  the  United 
States. 

About  the  middle  of  Bissell's  term  (February,  1859),  came 
the  discovery  of  what  has  since  been  known  as  the  celebrated 
"  Canal  Scrip  Fraud."  This  consisted  in  the  fraudulent  funding 
in  State  bonds  of  a  large  amount  of  State  scrip,  which  had  been 
issued  for  temporary  purposes  during  the  construction  of  the 
Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  but  which  had  been  subsequently 
redeemed.  A  legislative  investigation  proved  the  amount  ille- 
gally funded  to  have  been  $223,182,  and  that  the  bulk  of  the 
bonds  issued  therefor — so  far  as  they  could  be  traced — had  been 
delivered  to  ex-Gov.  Joel  A.  Matteson.  For  this  amount,  with 
accrued  interest,  he  gave  to  the  State  an  indemnity  bond,  secured 
by  real  estate  mortgages,  from  which  the  State  eventually  realized 
$238,000  out  of  $255,000,  then  due.  Further  investigation  proved 
additional  frauds  of  like  character,  aggregating  $165,346,  which 
the  State  never  recovered.  An  attempt  was  made  to  prosecute 
Matteson  criminally  in  the  Sangamon  County  Circuit  Court,  but 
the  grand  jury  failed,  by  a  close  vote,  to  find  an  indictment 
against  him.  He  died  in  Chicago,  January  31,  1873. 

At  the  time  of  his  election  to  the  Governorship,  Bissell  was 
already  a  conspicuous  figure  in  National  and  State  politics.  A 
native  of  New  York,  on  coming  to  Illinois  he  began  the  practice 
of  his  profession  as  a  physician  in  Monroe  County,  but  afterward 
adopted  the  profession  of  law  and  entered  the  Legislature.  As 
Colonel  of  the  Second  Regiment  of  Illinois  Volunteers  during 


ILLINOIS — UNDER   REPUBLICAN   RULE.  95 

the  Mexican  War,  he  showed  himself  a  brave  soldier  at  the  bat- 
tle of  Buena  Vista  and  elsewhere,  and  afterward  served  three 
terms  in  Congress,  during  which  he  proved  his  courage  by  ac- 
cepting a  challenge  to  a  duel  from  Jefferson  Davis.  Although  a 
Democrat,  he  had  also  taken  a  leading  part  in  conjunction  with 
Washburne,  Wentworth,  Norton,  Knox  and  Yates,  his  Illinois 
colleagues,  in  opposition  to  the  Nebraska  Bill.  At  the  time  of 
his  nomination  he  was  an  invalid,  having  received  an  injury  to 
his  spine  from  which  he  never  recovered,  and  was  not  able  to 
enter  actively  into  the  campaign.  He  died  in  office,  March  18, 
1860,  having  barely  entered  upon  the  fourth  year  of  his  official 
term.  His  remains  lie  buried  in  Oak  Ridge  Cemetery,  at 
Springfield,  where  a  monument  has  been  erected  to  his  memory. 

Lieut.-Gov.  John  Wood,  who  succeeded  to  Bissell's  unex- 
pired  term,  was  a  native  of  New  York,  born  December  20,  1798. 
He  came  to  Illinois  in  1819,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
city  of  Quincy,  where  he  built  the  first  log-cabin  in  1822,  and 
where  he  died  June  n,  1880.  He  was  a  large-hearted,  public- 
spirited  man — an  excellent  specimen  of  the  enterprising,  pro- 
gressive pioneer.  He  served  the  Slate  as  Quartermaster-Gen- 
eral for  the  first  two  years  after  the  opening  of  the.  War  of  the 
Rebellion,  and  assisted  in  equipping  all  the  earlier  regiments 
sent  to  the  field.  Although  advanced  in  years,  he  then  raised  a 
regiment  of  one-hundred-day  men  with  which  he  saw  some  ser- 
vice at  Memphis. 

The  political  campaign  of  1860  was  one  of  unparalleled  ex- 
citement throughout  the  nation,  but  especially  in  Illinois,  which 
became,  in  a  certain  sense,  the  chief  battle-ground,  furnishing 
the  successful  candidate  for  the  Presidency,  as  well  as  being  the 
State  in  which  the  convention  which  nominated  him  met.  The 
Republican  State  Convention,  held  at  Decatur,  May  9,  put  in 
nomination  Richard  Yates,  of  Morgan  County,  for  Governor; 
Francis  A.  Hoffman  for  Lieutenant-Govern  or,  O.  M.  Hatch  for 
Secretary  of  State,  Jesse  K.  Dubois,  for  Auditor,  William  Butler, 
for  Treasurer,  and  Newton  Bateman  for  Superintendent  of  Public 


96  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Instruction.  If  this  campaign  was  memorable  for  its  excite- 
ment, it  was  also  memorable  for  the  large  number  of  National 
and  State  tickets  in  the  field.  The  National  Republican  Con- 
vention assembled  at  Chicago,  May  16,  and,  on  the  third  ballot, 
Abraham  Lincoln  was  nominated  for  President  amid  a  whirl- 
wind of  enthusiasm  unsurpassed  in  the  history  of  National 
Conventions,  of  which  so  many  have  been  held  in  the  "  conven- 
tion city"  of  the  Northwest.  The  campaign  was  what  might 
have  been  expected  from  such  a  beginning.  Lincoln,  though  re- 
ceiving considerably  less  than  one-half  the  popular  vote,  had  a 
plurality  over  his  highest  competitor  of  nearly  half  a  million 
votes,  and  a  majority  in  the  electoral  colleges  of  57.  In  the 
State  he  received  172,161  votes  to  160,215  for  Douglas,  his  lead- 
ing competitor.  The  vote  for  Governor  stood:  Yates  (Repub- 
lican) 172,196;  Allen  (Douglas-Democrat)  159,253;  Hope  (Breck- 
inridge  Democrat)  2,049;  Stuart  (American)  1,626. 

Among  the  prominent  men  of  different  parties  who  appeared 
for  the  first  time  in  the  General  Assembly  chosen  at  this  time, 
were  William  B.  Ogden,  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  A.  W.  Mack, 
Washington  Bushnell,  William  Jayne,  and  Henry  E.  Duniuier, 
of  the  Senate,  and  William  R.  Archer,  J.  Russell  Jones,  Robert 
H.  McClellan,  J.  Young  Scaninion,  William  H.  Brown,  Lawrence 
Weldon,  R.  B.  Latham,  N.  M.  Broadwell,  A.  G.  Burr,  and  John 
Scholfield,  in  the  House.  Shelby  M.  Cullom,  who  had  entered 
the  Legislature  at  the  previous  session,  was  re-elected  to  this 
and  was  chosen  Speaker  of  the  House  over  the  late  J.  W.  Single- 
ton. Lyman  Trumbull  was  re-elected  to  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate by  the  votes  of  the  Republicans  over  Samuel  S.  Marshall, 
the  Democratic  candidate. 

Almost  simultaneously  with  the  accession  of  the  new  State 
Government,  and  before  the  inauguration  of  the  President  at 
Washington,  began  that  series  of  startling  events  which  ulti- 
mately culminated  in  the  attempted  secession  of  eleven  States 
of  the  Union — the  first  acts  in  the  great  drama  of  war  which 
occupied  the  attention  of  the  world  for  the  next  four  years.  On 


ILLINOIS  —  UNDER    REPUBLICAN    RULE.  97 

January  14,  1861,  the  new  State  administration  was  inaugu- 
rated; on  February  2,  Commissioners  to  the  futile  Peace  Conven- 
tion held  at  Washington,  were  appointed  from  Illinois,  consist- 
ing of  Stephen  T.  Logan,  John  M.  Palmer,  ex-Gov.  John  Wood, 
B.  C.  Cook  and  T.  J.  Turner;  and  on  February  nth,  Abraham 
Lincoln  took  leave  of  his  friends  and  neighbors  at  Springfield  on 
his  departure  for  Washington,  in  that  simple,  touching  speech 
which  has  taken  a  place  beside  his  inaugural  addresses  and  his 
Gettysburg  speech,  as  an  American  classic.  The  events  which 
followed;  the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter  on  the  i2th  of  April  and 
its  surrender;  the  call  for  75,000  troops  and  the  excitement 
which  prevailed  all  over  the  country,  are  matters  of  National 
history.  Illinoisans  responded  with  promptness  and  enthusiasm 
to  the  call  for  six  regiments  of  State  militia  for  three  months' 
service,  and  one  week  later  (April  21)  Gen.  R.  K.  Swift,  of  Chi- 
cago, at  the  head  of  seven  companies,  numbering  595  men,  was 
en  route  for  Cairo  to  execute  the  order  of  the  Secretary  of  War 
for  the  occupation  of  that  place.  The  offer  of  military  organi- 
zations proceeded  rapidly,  and  by  the  iSth  of  April,  fifty  com- 
panies had  been  tendered,  while  the  public-spirited  and  patriotic 
bankers  of  the  principal  cities  were  offering  to  supply  the  State 
with  money  to  arm  and  equip  the  hastily  organized  troops.  Fol- 
lowing in  order  the  six  regiments  which  Illinois  had  sent  to  the 
Mexican  War,  those  called  out  for  the  three  months'  service  in 
1861  were  numbered  consecutively  from  seven  to  twelve,  and 
were  commanded  by  the  following  officers,  respectively:  Cols. 
John  Cook,  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Eleazer  A.  Paine,  James  D. 
Morgan,  W.  H.  L-  Wallace  and  John  McArthur,  with  Gen.  Ben- 
jamin M.  Prentiss  as  brigade  commander.  The  rank  and  file 
numbered  4,680  men,  of  whom  2,000,  at  the  end  of  their  term  of 
service,  re-enlisted  for  three  years. 

Among  the  many  who  visited  the  State  Capitol  in  the  early 
mouths  of  the  war  to  offer  their  services  to  the  Government  in 
suppressing  the  Rebellion,  one  of  the  most  modest  and  unassum- 
ing was  a  gentleman  from  Galena  who  brought  a  letter  of  intro- 


98  THK    WHITE    CITY  —  II.LIXOIS. 

duction  to  Governor  Yates  from  Congressman  E.  B.  Washburne. 
Though  he  had  been  a  captain  in  the  regular  army  and  had  seen 
service  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  he  set  up  110  pretension  on  that 
account,  but  after  days  of  patient  waiting,  was  given  temporary 
employment  as  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  Adjutant-General, 
Col.  T.  S.  Mather.  Finally,  an  emergency  having  arisen  re- 
quiring the  services  of  an  officer  of  military  experience  as  com- 
mandant at  Camp  Yates  (a  camp  of  rendezvous  and  instruction 
near  Springfield),  he  was  assigned  to  the  place,  rather  as  an  ex- 
periment and  from  necessity  than  from  conviction  of  any  pecul- 
iar fitness  for  the  position.  Having  acquitted  himself  creditably 
here,  he  was  assigned,  a  few  weeks  later,  to  the  command  of  a 
regiment  (the  Twenty-first  Illinois  Volunteers)  which,  from 
previous  bad  management,  had  manifested  a  mutinous  tendency. 
And  thus  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  the  most  successful  leader  of  the 
war,  the  organizer  of  final  victory  over  the  Rebellion,  the  Lieu- 
tenant-General of  the  armies  of  the  Union  and  twice  elected 
President  of  the  United  States,  started  upon  that  career  which 
won  for  him  the  plaudits  of  the  Nation  and  the  title  of  the  grand- 
est soldier  of  his  time. 

The  responses  of  Illinois,  under  the  leadership  of  its 
patriotic  "  War  Governor,"  Richard  Yates,  to  the  repeated  calls 
for  volunteers  through  the  four  years  of  war,  were  cheerful  and 
prompt.  Illinois  troops  took  part  in  nearly  every  important  bat- 
tle in  the  Mississippi  Valley  and  in  many  of  those  in  the  East, 
besides  accompanying  Sherman  in  his  triumphal  "March  to  the 
Sea."  Illinois  blood  stained  the  field  at  Belmont,  at  .Wilson's 
Creek,  Lexington,  Forts  Donelson  and  Henry;  at  Shiloh,  Cor- 
inth, Nashville,  Stone  River  and  Chicamauga;  at  Jackson,  the 
Siege  of  Vicksburg,  Allatoona  Pass,  Kenesaw  Mountain,  Resaca, 
Peach  Tree  Creek  and  Atlanta,  in  the  South  and  West;  and  at 
Chancellorsville,  Antietam,  Gettysburg,  Petersbiirg  and  in  the 
battles  of  "  the  Wilderness "  in  the  East.  Of  all  the  States  of 
the  Union,  Illinois  alone,  up  to  February  i,  1864,  presented  the 
proud  record  of  having  answered  every  call  upon  her  for  troops 


ILLINOIS  —  UNDER   REPUBLICAN   RULE.  99 

without  a  draft.  The  whole  number  of  enlistments  from  the 
State  under  the  various  calls  from  1861  to  1865,  were  255,057  to 
meet  quotas  aggregating  244,496*.  The  ratio  of  troops  furnished 
to  population  was  15.1  per  cent.,  which  was  only  exceeded  by  the 
District  of  Columbia  (which  had  a  large  influx  from  the  States), 
and  Kansas  and  Nevada,  each  of  which  had  a  much  larger  pro- 
portion of  adult  male  population.  The  whole  number  of  regi- 
mental organizations,  according  to  the  returns  in  the  Adjutant- 
General's  office,  was  151  regiments  of  infantry  (numbered 
consecutively  from  the  Sixth  to  the  One  Hundred  and  Fifty- 
seventh),  17  regiments  of  cavalry  and  two  regiments  of  artillery, 
besides  nine  independent  batteries.  The  total  losses  of  Illinois 
troops,  officially  reported  by  the  War  Department,  were 
34,834  (13.65  percent.),  of  which  5,874  were  killed  in  battle, 
4,020  died  of  wounds,  22,786  died  of  disease,  and  2,154  from 
other  causes.  Besides  the  great  Commander-in-Chief,  Abraham 
Lincoln,  and  Lieut.-Gen.  U.  S.  Grant,  Illinois  furnished  eleven 
full  Major-Generals  of  volunteers,  viz. :  Generals  John  Pope, 
John  A.  McClernand,  S.  A.  Hurlbut,  B.  M.  Prentiss,  John  M. 
Palmer,  R.  J.  Oglesby,  John  A.  Logan,  John  M.  Schofield,  Giles 
A.  Smith,  Wesley  Merritt  and  Benjamin  H.  Grierson;  twenty 
Brevet  Major-Generals;  twenty-four  Brigadier-Generals,  and 
over  1 20  Brevet  Brigadier-Generals.  Among  the  long  list  of 
regimental  officers  who  fell  upon  the  field  or  died  from  wounds 
appear  the  names  of  Col.  J.  R.  Scott,  of  the  igth;  Col.  Thomas 
D.  Williams,  of  the  25th;  and  Col.  F.  A.  Harrington,  of  the 
27th — all  killed  at  Stone  River;  Col.  J.  W.  S.  Alexander,  of  the 
2ist;  Col.  Daniel  Gilmer,  of  the  38th;  Lieut.-Col.  Duncan  J. 
Hall,  of  the  Sgth;  Col.  Timothy  O'Meara,  of  the  9Oth;  and  Col. 
Holden  Putnam,  at  Chicarnauga  and  Missionary  Ridge;  Col. 
John  B.  Wyman,  of  the  i3th,  at  Chickasaw  Bayou;  Lieut.-Col. 
Thomas  W.  Ross,  of  the  32nd,  at  Shiloh;  Col.  John  A.  Davis,  of 
the  46th,  at  Hatchie;  Col.  William  A.  Dickerman,  of  the  iO3d, 

*According  to  the  account  of  the  United  States  War  Department.     According  to  the 
State  account,  the  quota  was  231,488  and  the  number  credited  226,592. 


TOO  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

at  Resaca ;  Col.  Oscar  Harmon  at  Kenesaw ;  Col.  John  A.  Bross 
at  Petersburg,  besides  Col.  Mihalotzy,  Col.  Silas  Miller,  Lieut.- 
Col.  Melancthon  Smith,  Maj.  Zenas  Applington,  Col.  John  J. 
Mudd,  Col.  Matthew  H.  Starr,  Maj.  Wm.  H.  Medill,  Col.  War- 
ren Stewart  and  many  more  on  other  battle-fields.  It  would  be 
a  grateful  task  to  here  record  the  names  of  a  host  of  others,  who, 
after  acquitting  themselves  bravely  on  the  field,  survived  to  en- 
joy the  plaudits  of  a  grateful  people,  but  this  would  be  beyond 
the  design  and  scope  of  the  present  work. 

One  of  the  most  brilliant  exploits  of  the  War  was  the  raid 
from  Memphis  to  Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana,  in  May,  1863,  led  by 
Col.  B.  H.  Grierson,  of  the  6th  Illinois  Cavalry,  in  co-operation 
with  the  yth  iinder  command  of  Col.  Edward  Prince. 

An  incident  of  a  different  character  was  the  calling  of  a 
convention  to  revise  the  State  Constitution,  and  which  met  at 
Springfield,  January  7,  1862.  A  majority  of  this  body  was 
composed  of  those  opposed  to  the  war  policy  of  the  Government, 
and  a  disposition  to  interfere  with  the  affairs  of  the  State  admin- 
istration and  the  General  Government  was  soon  manifested, 
which  was  resented  by  the  executive  and  many  of  the  soldiers  in 
the  field.  The  convention  adjourned  March  24,  and  its  work 
was  submitted  to  vote  of  the  people,  June  17,  1862,  when  it  was 
rejected  by  a  majority  of  more  than  16,000,  not  counting  the 
soldiers  in  the  field  who  were  permitted  as  a  matter  of  policy  to 
vote  upon  it,  but  who  were  practically  unanimous  in  opposition 
to  it. 

A  few  days  before  this  election  (June  3,  1862),  United  States 
Senator  Stephen  A.  Douglas  died,  at  the  Tremont  House  in  Chi- 
cago, depriving  the  Democratic  party  of  the  State  of  its  most 
sagacious  and  patriotic  adviser. 

Another  political  incident  of  this  period  grew  out  of  the 
session  of  the  General  Assembly  of  1863.  This  body  having 
been  elected  on  the  tide  of  the  political  revulsion  which  followed 
the  issuance  of  President  Lincoln's  preliminary  Proclamation  of 
Emancipation,  was  Democratic  in  both  branches.  One  of  its 


ILLINOIS  —  UNDER   REPUBLICAN   RULE.  IOI 

» 

first  acts  was  the  election  of  William  A.  Richardson  United 
States  Senator,  in  place  of  O.  H.  Browning,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Yates  to  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death 
of  Douglas.  This  Legislature  early  showed  a  tendency  to  follow 
in  the  footsteps  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1862,  by  at- 
tempting to  cripple  the  State  and  General  Governments  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  war.  Resolutions  on  the  subject  of  the  war, 
which  the  friends  of  the  Union  regarded  as  of  a  most  mischievous 
character,  were  introduced  and  passed  in  the  House,  but  owing  to 
the  death  of  a  member  on  the  majority  side,  failed  to  pass  the 
Senate.  These  denounced  the  suspension  of  the  writ  of  habeas 
corpus;  condemned  "the  attempted  enforcement  of  compensated 
emancipation"  and  "the  transportation  of  negroes  into  the 
State;"  accused  the  General  Government  of  "Usurpation,"  of 
"subverting  the  Constitution"  and  attempting  to  establish  a 
"consolidated  military  despotism;"  charged  that  the  war  had 
been  "diverted  from  its  first  avowed  object  to  that  of  subjugation 
and  the  abolition  of  slavery;"  declared  the  belief  of  the  authors 
that  its  "  further  prosecution cannot  result  in  the  restora- 
tion of  the  Union unless  the  President's  Emancipation 

Proclamation  be  withdrawn ;"  appealed  to  Congress  to  secure  an 
armistice  with  the  rebel  States,  and  closed  by  appointing  six 
Commissioners  (who  were  named)  to  confer  with  Congress  with 
a  view  to  the  holding  of  a  National  Convention  to  adjust  the 
differences  between  the  States.  These  measures  occupied  the 
attention  of  the  Legislature  to  the  exclusion  of  subjects  of  State 
interest,  so  that  little  legislation  was  accomplished — not  even  the 
ordinary  appropriation  bills  being  passed. 

At  this  juncture,  the  two  Houses  having  disagreed  as  to  the 
date  of  adjournment,  Governor  Yates  exercised  the  constitutional 
prerogative  of  proroguing  them,  which  he  did  in  a  message  on 
June  loth,  declaring  them  adjourned  to  the  last  day  of  their  con- 
stitutional term.  The  Republicans  accepted  the  result  and 
withdrew,  but  the  Democratic  majority  in  the  House  and  a 
minority  in  the  Senate  continued  in  session  for  some  days  with- 


102  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

* 

out  being  able  to  transact  any  business  except  the  filing  of  an 
empty  protest,  when  they  adjourned  to  the  first  Monday  of  Jan- 
uary, 1864.  The  excitement  produced  by  this  affair,  in  the 
Legislature  and  throughout  the  State,  was  intense,  but  the  ac- 
tion of  Governor  Yates  was  sustained  by  the  Supreme  Court  and 
the  adjourned  session  was  never  held.  The  failure  of  the  Legis- 
lature to  make  provision  for  the  expenses  of  the  State  Govern- 
ment and  the  relief  of  the  soldiers  in  the  field,  made  it  necessary 
for  Governor  Yates  to  accept  that  aid  from  the  public-spirited 
bankers  and  capitalists  of  the  State  which  was  never  wanting 
when  needed  during  this  critical  period. 

Largely  attended  "  peace  conventions  "  were  held  during  this 
year,  at  Springfield  on  the  seventeenth  of  June  and  atPeoria  in  Sep- 
tember, at  which  resolutions  opposing  the  "further  offensive  prose- 
cution of  the  war"  were  adopted.  An  immense  Union  mass- 
meeting  was  also  held  at  Springfield  on  the  third  of  Sep- 
tember, which  was  addressed  by  leading  War-Democrats.  An 
important  incident  of  this  meeting  was  the  reading  of  the  letter 
from  President  Lincoln  to  Hon.  James  C.  Colliding,  in  which  he 
defended  his  war  policy  and  especially  his  Emancipation  Procla- 
mation 'in  a  characteristically  logical  manner. 

The  year  1864  was  full  of  exciting  political  and  military 
events.  Among  the  former  was  the  nomination  of  Gen.  George 
B.  McClellan  as  the  Democratic  candidate  for  President,  by  a 
convention  held  at  Chicago,  August  29th,  on  a  platform  declaring 
the  war  a  "failure"  as  an  "experiment"  for  restoring  the  Union, 
and  demanding  a  "cessation  of  hostilities"  with  a  view  to  a  con- 
vention for  the  restoration  of  peace.  Mr.  Lincoln  had  been  re- 
nominated  by  the  Republicans  at  Philadelphia,  in  June  previous, 
with  Andrew  Johnson  for  Vice-Presideut.  The  leaders  of  the  re- 
spective State  tickets  were  Gen.  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  on  the  part 
of  the  Republicans,  for  Governor,  with  William  Bross,  for  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor,  and  James  C.  Robinson  as  the  Democratic  can- 
didate for  Governor. 

For  months  rumors  had  been  rife  concerning  a  conspiracy 


ILLINOIS  —  UNDER    REPUBLICAN   RULE.  103 

of  rebels  from  the  South  and  their  sympathizers  in  the  North, 
to  release  the  rebel  prisoners  confined  in  Camp  Douglas,  near 
Chicago,  and  at  Rock  Island,  Springfield  and  Alton — aggrega- 
ting over  25,000  men.  It  was  charged  that  the  scheme  was  to  be 
put  into  effect  simultaneously  with  the  November  election,  but 
the  activity  of  the  military  authorities  in  arresting  the  leaders 
and  seizing  their  arms,  defeated  it.  The  investigations  of  a 
military  court  before  whom  a  number  of  the  arrested  parties 
were  tried,  proved  the  existence  of  an  extensive  organization, 
calling  itself "  American  Knights"  or  "Sons  of  L/iberty,"  of 
which  a  number  of  well-known  politicians  in  Illinois  were 
members. 

At  the  November  election  Illinois  gave  a  majority  for  Lin- 
coln of  30,756,  and  for  Oglesby,  for  Governor,  of  33,675,  with  a 
proportionate  majority  for  the  rest  of  the  ticket.  Lincoln's 
electoral  vote  was  212  to  21  for  McClellan. 

The  Republicans  had  a  decided  majority  in  both  branches  of 
the  Legislature  of  1865,  and  one  of  its  earliest  acts  was  the 
election  of  Governor  Yates,  United  States  Senator,  in  place  of 
William  A.  Richardson,  who  had  been  elected  two  years  before 
to  the  seat  formerly  held  by  Douglas.  This  was  the  last  public 
position  held  by  the  popular  Illinois  "War  Governor."  Born  in 
Kentucky  in  1815  and  educated  at  Illinois  College,  Jacksonville, 
he  had  been  three  times  elected  to  the  lower  House  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  (1842,  1844  and  1848);  had  served  two  sessions  in 
Congress  (1851  to  1855),  and  had  been  elected  Governor  in  1860, 
serving  through  the  most  critical  four  years  in  the  history  of  the 
State.  A  splendid  specimen  of  manhood  physically,  possessed 
of  great  personal  magnetism,  ambitious,  eloquent  and  patriotic, 
there  was  no  position  to  which,  in  the  estimation  of  his  friends, 
he  might  not  fairly  aspire.  In  spite  of  weaknesses  which  grew 
upon  him  in  his  later  years,  but  which  no  man  deplored  more 
deeply  than  himself,  during  his  official  term  no  more  popular 
public  servant  ever  occupied  the  executive  chair — a  fact  demon- 
strated by  the  promptness  with  which,  on  retiring  from  it,  he 


IO4  THE   WHITE   CITY — ILLINOIS. 

was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate.  His  personal  and 
political  integrity  was  never  questioned  by  his  most  bitter  polit- 
ical opponents,  while  those  who  had  known  him  longest  and 
most  intimately,  trusted  him  most  implicitly.  The  service 
which  he  performed  in  giving  direction  to  the  patriotic  sentiment 
of  the  State  and  in  marshaling  its  heroic  soldiers  for  the  defense 
of  the  Union,  can  never  be  overestimated.  Retiring  from  his 
seat  in  the  Senate  in  1871,  the  next  two  years  were  spent  as  a 
private  citizen  at  his  home  at  Jacksonville,  or  in  the  discharge  of 
some  temporary  duty  for  the  Government.  It  was  in  this  latter 
capacity,  as  a  commissioner  for  the  examination  of  a  railroad, 
that  he  visited  Arkansas  in  the  fall  of  1873.  On  his  return 
from  this  mission  he  died  suddenly  at  Barnum's  Hotel  in  the  city 
of  St.  Louis,  November  27th. 

Governor  Oglesby  and  the  other  State  officers  were  inaugu- 
rated January  1 7th.  Entering  upon  its  duties  with  a  Legisla- 
ture in  full  sympathy  with  it,  the  new  administration  was  con- 
fronted by  no  such  difficulties  as  those  with  which  its  predecessor 
had  to  contend.  Its  head,  who  had  been  identified  with  the  war 
from  its  beginning,  was  one  of  the  first  Illinoisans  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  Major-General,  was  personally  popular  and  enjoyed 
the  confidence  and  respect  of  the  people  of  the  State.  Gov.  Al- 
len C.  Fuller,  who  had  retired  from  a  position  on  the  circuit 
bench  to  accept  that  of  Adjutant-General,  which  he  held  during 
the  last  three  years  of  the  war,  was  Speaker  of  the  House.  This 
Legislature  was  the  first  to  ratify  the  XIHth  Amendment  of  the 
National  Constitution  abolishing  slavery,  which  it  did  in  both 
Houses,  on  the  evening  of  February  i,  1865 — the  same  day  the 
resolution  had  been  finally  acted  on  by  Congress  and  received 
the  sanction  of  the  President.  The  odious  "black  laws,"  which 
had  disgraced  the  State  for  twelve  years,  were  wiped  from  the 
statute-book  at  this  session.  The  Legislature  adjourned  after  n 
session  of  46  days,  leaving  a  record  as  creditable  in  the  disposal 
of  business  as  that  of  its  predecessor  had  been  discreditable. 

The  war  was  now  rapidly  approaching  a  successful  terinina- 


ILLINOIS  —  UNDER   REPUBLICAN   RULE.  105 

tion.  Lee  had  surrendered  to  Grant  at  Appomattox,  April  9, 
1865,  and  the  people  were  celebrating  this  event  with  joyful  fes- 
tivities through  all  the  loyal  States,  but  nowhere  with  more 
enthusiasm  than  in  Illinois,  the  home  of  the  two  great  leaders- 
Lincoln  and  Grant.  In  the  midst  of  these  jubilations  came  the 
assassination  of  President  Lincoln  by  John  Wilkes  Booth,  on 
the  evening  of  April  14,  1865,  in  Ford's  Theatre,  Washington. 
The  appalling  news  was  borne  on  the  wings  of  the  telegraph  to 
every  corner  of  the  land,  and  instantly  a  nation  in  rejoicing  was 
changed  to  a  nation  in  mourning.  A  pall  of  gloom  hung  over 
every  part  of  the  land.  Public  buildings,  business  houses  and 
dwellings  in  every  city,  village  and  hamlet  throughout  the  loyal 
States  were  draped  with  the  insignia  of  a  universal  sorrow. 
Millions  of  strong  men  and  tender,  patriotic  women  who  had 
given  their  husbands,  sons  and  brothers  for  the  defense  of  the 
Union,  wept  as  if  overtaken  by  a  great  personal  loss.  If  the  Na- 
tion mourned,  much  more  did  Illinois,  at  the  taking  off  of  its  chief 
citizen,  the  grandest  character  of  the  age,  who  had  served  both 
State  and  Nation  with  such  patriotic  fidelity,  and  perished  in  the 
very  zenith  of  his  fame  and  in  the  hour  of  his  country's  triumph. 

Then  came  the  sorrowful  march  of  the  funeral  cortege  from 
Washington  to  Springfield — the  most  impressive  spectacle  wit- 
nessed since  the  Day  of  the  Crucifixion.  In  all  this,  Illinois  bore 
a  conspicuous  part,  as  on  the  fourth  day  of  May,  1865,  amid  the 
most  solemn  ceremonies  and  in  the  presence  of  sorrowing  thou- 
sands, she  received  to  her  bosom,  near  his  old  home  at  the  State 
Capital,  the  remains  of  the  Great  Liberator. 

The  part  which  Illinois  played  in  the  great  struggle  has 
already  been  dwelt  upon  as  fully  t  as  the  scope  of  this  work  will 
permit.  It  only  remains  to  be  said  that  the  patriotic  service  of 
the  men  of  the  State  was  grandly  supplemented  by  the  equally 
patriotic  service  of  its  women  in  " Soldiers  Aid  Societies,"  "Sis- 
ters of  the  Good  Samaritan,"  "Needle  Pickets"  and  in  sanitary 
organizations  for  the  purpose  of  contributing  to  the  comfort  and 
health  of  the  soldiers  in  camp  and  in  hospital,  and  in  giving  them 


106  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

generous  receptions  on  their  return  to  their  homes.  The  work 
done  by  these  organizations,  and  by  individual  nurses  in  the  field, 
illustrates  one  of  the  brightest  pages  in  the  history  of  the  war. 

The  administration  of  Governor  Oglesby  was  as  peaceful 
as  it  was  prosperous.  The  chief  political  events  of  1866  were 
the  election  of  Newton  Bateman,  State  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  and  Gen.  Geo.  W.  Smith,  Treasurer,  while  Gen. 
John  A.  Logan,  as  Representative  from  the  State-at-large,  re- 
entered  Congress,  from  which  he  had  retired  in  1861  to  enter  the 
Union  army.  His  majority  was  unprecedented,  reaching  55,987. 
The  Legislature  of  1867  re-elected  Judge  Trumbull  to  the  United 
States  Senate  for  a  third  term,  his  chief  competitor  in  the  Repub- 
lican caucus  being  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer.  The  XlVth  Amend- 
ment to  the  National  Constitution,  conferring  citizenship  upon 
persons  of  color,  was  ratified  by  this  Legislature. 

The  Republican  State  Convention  of  1868,  held  at  Peoria, 
May  6th,  nominated  the  following  ticket:  For  Governor,  John 
M.  Palmer;  Lieutenant-Governor,  John  Dougherty;  Secretary  of 
State,  Edward  Ruinniell;  Auditor,  Charles  E.  Lippincott;  State 
Treasurer,  Erastus  N.  Bates;  Attorney-General,  Washington 
Bushnell.  John  R.  Eden,  afterward  a  member,  of  Congress  for 
three  terms,  headed  the  Democratic  ticket  as  candidate  for  Gov- 
ernor, with  William  H.  Van  Epps  for  Lieutenant-Governor. 

The  Republican  National  Convention  was  held  at  Chicago, 
May  2ist,  nominating  U.  S.  Grant  for  President,  and  Schuyler 
Colfax  for  Vice-President.  They  were  opposed  b}*  Horatio  Sey- 
mour, for  President,  and  F.  P.  Blair  for  Vice-President.  The  re- 
sult in  November  was  the  election  of  Grant  and  Colfax,  who  re- 
ceived 214  electoral  votes  from  26  States,  to  So  electoral  votes 
for  Seymour  and  Blair  from  eight  States — three  States  not 
voting.  Grant's  majority  in  Illinois  was  51,150.  Of  course  the 
Republican  State  ticket  was  elected.  The  Legislature  elected  at 
the  same  time  consisted  of  eighteen  Republicans  to  nine  Demo- 
crats in  the  Senate  and  fifty-eight  Republicans  to  twenty-seven 
Democrats  in  the  House. 


CHAPTER   XI. 
REPUBLICAN  ADMINISTRATIONS,  CONTINUED. 

UNDER  THE   CONSTITUTION   OF    1870  —  FROM   PALMER  TO   FIFER 
—THE   CHICAGO  FIRE  —  SKETCHES  OF  EMINENT  MEN  —  PAL- 
MER,    OGLESBY,     CULLOM,     LOGAN,     FIFER,    ETC.  —  NA- 
TIONAL CONVENTIONS  IN  CHICAGO  —  POLITICAL  REV- 
OLUTION   OF    1892 — GOVERNOR    ALTGELD. 

OVERNOR  PALMER'S  administration  began 
auspiciously,  at  a  time  when  the  passions  aroused 
by  the  war  were  subsiding  and  the  State  was  re- 
covering its  normal  prosperity.  Leading  events 
of  the  next  four  years  were  the  adoption  of  a  new 
State  Constitution  and  the  Chicago  fire.  The 
first  steps  in  legislation  looking  to  the  control  of 
railroads,  were  taken  at  the  session  of  1869,  and  although  a 
stringent  law  on  the  subject  passed  both  Houses,  it  was  vetoed  by 
the  Governor.  A  milder  measure  was  afterward  enacted,  and 
although  superseded  by  the  Constitution  of  1870,  it  furnished 
the  key-note  for  much  of  the  legislation  since  had  on  the 
subject. 

The  celebrated  "Lake  Front  Bill,"  conveying  to  the  city  of 
Chicago  and  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  the  title  of  the  State  to 
certain  lands  included  in  what  was  known  as  the  "  Lake  Front 
Park,"  was  passed,  and  although  vetoed  by  the  Governor,  was  re- 
enacted  over  his  veto.  This  act  was  final!}'  repealed  by  the  Legis- 
lature of  1873,  and  after  many  years  of  litigation,  the  rights 
claimed  under  it  by  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company  have 

Illinois.  10T 


108  THE    WHITE    CITY — ILLINOIS. 

been  recently  declared  void  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States. 

The  Fifteenth  Amendment  of  the  National  Constitution, 
prohibiting  the  denial  of  the  right  of  suffrage  to  "  citizens  of  the 
United  States on  account  of  race,  color  or  previous  con- 
dition of  servitude,"  was  ratified  by  a  strictly  party  vote  in  each 
House,  on  March  5th. 

The  first  step  toward  the  erection  of  a  new  State  Capitol  at 
Springfield  had  been  taken  in  an  appropriation  of  $450,000  at  the 
session  of  1867,  the  total  cost  being  limited  to  $3,000,000.  A 
second  appropriation  of  $650,000  was  made  at  the  Session  of  1869. 
The  Constitution  of  1870  limited  the  cost  to  $3,500,000,  but  an 
act  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  1883,  making  a  final  appropria- 
tion of  $531,712  for  completing  and  furnishing  the  building,  was 
ratified  by  the  people  in  1884.  The  original  cost  of  the  building 
and  its  furniture  exceeded  $4,000,000. 

The  State  Convention  for  framing  a  new  Constitution  met 
at  Springfield,  December  13,  1869.  It  consisted  of  eighty-five 
members — forty-four  Republicans  and  forty-one  Democrats.  A 
number  classed  as  Republicans,  however,  were  elected  as  "  Inde- 
pendents "  and  co-operated  with  the  Democrats  in  the  organiza- 
tion. Among  the  prominent  members  were  William  J.  Allen, 
W.  B.  Anderson,  George  W.  Wall,  Silas  L.  Bryan,  W.  H.  Sny- 
der,  W.  H.  Underwood,  John  Scholfield,  Milton  Hay,  O.  H. 
Browning,  O.  C.  Skinner,  A.  M.  Craig,  L.  W.  Ross,  R.  M. 
Benjamin,  Clifton  H.  Moore,  H.  P.  H.  Bronrwell,  L.  D.  Whiting, 
John  Dement,  Jesse  S.  Hildrup,  Lawrence  S.  Church,  Thomas 
J.  Turner,  Wrilliam  Carey  and  H.  H.  Cod}-.  The  delegates  .from 
Cook  County  were  Joseph  Medill,  John  C.  Haines,  S.  Snowden 
Hayes,  W.  C.  Coolbaugh,  Charles  Hitchcock,  Elliott  Anthony 
and  Daniel  Cameron.*  Charles  Hitchcock  was  elected  President. 
The  convention  terminated  its  labors  May  13,  1870;  the  Consti- 
tution was  ratified  by  vote  of  the  people  July  ad,  and  went  into 


*As  to  occupations,  there  were  fifty-three  lawyers,   fourteen  farmers,  thirteen  mer- 
chants, bankers  and  traders  ;  four  physicians  and  one  editor. 


ILLINOIS — REPUBLICAN   ADMINISTRATIONS.  109 

effect  Aug'jst  8,  1870.  A  special  provision  establishing  the 
principle  of  "minority  representation"  in  the  election  of  Repre- 
sentatives in  the  General  Assembly,  was  adopted  by  a  smaller 
vote  than  the  main  instrument.  A  leading  feature  of  the  latter 
was  the  general  restriction  upon  special  legislation  and  the 
enumeration  of  a  large  variety  of  subjects  to  be  provided  for  un- 
der general  laws.  It  laid  the  basis  of  our  present  railroad  and 
warehouse  laws ;  declared  the  inviolability  of  the  Illinois  Central 
Railroad  tax;  prohibited  the  sale  or  lease  of  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal  without  a  vote  of  the  people ;  prohibited  munici- 
palities from  becoming  subscribers  to  the  stock  of  any  railroad  or 
private  corporation;  limited  the  rate  of  taxation  and  amount  of 
indebtedness  to  be  incurred ;  required  the  enactment  of  laws  for 
the  protection  of  miners,  etc.  The  restriction  in  the  old  Consti- 
tution against  the  re-election  of  a  Governor  as  his  own  immediate 
successor,  was  removed,  but  placed  upon  the  office  of  State  Treas- 
urer. The  Legislature  consists  of  two  hundred  and  four  mem- 
bers— fifty-one  Senators  and  one  hundred  fifty -three  Representa- 
tives— one  Senator  and  three  Representatives  being  chosen  from 
each  District. 

At  the  election  of  1870,  General  Logan  was  re-elected  Con- 
gressman-at-large  by  24,672  majority ;  Gen.  E.  N.  Bates,  Treas- 
urer and  Newton  Bateman,  State  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction. 

The  Twenty-seventh  General  Assembly  (1871),  in  its  vari- 
ous sessions,  spent  more  time  in  legislation  than  any  other  in  the 
history  of  the  State — a  fact  to  be  accounted  for,  in  part,  by  the 
Chicago  Fire  and  the  extensive  revision  of  the  laws  required  in 
consequence  of  the  adoption  of  the  new  Constitution.  Besides 
the  regular  session,  there  were  two  special,  or  called,  sessions 
and  an  adjourned  session,  covering  in  all  a  period  of  292  days. 
This  Legislature  adopted  the  system  of  "State  control"  in  the 
management  of  the  labor  and  discipline  of  the  convicts  of  the 
State  penitentiary,  which  was  strongly  urged  by  Governor  Pal- 
mer in  a  special  message.  General  Logan  having  been  elected 


110  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

United  States  Senator  at  this  session,  Gen.  John  L-  Beveridge 
was  elected  to  the  vacant  position  of  Congressmau-at-large  at  a 
special  election  held  October  4th. 

The  calamitous  fire  at  Chicago,  October  8-9,  1871,  though 
belonging  rather  to  local  than  to  general  State  history,  excited 
the  profound  sympathy,  not  only  of  the  people  of  the  State  and 
the  Nation,  but  of  the  civilized  world.  The  area  burned  over,  in- 
cluding streets,  covered  2,124  acres,  with  13,500  buildings  out  of 
18,000,  leaving  92,000  persons  homeless.  The  loss  of  life  is  esti- 
mated at  two  hundred  and  fifty,  and  of  property  at  $187,927,000.* 
Governor  Palmer  called  the  Legislature  together  in  special  ses- 
sion to  act  upon  the  emergency,  October  i3th,  but  as  the  State 
was  precluded  from  affording  direct  aid,  the  plan  was  adopted  of 
re-inibursing  the  city  for  the  amount  it  had  expended  in  the  en- 
largement of  the  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal,  amounting  to 
$2,955,340.  The  unfortunate  shooting  of  a  citizen  by  a  cadet  in  a 
regiment  of  United  States  troops  organized  for  guard  duty,  led 
to  some  controversy  between  Governor  Palmer,  on  one  side,  and 
the  Mayor  of  Chicago  and  the  military  authorities,  including 
President  Grant,  on  the  other ;  but  the  general  verdict  was,  that, 
while  nice  distinctions  between  civil  and  military  authority  may 
not  have  been  observed,  the  service  rendered  by  the  military,  in 
a  great  emergency,  was  of  the  highest  value  and  was  prompted 
bv  the  best  of  intentions. 

The  political  campaign  of  1872  in  Illinois  resulted  in  much 
confusion  and  a  partial  reorganization  of  parties.  Dissatisfied 
with  the  administration  of  President  Grant,  a  number  of  the 
State  officers  (including  Governor  Palmer)  and  other  prominent 
Republicans  of  the  State,  joined  in  what  was  called  the  "  Liberal 
Republican  "  movement,  and  supported  Horace  Greeley  for  the 
Presidency.  Ex-Governor  Oglesby  again  became  the  standard- 
bearer  of  the  Republicans  for  Governor,  with  Gen.  John  L-  Bev- 
eridge for  Lieutenant-Governor.  At  the  November  election,  the 
Grant  and  Wilson  electors  received  241,944  to  184,938  for 

*Moses'  History  of  Illinois. 


ILLINOIS — REPUBLICAN   ADMINISTRATIONS.  Ill 

Greeley,  and  3,138  for  O'Conor.  The  plurality  for  Oglesby,  for 
Governor,  was  40,690. 

Governor  Oglesby's  second  administration  was  of  brief  dura- 
tion. Within  a  week  after  his  inauguration  he  was  nominated 
by  a  legislative  caucus  of  his  party  for  United  States  Senator  to 
succeed  Judge  Trumbull,  and  was  elected,  receiving  an  aggre- 
gate of  117  votes  in  the  two  Houses  against  78  for  Trumbull,  who 
was  supported  by  the  party  whose  candidates  he  had  defeated  at 
three  previous  elections.  Lieutenant-Governor  Beveridge  thus 
became  Governor,  filling  out  the  unexpired  term  of  his  chief.  He 
was  a  native  of  Washington  County,  New  York,  where  he  was 
born  in  1824;  ne  emigrated  to  Illinois  in  1842,  settling  in  De 
Kalb  County;  received  an  academic  education  at  Granville 
Academy,  in  Putnam  County,  and  at  Rock  River  Seminary,  at 
Mt.  Morris;  taugh.t  school  and  studied  law  in  Tennessee;  re- 
cruited a  company  for  the  Eighth  Regiment  Illinois  Cavalry 
early  in  the  war,  afterward  being  promoted  to  the  position  of 
Major;  later  organized  the  Seventeenth  Cavalry  and  was  com- 
missioned its  Colonel,  retiring  with  the  rank  of  brevet  Brigadier- 
General;  afterward  served  as  sheriff  of  Cook  County;  was 
elected  to  the  State  Senate ;  thence  promoted  to  the  position  of 
Congressman-at-large,  which  he  resigned  to  assume  the  duties  of 
Lieutenant-Governor.  While  never  resorting  to  the  question- 
able tricks  of  the  mere  politician,  few  men  have  had  a  more 
successful  political  career.  His  administration  was  high-minded, 
clean  and  honorable.  After  his  retirement  from  the  Governor- 
ship, he  was  appointed  Assistant  United  States  Treasurer  at 
Chicago,  serving  four  years. 

'The  election  of  1874  resulted  in  the  first  serious  reverse  the 
Republican  party  had  experienced  in  Illinois  since  1862.  Al- 
though Thomas  S.  Ridgway,  the  Republican  candidate  for  State 
Treasurer,  was  elected  by  a  plurality  of  nearly  35,000,  by  a  com- 
bination of  the  opposition,  S.  M.  Etter  (Fusion)  was  at  the  same 
time  elected  State  Superintendent,  while  the  Fusionists  secured 
a  majority  in  each  House  of  the  General  Assembly.  After-  a 


112  THE   WHITE  CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

protracted  contest,  E.  M.  Haines,  who  had  been  a  Democrat,  a 
Republican,  and  had  been  elected  to  this  Legislature  as  an  "  In- 
dependent," was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House  over  Shelby  M. 
Cullom,  and  A.  A.  .Glenn  (Democrat)  was  chosen  President  of 
the  Senate,  thus  becoming  cx-officio  Lieutenant-Governor.  The 
session  which  followed — especially  in  the  House — was  one  of  the 
most  turbulent  and  disorderly  in  the  history  of  the  State,  coming 
to  a  termination  April  i5th,  after  having  enacted  very  few  laws 
of  any  importance. 

Shelby  M.  Cullom  was  the  candidate  of  the  Republican 
party  for  Governor  in  1876,  with  the  late  Rutherford  B.  Hayes 
heading  the  National  ticket.  The  excitement  which  attended 
the  campaign,  the  closeness  of  the  vote  between  the  two  Pres- 
idential candidates — Hayes  and  Tilden — and  the  determination 
of  the  result  through  the  medium  of  an  Electoral  Commission, 
are  fresh  in  the  memory  of  the  present  generation.  In  Illinois 
the  Republican  plurality  for  President  was  19,631,  but  owing  to 
the  combination  of  the  Democratic  and  Greenback  vote  on  Lewis 
Steward  for  Governor,  the  majority  for  Cullom  was  reduced  to 
6,798.  The  other  State  officers  elected  were:  Andrew  Shuman, 
Lieutenant-Governor ;  George  H.  Harlow,  Secretary  of  State ; 
Thomas  B.  Needles,  Auditor;  Edward  Rutz,  Treasurer,  and 
J.  K.  Edsall,  Attorney-General.  Each  of  these  had  pluralities 
exceeding  20,000,  except  Needles,  who,  having  a  single  compet- 
itor, had  a  smaller  majority  than  Cullom.  The  New  State 
House  was  occupied  for  the  first  time  by  the  State  officers  and 
the  Legislature  chosen  at  this  time.  Although  the  Republicans 
had  a  majority  in  the  House,  the  Independents  held  the  "bal- 
ance of  power"  in  joint  session  of  the  General  Assembly.  Af- 
ter a  stubborn  and  protracted  struggle  in  the  effort  to  choose  a 
United  States  Senator  to  succeed  Senator  John  A.  Logan,  David 
Davis,  of  Bloomington,  was  elected  on  the  fortieth  ballot. 

Davis  was  born  in  Cecil  County,  Maryland,  March  9,  1815; 
graduated  at  Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  in  1832;  studied  law  in 
Massachusetts  and  removed  to  McLean  Count}-,  Illinois,  in  1385; 


ILLINOIS  —  REPUBLICAN   ADMINISTRATIONS.  113 

was  a  member  of  the  Fourteenth  General  Assembly  (1844)  and 
the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1847;  ne^  t^e  office  of  Judge 
of  the  circuit  court  from  1843  to  1861,  being  elected  three  times. 
He  had  been  a  Whig  and  a  warm  personal  friend  of  Lincoln,  by 
whom  he  was  appointed  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States  in  1862.  His  election  to  the  Senate  by  the 
Democrats  and  Independents  led  to  his  retirement  from  the  Su- 
preme bench,  thus  preventing  his  appointment  on  the  Electoral 
Commission  of  1877 — a  circumstance  which,  in  the  opinion  of 
many,  may  have  had  an  important  bearing  upon  the  decision  of 
that  tribunal.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  term  he  served  as  Pres- 
ident pro  temporc  of  the  Senate,  and  more  frequently  acted  with 
the  Republicans  than  with  their  opponents.  He  supported 
Elaine  and  Logan  for  President  and  Vice-President,  in  1884. 
His  death  occurred  at  his  home  at  Bloomington,  June  26,  1886. 

The  extensive  railroad  strike,  in  July,  1877,  caused  wide- 
spread demoralization  of  business,  especially  in  the  railroad  cen- 
tres of  the  State  and  throughout  the  country  generally.  The 
newly  organized  National  Guard  was  called  out  and  rendered 
valuable  service  in  restoring  order.  Governor  Cullom's  action  in 
the  premises  was  prompt  and  has  generally  been  commended  as 
eminently  wise  and  discreet. 

Four  sets  of  candidates  were  in  the  field  for  the  offices  of 
State  Treasurer  and  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  in 
1878 — Republican,  Democratic,  Greenback  and  Prohibition.  The 
Republicans  were  successful,  Gen.  John  C.  Smith  being  elected 
Treasurer,  and  James  P.  Slade,  Superintendent,  by  pluralities 
averaging  about  35,000.  The  same  party  also  elected  eleven  out 
of  nineteen  members  of  Congress  and,  for  the  first  time  in  six 
years,  secured  a  majority  in  each  branch  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly. At  the  session  of  this  Legislature,  in  January  following, 
John  A.  Logan  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  as  suc- 
cessor to  R.  J.  Oglesby,  whose  term  expired  in  March  follow- 
ing. Col.  William  A.  James,  of  Lake  County,  served  as  Speaker 
of  the  House  at  this  session. 


114  THE   WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

The  political  campaign  of  1880  is  memorable  for  the  deter- 
mined struggle  made  by  General  L/ogan  and  others  to  secure  the 
nomination  of  General  Grant  for  President  for  a  third  term. 
The  Republican  State  Convention,  beginning  at  Springfield, 
May  ipth,  lasted  three  days,  ending  in  instructions  in  favor  of 
General  Grant  by  a  vote  of  399  to  285.  These  were  nullified, 
however,  by  the  action  of  the  National  Convention  two  weeks 
later.  Governor  Cullom  was  renominated  for  Governor,  John  M. 
Hamilton,  for  Lieutenant-Governor ;  Henry  D.  Dement,  for  Sec- 
retary of  State;  Charles  P.  Swigert,  for  Auditor;  Edward  Rutz, 
for  Treasurer,  and  James  McCartney,  for  Attorney-General.  Ex- 
Senator  Trumbull  headed  the  Democratic  ticket  as  its  candidate 
for  Governor,  with  General  L.  B.  Parsons  for  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor. 

The  Republican  National  Convention  met  in  Chicago,  June 
2d.  After  thirty-six  ballots,  in  which  306  delegates  stood  un- 
waveringly by  General  Grant,  James  A.  Garfield,  of  Ohio,  was 
nominated  with  Chester  A.  Arthur,  of  New  York,  for  Vice-Pres- 
ident. Gen.  Winfield  Scott  Hancock  was  the  Democratic  candi- 
date and  Gen.  James  B.  Weaver,  the  Greenback  nominee.  In 
Illinois,  622,156  votes  were  cast,  Garfield  receiving  a  plurality  of 
40,716.  The  entire  Republican  State  ticket  was  elected  by 
nearly  the  same  pluralities,  and  the  Republicans  again  had  deci- 
sive majorities  in  both  branches  of  tlie  Legislature. 

No  startling  events  occurred  during  Governor  Cullom's  sec- 
ond term.  The  State  continued  to  increase  in  wealth,  population 
and  prosperity,  and  the  heavy  debt,  by  which  it  had  been  bur- 
dened thirty  years  before,  was  practically  "  wiped  out." 

Gen.  Horace  H.  Thomas,  of  Chicago,  was  Speaker  of  the 
Hovise  at  the  session  of  iSSi.  At  the  election  of  1882,  Gen. 
John  C.  Smith,  who  had  been  elected  State  Treasurer  in  1878, 
was  re-elected  for  a  second  term,  over  Alfred  Orendorff,  while 
Charles  T.  Strattan,  the  Republican  candidate  for  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction,  was  defeated  by  Henry  Raab. 
The  Republicans  again  had  a  majority  in  each  House  of  the 


CARTER  H.  HARRISON. 


ILLINOIS  —  REPUBLICAN   ADMINISTRATIONS.  115 

General  Assembly,  amounting  to  twelve  on  joint  ballot.  Loren 
C.  Collins  was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House. 

In  the  election  of  United  States  Senator,  which  occurred  at 
this  session,  Governor  Cullom  was  chosen  as  the  successor  to 
David  Davis,  Gen.  John  M.  Palmer  receiving  the  Democratic 
vote.  Lieut.-Gov.  John  M.  Hamilton  thus  became  Governor, 
nearly  in  the  middle  of  his  term. 

Like  his  three  immediate  predecessors  in  the  executive 
chair,  Cullom  is  a  native  of  Kentucky,  born  at  Monticello, 
Wayne  County,  in  that  State,  November  22,  1829.  His  father, 
Richard  N.  Cullom,  came  to  Illinois  in  1831,  settling  in  Taze- 
well  County,  and  served  several  terms  in  the  Legislature.  The 
son  spent  his  boyhood  on  the  farm,  after  which  he  received  two 
years  of  training  in  Rock  River  Seminary  at  Mt.  Morris,  mean- 
while devoting  some  time  to  teaching;  in  1853  he  entered  the  law 
office  of  Stuart  and  Edwards  at  Springfield  as  a  student ;  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1855,  an(^  soon  after  elected  City  Attorney ; 
was  elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives  from  Sangainon 
County  in  1856,  and  again  in  1860,  when  he  was  chosen  speaker 
of  the  House  ;  was  appointed  by  President  Lincoln,  in  1862,  on  a 
commission,  in  conjunction  with  Geo.  S.  Boutwell,  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  Charles  A.  Dana,  of  New  York,  to  look  after  certain 
claims  at  Cairo,  growing  out  of  the  war.  In  1864  he  received 
his  first  nomination  for  Congress  and  was  elected;  being  re- 
elected  in  1866  and  again  1868.  In  1872  he  was  again  elected 
Representative,  serving  in  the  famous  Twenty-ninth  General 
Assembly,  which  was  the  last  official  position  held  by  him 
until  his  election  as  Governor  in  1876,  followed  by  his  re- 
election in  1880.  In  1889  he  was  re-elected  his  own  succesor  in 
the  United  States  Senate,  over  John  M.  Palmer,  and  is  now  serv- 
ing his  second  term.  He  is  recognized  as  an  astute  and  saga- 
cious politician,  and  has  seldom  been  defeated  when  a  candidate 
for  office. 

John  M.  Hamilton  belongs  to  the  younger  generation  of 
Illinois  politicians,  having  been  born  in  Union  Count}',  Ohio, 


Il6  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINIOS. 

May  28,  1847.  His  father  came  to  Marshall  County,  Illinois,  in 
1854,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  young  Hamilton  enlisted  in  the 
I4ist  Illinois  Volunteers.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Ohio  Wes- 
leyan  University  in  1868,  and  engaged  in  teaching  at  Henry, 
Illinois,  but  was  soon  appointed  a  professor  of  languages  in  the 
Illinois  Wesley  an  University  at  Bloomington.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1870;  elected  to  the  State  Senate  from  McLean 
County  in  1876,  and  in  1880  was  nominated  and  elected  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor,  becoming  Governor  two  years  later. 

The  "Harper  High  License  Law,"  enacted  by  the  Thirty- 
third  General  Assembly  (1883),  has  become  one  of  the  perma- 
nent features  of  the  Illinois  statutes  for  the  control  of  the  liquor 
traffic,  and  has  been  more  or  less  closely  copied  in  other  States*. 

In  1884,  Gen.  R.  J.  Oglesby  again  became  the  choice  of  the 
Republican  party  for  Governor,  receiving  at  Peoria  the  conspic- 
uous compliment  of  a  nomination  for  a  third  term",  by  acclama- 
tion. Carter  H.  Harrison  was  the  candidate  of  the  Democrats. 

The  Republican  National  Convention  was  again  held  in 
Chicago,  meeting  June  3,  1884;  Gen.  John  A.  Logan  was  the 
choice  of  the  Illinois  Republicans  for  President,  and  was  put 
in  nomination  in  the  Convention  by  Senator  Cullom.  The 
choice  of  the  Convention,  however,  fell  upon  James  G.  Blaine  on 
the  fourth  ballot,  his  leading  competitor  being  President  Arthur. 
Logan  was  then  nominated  for  Vice-President  by  acclamation. 

At  the  election  in  November  the  Republican  party  met  its 
first  reverse  on  the  National  battlefield  since  1856,  Grover  Cleve- 
land and  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  the  Democratic  candidates,  be- 
ing elected  President  and  Vice-President  by  the  narrow  margin 
of  less  than  1,200  votes  in  the  State  of  New  York.  The  result 
was  in  doubt  for  several  days,  and  the  excitement  throughout  the 
country  was  scarcely  less  than  it  had  been  in  the  close  election 
of  1876.  The  Greenback  and  Prohibition  parties  both  had  tick- 
ets in  Illinois,  polling  a  total  of  nearly  23,000  votes.  The  plu- 

*For  an  extended  history  of  temperance  legislation  in  the  State,  see  "  Moses'  History 
of  Illinois,"  pp.  882-892. 


ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN    ADMINISTRATIONS.  I IJ 

rality  in  the  State  for  Elaine  was  25,118.  The  Republican  State 
officers  elected  were  R.  J.  Oglesby,  Governor;  John  C.  Smith, 
Lieutenant-Governor ;  Henry  D.  Dement,  Secretary  of  State ; 
Charles  P.  Swigert,  Auditor;  Frederick  Becker,  State  Treasurer; 
and  George  Hunt,  Attorney-General — receiving  pluralities  rang- 
ing from  14,000  to  25,000. 

An  incident  of  this  election  was  the  fraudulent  attempt  to 
seat  Rudolph  Brand  (Democrat)  as  Senator  in  place  of  Henry 
W.  Lernan,  in  the  Sixth  Senatorial  District  of  Cook  County. 
The  fraud  was  exposed  and  Joseph  C.  Mackin,  one  of  its  alleged 
perpetrators,  was  sentenced  to  the  penitentiary  for  four  years  for 
perjury  growing  out  of  the  investigation.  A  motive  for  this  at- 
tempted fraud  was  found  in  the  close  vote  in  the  Legislature  for 
United  States  Senator — Senator  Logan  being  a  candidate  for  re- 
election, while  the  Legislature  stood  102  Republicans  to  100 
Democrats  and  two  Greenbackers  on  joint  ballot.  A  tedious 
contest  on  the  election  of  Speaker  of  the  House  finally  resulted 
in  the  success  of  E.  M.  Haines.  Pending  the  struggle  over  the 
Senatorship,  two  seats  in  the  House  and  one  in  the  Senate  were 
rendered  vacant  by  death — the  deceased  Senator  and  one  of  the 
Representatives  being  Democrats,  and  the  other  Representative 
a  Republican.  The  special  election  for  Senator  resulted  in  fill- 
ing the  vacancy  with  a  new  member  of  the  same  political  faith 
as  his  predecessor;  but  both  vacancies  in  the  House  were  filled 
by  Republicans.  This  gave  the  Republicans  a  majority  in  each 
House  and  the  re-election  of  Logan  followed,  though  not  until 
two  months  had  been  consumed  in  the  contest*. 

Logan  was  one  of  the  few  men  prominent  in  State  politics 
who  was  a  native  of  Illinois,  having  been  born  at  Murphysboro, 
February  9,  1826.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  enlisted  in  the 


*The  result  was  brought  about  by  the  election  of  Capt.  William  H.  Weaver, 
Representative  from  the  Thirty-fourth  District  (composed  of  Mason,  Menard,  Cass  and 
Schuyler  Counties)  over  the  Democratic  candidate,  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death 
of  Representative  J.  Henrv  Shaw,  Democrat.  This  was  accomplished  by  what  is  called  a 
"still hunt  "  on  the  part  of  the  Republicans,  in  which  the  Democrats  were  taken  by  sur- 
prise. It  furnished  the  sensation  not  only  of  the  session,  but  of  special  elections  gener- 
ally, especially  as  every  county  in  the  District  was  strongly  Democratic. 


Il8  THE  WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Mexican  war  as  a  member  of  the  Fifth  regiment,  Illinois  Volun- 
teers, becoming  second  lieutenant  of  his  company.  Returning 
home  he  began  the  study  of  law  with  his  uncle,  ex-Lieut.-Gov. 
Alex.  M.  Jenkins;  was  elected  County  Clerk;  served  in  the 
Legislature  two  terms  (the  i8th  and  2oth),and  was  then  elected 
to  the  Thirty-sixth  and  Thirty-seventh  Congresses  from  the 
Southern  District  of  the  State.  Previous  to  the  war  he  was  a 
zealous  Democrat,  but  having  entered  into  the  struggle  for  the 
preservation  of  the  Union  he  was  ever  after  as  earnest  a  Repub- 
lican. He  entered  the  field  as  Colonel  of  the  Thirty-first  Illi- 
nois, was  severely  wounded  at  Fort  Donelson,  and  rapidly  pro- 
moted, retiring  at  the  close  of  the  war  with  the  rank  of  Major- 
General.  He  was  three  times  elected  Congressman  from  the 
State-at-large,  and  before  the  close  of  his  last  term  was  elected  to 
the  United  States  Senate  as  successor  to  Richard  Yates;  was 
again  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1879  as  successor  to  Oglesby,  and 
was  re-elected  his  own  successor. in  1885,  also  being  the  Repub- 
lican candidate  for  Vice-President  in  1884.  He  died  in  office,  De- 
cember 26,  1886.  He  was  as  brilliant  and  aggressive  a  political 
leader  as  he  had  been  a  soldier  in  the  field. 

Gov.  R.  J.  Oglesby  was  a  native  of  Kentucky,  being  born 
in  Oldham  County,  July  25,  1824.  He  came  to  Illinois  in  1836 
and  in  his  boyhood  pursued  the  carpenter's  trade,  but  afterward 
studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Moultrie  County.  He 
was  a  soldier  in  the  Mexican  War,  serving  as  First  Lieutenant 
in  Company  C,  of  Col.  E.  D.  Baker's  regiment;  was  a  candidate 
for  Presidential  Elector  on  the  Whig  ticket  in  1852,  and  an  un- 
successful candidate  for  Congress,  from  the  Decatur  District,  in 
1858.  In  1860  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  was  one  of 
the  first  to  enlist  in  the' Union  army  in  1861,  being  commissioned 
Colonel  of  the  Eighth  Regiment,  Illinois  Volunteers,  for  both  the 
three  months'  and  the  three  years'  service.  At  the  battle  of  Cor- 
inth he  was  shot  through  the  left  lung  and  was  supposed  to  be 
fatally  wounded;  became  a  Major-General  in  November,  1862, 
but  resigned  in  1864  on  account  of  physical  disability.  His 


Gov.  JOHN  P.  ALTGELD. 


ILLINOIS REPUBLICAN    ADMINISTRATIONS.  119 

election  to  the  Governorship  in  the  latter  year,  and  to  the  United 
States  Senate  in  1873,  just  as  he  was  entering  upon  his  second 
term  as  Governor,  have  already  been  referred  to.  He  is  the  only 
man  in  the  history  of  the  State  who  has  been  elected  Governor 
for  a  third  term — a  fact  which  illustrates  his  great  personal  popu- 
larity. He  is  now  spending  the  evening  of  his  days  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits  near  Elkhart,  Logan  County,  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  well-earned  comfort  and  the  respect  of  his  fellow-citizens 
of  all  parties. 

The  only  disturbing  event  during  Governor  Oglesby's  third 
term,  were  strikes  among  the  quarrymen  at  Joliet  and  Lemont, 
in  May,  1885  ;  by  the  railroad  switchmen  at  East  St.  Louis,  in 
April,  1886,  and  among  the  employes  at  the  Union  Stock- Yards, 
in  November  of  the  same  year.  In  each  case  troops  were  called 
out  and  order  finally  restored,  but  not  until  several  persons  had 
been  killed  in  the  two  former,  and  both  strikers  and  employers 
had  lost  heavily  in  the  interruption  of  business. 

At  the  election  of  1886,  John  R.  Tanner  and  Dr.  Richard 
Edwards  (Republicans)  were  respectively  elected  State  Treas- 
urer and  State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  by  34,816 
plurality  for  the  former  and  29,928  for  the  latter. 

In  the  Thirty-fifth  General  Assmbly,  which  met  January, 
1887,  the  Republicans  had  a  majority  in  each  House,  and  Charles 
B.  Farwell  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in  place  of 
Gen.  John  A.  Logan,  deceased.  Farwell  had  served  two  terms  as 
County  Clerk  of  Cook  County,  one  term  as  member  of  the  State 
Board  of  Equalization,  and  three  terms  in  Congress,  but  was 
most  widely  known  as  a  successful  merchant  of  the  firm  of  John 
V.  Farwell  &  Co.  For  a  number  of  years  he  served  his  party 
very  efficiently  as  Chairman  of  the  Republican  State  Central 
Committee. 

The  political  campaign  of  1888  was  a  spirited  one,  though 
less  bitter  than  the  one  of  four  years  previous.  Ex-Senator 
Joseph  W.  Fifer,  of  McLean  County,  and  Ex-Gov.  John  M. 
Palmer  were  pitted  against  each  other  as  opposing  candidates 


I2O  THE   WHITK    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

for  Governor.  Prohibition  and  Labor  tickets  were  also  in  the 
field.  The  Republican  National  Convention  was  again  held  in 
Chicago,  June  20-25,  resulting  in  the  nomination  of  Benjamin 
Harrison  for  President,  on  the  eighth  ballot.  The  delegates  from 
Illinois,  with  two  or  three  exceptions,  voted  steadily  for  Judge 
Walter  Q.  Gresham.  Grover  Cleveland  headed  the  Democratic 
ticket  as  a  candidate  for  re-election.  At  the  November  election, 
747,683  votes  were  cast  in  Illinois,  giving  the  Republican  elec- 
tors a  plurality  of  22,104.  Fifer's  plurality  over  Palmer  was 
12,547,  and  that  of  the  remainder  of  the  Republican  State  ticket, 
still  larger.  Those  elected  were  L-  B.  Ray,  Lieutenant-Governor ; 
Isaac  N.  Pearson,  Secretary  of  State;  Gen.  Charles  W.  Pavey, 
Auditor;  Charles  Becker,  Treasurer,  and  George  Hunt,  Attor- 
ney-General. The  Republicans  secured  twenty-six  majority  on 
joint  ballot  in  the  Legislature — the  largest  since  1881.  Among 
the  acts  of  the  Legislature  of  1889  were  the  re-election  of  Sena- 
tor Cullom  to  the  United  States  Senate,  practically  without  a 
contest ;  the  revision  of  the  compulsory  education  law,  and  the 
enactment  of  the  Chicago  drainage  law.  At  a  special  session 
held  in  1890,  the  preliminary  legislation  bearing  upon  the  hold- 
ing of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of  1893  in  tne  city  of 
Chicago,  was  had. 

The  campaign  of  1890  resulted  in  a  defeat  for  the  Repub- 
licans on  both  the  State  and  legislative  tickets.  Edward  S.  Wil- 
son was  elected  Treasurer  by  a  plurality  of  9,847  and  Prof. 
Henry  Raab,  who  had  been  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
between  1883  and  1887,  was  elected  for  a  second  term  by  34,042. 
Though  lacking  two  of  an  absolute  majority  on  joint  ballot  in  the 
Legislature,  the  Democrats  were  able,  with  the  aid  of  two  mem- 
bers belonging  to  the  Farmer's  Alliance,  after  a  prolonged  and 
exciting  contest,  to  elect  Ex-Gov.  John  M.  Palmer,  United  States 
Senator  as  successor  to  C.  B.  Farwell. 

Senator  Palmer  has  been  conspicuous  in  Illinois  history  for 
nearly  fifty  years.  Born  in  Kentucky  in  1817,  he  came  to  Illi- 
nois in  1831,  spent  some  time  in  Shurtleff  College  at  Upper  Alton; 


ILLINOIS — REI'riil.ICAN    ADMINISTRATIONS.  121 

then  became  a  teacher,  and,  after  studying  law,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1839.  The  first  office  he  held  was  that  of  Probate 
Judge  of  Maconpin  County ;  he  next  served  in  the  Constitu- 
tional Convention  of  1847;  was  elected,  as  a  Democrat,  to  the 
State  Senate  in  1852  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  re-elected  in  1854 — 
about  the  latter  period  taking  a  position  against  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Act.  This  brought  him  in  relation  with  the  newly 
organizing  Republican  party,  and  he  was  chosen  to  preside  over 
its  first  State  Convention,  held  at  Bloomington,  in  May,  1856. 
In  1858  he  was  defeated  as  a  candidate  for  Congress  in  the 
Springfield  District,  by  John  A.  McClernand ;  was  a  Republican 
elector  in  1868;  served  as  a  member  of  the  Washington  Peace 
Conference  of  1861 ;  was  soon  after  commissioned  Colonel  of  the 
Fourteenth  Regiment  Illinois  Volunteers,  proving  himself  a 
brave  soldier  at  Stone's  River,  Chicamauga  and  other  battle- 
fields, and  being  rapidly  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Major-General. 
On  account  of  a  difference  with  General  Sherman  on  a  question 
of  precedence  in  rank  he  asked  to  be  relieved  of  his  command 
before  Atlanta,  in  1864  ;  was  appointed  by  the  President,  in  the 
last  year  of  the  war,  to  the  command  of  the  military  district  of 
Kentucky,  but  finally  resigned  September  i,  1866.  In  1868  he 
was  nominated  and  elected,  by  the  Republicans,  Governor  of 
Illinois.  Near  the  close  of  his  term  he  joined  in  the  "Liberal 
Republican"  movement  of  1872,  finally  identifying  himself  with 
the  Democratic  party.  Besides  making  an  unsuccessful  race  for 
Governor  in  1888,  he  has  repeatedly  received  the  support  of  his 
party  for  United  States  Senator,  though  his  present  place  in  the 
Senate  is  the  first  official  position  he  has  held  since  retiring  from 
the  Governorship. 

Governor  Fifer's,  the  last  in  a  long  succession  of  Republi- 
can administrations,  closed  with  the  industrial  and  financial  in- 
terests of  the  State  in  a  prosperous  condition,  the  State  out  of 
debt  and  with  an  ample  surplus  in  its  treasury.  Fifer  was  born 
of  German  parentage  at  Stanton,  Virginia,  October  28,  1840,  and 
came  to  McLean  County,  Illinois,  in  1857.  Here  he  pursued 


122  THE   WHITE    CITY  —  ILI.IXOIS. 

the  occupation  of  his  father,  which  was  that  of  a  farmer  and 
bricklayer.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  war,  having  not  yet 
reached  his  majority,  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in  Company  C  of 
the  Thirty-third  Illinois  Volunteers,  known  as  the  Normal  or 
"School  Teachers'  Regiment."  In  the  assault  at  Jackson,  Miss- 
issippi, in  1863,  a  minie-ball  passed  entirely  through  his  body, 
inflicting  a  wound  at  first  considered  mortal.  After  a  long  con- 
valescence he  returned  to  his  regiment,  rendering  faithful  ser- 
vice to  the  end  of  the  period  of  his  enlistment ;  he  still  suffers, 
however,  from  the  effect  of  his  wound.  After  his  discharge  from 
the  army  he  entered  the  Wesleyaii  University  at  Bloomington, 
graduating  in  the  class  of  1868,  and  a  year  later  was  admitted  to 
the  bar.  Having  served  successively  in  the  offices  of  corporation 
counsel  of  the  city  of  Bloomington  and  of  State's  Attorney  for  Mc- 
Lean County,  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  serving  in  the 
Thirty-second  and  Thirty-third  General  Assemblies.  Here  he 
established  a  reputation  as  a  speaker  and  legislator,  as  he  had 
already  done  as  a  prosecutor  in  the  office  of  State's  Attorney, 
laying  the  foundation  of  that  popularity  which  secured  for  him 
active  friends  throughout  the  State  and  resulted  in  his  election  as 
Governor  in  1888.  He  was  nominated  for  re-election,  with  most 
of  the  other  State  officers  in  1892,  but  in  the  general  revulsion 
which  swept  over  the  country,  was  defeated.  Governor  Fifer  was 
the  first  private  soldier  of  the  late  war  to  be  elevated  to  the  exec- 
utive chair,  but  will  probably  not  be  the  last.  Since  retiring 
from  office  he  has  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  at 
Bloomington. 

The  only  new  names  on  the  Republican  State  ticket  of  1892 
were  those  of  Henry  L.  Hertz  for  Treasurer,  and  George  \Y. 
Prince,  of  Galesburg,  for  Attorney-General — the  latter  in  place 
of  George  Hunt,  who  had  acquitted  himself  with  distinguished 
ability  through  two  terms. 

The  Democratic  National  Convention  of  1892  was  held  at 
Chicago,  June  21-24,  and  that  of  the  Republicans  at  Minneap- 
olis; the  former  placing  in  nomination  Grover  Cleveland  for 


VICE  PRES.,  ADLAI  E.  STEVENSON. 


ILLINOIS  —  REPUBLICAN    ADMINISTRATIONS.  123 

the  Presidency  for  a  third  time,  with  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  of  Illi- 
nois, for  Vice-President ;  the  latter  renominating  President  Har- 
rison, with  Whitelaw  Reed,  of  New  York,  for  the  second  place. 
The  Democratic  State  ticket  bore  the  names  of  John  P.  Altgeld, 
of  Cook  County,  for  Governor;  J.  B.  Gill,  of  Jackson,  for  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor ;  William  H.  Hinrichsen,  of  Morgan,  for  Secre- 
tary of  State;  David  Gore,  of  Macoupin,  for  Auditor;  Rufus  N. 
Ramsay,  of  Clinton,  for  Treasurer,  and  Maurice  T.  Moloney  of 
La  Salle,  for  Attorney-General;  it  was  elected  by  pluralities 
ranging  from  19,537  to  23,569.  The  plurality  for  the  Cleveland 
electors  was  26,993,  and  that  for  Altgeld  for  Governor  was  22,- 
808.  The  Prohibitionist  and  Populist  parties  cast  a  combined 
vote  in  the  State  of  over  47,000.  Of  the  twenty-two  Represent- 
atives in  Congress  from  the  Sta.te,  eleven  are  Republicans  and 
eleven  Democrats,  including  among  the  latter,  two  Congressmen 
from  the  .State-at-large.  The  Thirty-eighth  General  Assembly 
stands  twenty-nine  Democrats  to  twenty-two  Republicans  in  the 
Senate,  and  seventy-eight  Democrats  to  seventy-five  Republicans 
in  the  House. 

Governor  Altgeld,  though  new  in  State  politics,  is  not  with- 
out positive  opinions,  and  has  enjoyed  considerable  local  noto- 
riety. He  is  the  first  foreign-born  citizen  who  has  ever  been 
elected  Governor  of  Illinois.  Born  in  Prussia  about  1848,  he 
came  to  America  in  boyhood,  his  father  settling  in  the  vicinity  of 
Mansfield,  Ohio,  where  he  received  such  education  as  the  com- 
mon schools  afforded.  Early  in  1864  he  enlisted  as  a  substitute 
in  an  Ohio  regiment  and  saw  some  service  in  the  operations 
against  Richmond.  After  the  war  he  spent  some  time  in  a 
select  school  at  Lexington,  Ohio,  still  later  dividing  his  time  be- 
tween teaching,  study  and  farm  work.  About  1869  he  went  to 
Missouri,  finally  reaching  Savannah  in  that  State,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  reading  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  the  next  year. 
In  1874  he  was  elected  to  his  first  office — that  of  prosecuting  at- 
torney of  Andrew  Count}',  Missouri — but  resigned  in  the  middle 
of  his  term,  removing  to  Chicago  in  the  fall  of  1875.  In  1884  he 


124 


THE    WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 


was  a  candidate  for  Congress  on  the  Democratic  ticket  in  the 
Third  District,  but  was  defeated  by  the  Hon.  George  E.  Adams. 
In  1885  he  was  regarded  as  a  possible  candidate  for  United  States 
Senator,  but  in  the  following  year  was  elected  a  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court.  Besides  attending  to  his  duties  as  a  Judge,  he 
has  been  a  somewhat  prolific  writer,  especially  on  economic  and 
punitive  or  reformatory  policies.  He  also  engaged  in  real  estate 
transactions  in  which  he  was  very  fortunate,  accumulating  a 
large  fortune  in  the  course  of  ten  or  twelve  years.  This  induced 
him  to  resign  his  position  on  the  bench  and  to  look  higher, 
aspiring  to  the  United  States  Senatorship  in  1891,  and  finally  to 
the  Governorship  two  years  later. 


BOARD  OF  TRADE,  CHICAGO. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


THE  BUILDING  OF  A  STATE. 

THREE-QUARTERS  OF  A  CENTURY  UNDER  THE  STATE  GOVERN- 
MENT—  COMMON    SCHOOLS    AND    .STATE    INSTITUTIONS  — 
EARLY    NEWSPAPERS  —  INDUSTRIES  —  AGRICULTURE 
-ILLINOIS  COAL  PRODUCTION  —  ILLINOIS  AND 
MICHIGAN   CANAL  —  RAILROADS — 
MANUFACTURES,   ETC. 

v^EFORE  the  close  of  the  year  1893,  Illinois  will 
have  completed  the  third  quarter  century  of  its 
existence  as  a  State.  With  a  history  running 
back  two  hundred  years,  to  the  time  when  Joliet 
and  La  Salle,  with  their  little  bands  of  Canadian 
voyageurs,  first  entered  its  wilds,  and  Marquette, 
Allouez  and  Gravier  founded  their  missions 
among  the  Indian  tribes  on  the  Upper  Illinois,  the 
area  of  its  greatest  development  is  comprised  within 
these  seventy-five  years  of  State  history.  The  preceding  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  years  constituted  a  period  of  exploration 
and  investigation  with  imperfect  and  inadequate  agencies,  in 
which  the  transition  from  savagery  to  civilization  was  sometimes 
so  slow  and  gradual  that  it  was  often  doubtful  whether  there  was 
real  progress,  and  when  the  elements  of  both  were  so  intermin- 
gled that  it  was  hard  to  find  the  dividing  line  where  heathen 
barbarism  ended  and  Christian  enlightment  began.  And  yet, 
as  in  all  new  countries,  there  has  been  no  period  so  full  of  stir- 
ring incidents  and  of  romantic,  even  tragic  interest,  as  that  in 


Illinois. 


as 


126  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

which  the  "Country  of  the  Illinois"  was  being  won  from  its 
aboriginal  proprietors  and  prepared  to  become  the  home  of  the 
four  millions  of  people  who  occupy  its  soil  to-day. 

It  will  be  the  object  of  this  chapter  to  note  some    of  the 
changes  which  have  been  wrought  upon  the  country  in  the  pe- 
riod named,  and  to  point  out  some  of  the    agencies   by    which 
these  results   have    been    achieved.     In  the  first  place,  Illinois 
owes  its  wonderful  development,  for  the  first  fifty  years  after  its 
organization  as  a  Territory,  to    the   remarkable    foresight    and 
sagacity  of  the  authors  of  the   Ordinance  of  1787.     This  pro- 
tected it  from  the  blight  of  human  slavery,  which   then   spread 
over  half  the  Republic  and  threatened  every  new  Territory.     It 
also  laid  the  foundation  of  that  liberal  system  of  free  school  edu- 
cation which  had  but  just  begun  to  obtain  a  foothold  in  the  most 
progressive  States,  but  which  has  since  become  the  heritage  and 
pride  of  the  Northwest.     The  act  of  the  authors  of  the  Ordi- 
nance of  1787  in  declaring  in  favor  of  the   encouragement   of 
"schools  and  the  means  of  education,"  on  the  ground  that  "re- 
ligion, morality  and  knowledge  "  are  "necessary  to  good  govern- 
ment," was  supplemented  by  Judge  Nathaniel  Pope,   then  Dele- 
gate from  the  Territory  of  Illinois,  in  securing  the  introduction, 
for  the  first  time  in  the  enabling  act  of  1818,    of  a    provision 
setting  apart  the  sixteenth  section  of  each  township  and  three- 
fifths  of  the  five  per  cent,  fund  accruing  to  the  State  from  the 
sale  of  public  lands  within  its  borders,  to  the  cause  of  education. 
It  is  a  curious  fact  that,  during  the  first  year  after  the  settlement 
of  the  question  that  Illinois  was  still  to  maintain  its  stand  as  a 
free  State,  by  the  refusal  of  the  people,  in  1824,  to  call  a  State 
Convention  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  pro-slavery  Constitution, 
the  first  law  (that  of  1825)  looking  to  a  system  of  free  schools 
was  enacted  by  the  Legislature.     Although   little  was  accom- 
plished under  this  act,  owing  to  the  poverty  of  the  people  and 
the  inability  to  dispose  of  the  school  lands  to  advantage,  it  in- 
dicated the  drift  of  public  sentiment  which   has   since  brought 
about  positive  results. 


ILLINOIS  —  BUILDING   A   STATE.  127 

Intimately  connected  with  the  free-school  system — in  fact, 
leading  and  directing  the  public  sentiment  which  successfully 
demanded  its  establishment — was  the  newspaper  press.  The 
first  newspaper  published  in  the  State  was  the  Illinois  Herald— 
changed  in  1817  to  the  Illinois  Intelligencer-  it  was  established 
at  Kaskaskia  by  Capt.  Matthew  Duncan,  a  brother  of  Joseph 
Duncan,  afterwards  a  member  of  Congress  and  Governor  of  the 
State.  The  date  of  the  establishment  of  the  Herald  has  been 
claimed  as  early  as  1809,  the  year  of  the  organization  of  the 
Territorial  Government,  though  there  is  no  positive  evidence  of 
its  publication  before  1814.  The  Illinois  Emigrant  was  pub- 
lished, at  Shawneetown,  in  1818,  its  editor,  Henry  Eddy,  being  a 
lawyer  of  recognized  ability  and  State  reputation.  Its  name 
was  changed  in  1824  to  the  Illinois  Gazette.  The  Kdwardsville 
Spectator,  the  third  paper  published  in  the  State,  was  started 
by  Hooper  Warren  in  1819.  The  Star  of  the  West,  established 
at  the  same  place  in  1822,  became  the  Illinois  Republican  in  1823. 
The  Republican  Advocate  took  the  place  of  the  Intelligencer, 
which  had  been  removed  from  Kaskaskia  to  Vandalia  in  1823, 
R.  K.  Fleming,  the  head  of  a  family  long  connected  with  the 
press  at  Belleville  and  elsewhere  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
State,  being  the  publisher.  These  five  papers  were  published  in 
1824  and  took  a  more  or  less  active  part  in  the  discussion  of  the  pro- 
posed new  Constitution  for  the  establishment  of  slavery — the  Illi- 
nois Republicans^  the  Republican  Advocate  favoring  the  measure; 
the  Spectator  and  finally  the  Intelligencer  opposing  it,  and  the 
Shawneetown  Gazette  publishing  articles  on  both  sides,  though 
its  influence  was  rather  opposed  to  the  proposition.  Other  early 
papers,  though  of  a  somewhat  later  date  than  these,  were  the 
Sangamo  Spectator,  established  at  Springfield  in  1826  by  Hooper 
Warren;  the  Miners1  Journal,  at  Galena,  by  James  Jones,  in 
1828;  the  Illinois  Corrector,  at  Edwardsville,  also  in  1828;  the 
Galena  Advertiser,  published  by  Newhall,  Philleo  &  Co.,  at 
Galena  in  1829 — the  "Co."  being  Hooper  Warren,  who  had  been 
connected  with  papers  at  Edwardsville  and  Springfield;  the  Al- 


128  THK   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

ton  Spectator,  started  by  Edward  Breath  in  1830;  the  Sangamo 
Journal  (now  State  Journal}  founded  in  1831  by  Simeon  Francis, 
who  continued  to  conduct  it  until  1855,  and  the  oldest  paper  of 
continuous  publication  in  the  State ;  the  Alton  Telegraph,  estab- 
lished a  year  later;  and  the  Chicago  Democrat,  the  first  paper 
ever  published  in  Chicago,  founded  by  John  Calhoun  in  1833, 
contimied  by  John  Wentworth  for  twenty-five  years  and  merged 
into  the  Chicago  Tribune  in  1861.  The  first  daily  paper  pub- 
lished in  Chicago  or  the  State,  was  the  Chicago  American,  estab- 
lished in  1839. 

Such  were  the  beginnings  of  the  newspaper  press  of  Illi- 
nois and  its  growth  during  the  first  quarter  century  of  the  exis- 
tence of  the  Territorial  and  State  Governments.  How  it  has  ex- 
panded and  grown  since  that  time  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that 
the  whole  number  of  periodical  publications  in  the  State  of  all 
sorts,  in  1892,  was  1,572,  published  in  536  cities,  towns  and  vil- 
lages. Of  these  136  were  issued  daily ;  1,150  weekly;  36  semi- 
monthly; 209  monthly,  and  14  quarterly. 

Undoubtedly  the  first  schools  established  in  the  "  Country  of 
the  Illinois"  were  those  founded  by  the  early  priests  and  mis- 
sionaries for  the  purpose  of  giving  instruction  to  the  children  of 
the  pioneers,  and  such  of  the  natives  as  would  accept  it,  in  the 
rudiments  of  a  secular  education  and  in  the  tenets  of  the  church. 
For  a  hundred  years — up  to  and  after  the  capture  of  Kaskaskia 
and  the  neighboring  settlements  by  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark, 
in  1778 — French  was  the  only  language  used  in  the  country  be- 
sides the  dialects  of  the  various  tribes  of  Indians.  Capt.  Philip 
Pittrnan,  who  visited  Kaskaskia  between  1766  and  1770,  in  his 
report  on  the  "  European  Settlements  on  the  Mississippi,"  makes 
mention  of  the  "Jesuits'  house"  at  Kaskaskia,  which  has  been 
called  by  others  "the  Jesuit  College,"  supposed  to  have  been 
used  as  a  fort  at  the  time  of  the  capture  by  Clark.  This  was  no 
doubt  used  as  a  school  for  both  whites  and  Indians,  as  well  as  a 
home  by  the  priests,  and  a  place  of  instruction  for  the  acolytes 
and  candidates  for  the  priesthood.  The  first  English  school  was 


ILLINOIS  —  BUILDING    A    STATE.  I2Q 

taught  at  New  Design,  in  Monroe  County,  by  John  Seely,  where 
the  first  English  settlement  had  been  established  a  year  pre- 
vious. It  is  impossible  to  follow  in.  these  pages  the  establish- 
ment of  individual  schools  or  the  development  in  detail  of  the 
school  system  under  the  State  Government.  This  has  been  a 
process  of  "  the  survival  of  the  fittest,"  though  the  greatest  de- 
velopment undoubtedly  occurred  under  the  long  and  successful 
administration  of  the  office  of  State  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction by  Dr.  Newton  Bateman — now  the  honored  President 
of  Kiiox  College  at  Galesburg — extending  from  1859  to  1875, 
with  the  exception  of  an  interval  of  two  years.  During  this 
period  the  school  laws  were  codified  and  rendered  harmonious, 
and  the  efforts  made  to  establish  a  system  of  free-schools  per- 
fected. 

The  following  statistics  are  taken  from  the  report  of  the 
State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  for  1890: 

No.  of  Schools 12,259 

No.  of  School  Houses  .    ' 12,252 

No.  of  Teachers 23, 164 

Receipts  From  all  Sources • $12,402,495 

Expenditures $12,137,281 

The  average  salaries  for  the  same  period  were  $54.63  per  month 
for  male  teachers  and  $44.41  for  female  teachers. 

The  permanent  school  fund  derived  from  all  sources,  ac- 
cording to  the  same  report,  was  $5,780,692,  while  the  value  of 
school  lands  still  unsold,  amounted  to  $5,204,861,  making  a  total 
of  $10,985,553. 

'  Of  higher  institutions  of  learning — Colleges  and  Semi- 
naries— having  an  average  attendance  of  100  pupils  each,  for 
the  year  1888,  there  were  forty-two.  Of  these,  six  were  de- 
voted to  instruction  in  theology,  the  others  being  wholly  or  in 
part  literary  and  scientific.  The  oldest  is  Illinois  College,  at 
Jacksonville,  founded  in  1829  by  a  band  of  young  men  from  Yale 
College,  though  not  incorporated  for  several  years,  on  account  of 
the  prejudice  in  the  Legislature  against  "Yankees  "  and  the  in- 
corporation of  institutions  to  teach  theology — that  being  one  of 
the  departments  according  to  the  original  plan.  The  late  Dr. 


130  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Julian  M.  Sturtevant,  for  many  years  its  President,  was  most 
active  in  the  establishment  of  this  institution,  while, the  ven- 
erable Dr.  Edward  Beecher  was  its  first  President.  McKendree 
College,  at  Lebanon,  came  next,  being  incorporated  by  the  same 
Legislature  that  incorporated  Illinois  College,  though  it  had 
been  established  as  an  experimental  school  some  years  before. 
The  Female  Academy  at  Jacksonville  and  the  Monticello  Female 
Seminary  at  Godfrey  were  established  the  same  year  (1835)  as 
was  also  Shurtleff  College  at  Upper  Alton — at  first  a  young 
men's  College  under  the  patronage  of  the  Baptist  church, 
though  now  a  mixed  school. 

Within  the  past  two  years  a  great  impulse  has  been  given  to 
higher  education  by  the  establishment  of  the  University  of  Chi- 
cago, with  an  endowment  and  building  fund  now  estimated  at 
seven  millions  of  dollars,  contributed  by  a  number  of  liberal 
capitalists  headed  by  John  D.  Rockefeller ;  the  Armour  Insti- 
tute of  Chicago,  and  the  enlargement  .of  the  plans  of  other  in- 
stitutions, including  the  Northwestern  University  at  Evanston, 
and  Lake  Forest  University  at  Lake  Forest. 

As  a  part  of  its  educational  system,  the  State  has  established 
and  maintains  three  institutions  of  a  high  grade,  viz:  the  Illi- 
nois State  Normal  University  (founded  in  1857),  at  Normal;  the 
University  of  Illinois  (1867),  at  Champaign,  and  the  Southern 
Normal  University  (1869),  at  Carboudale.  The  first  two  of 
these  were  practically  the  outcome  of  an  agitation  maintained 
with  great  activity  for  several  years  for  the  establishment  in  the 
State  of  an  "Industrial  University,"  having  for  its  object  impart- 
ing instruction  in  those  branches  "related  to  agriculture  and  the 
mechanic  arts,"  though  other  scientific  and  classical  studies  were 
not  to  be  excluded.  This  scheme  was  advocated  with  great 
earnestness  by  an  association  of  prominent  citizens  of  the  State, 
at  the  head  of  which  was  the  venerable  Prof.  Jonathan  B.  Turner, 
of  Jacksonville,  and  a  series  of  State  conventions  for  its  promo- 
tion was  held,  beginning  with  1851.  They  finally  saw  the  frui- 
tion of  their  hopes  in  the  passage  by  Congress,  in  1862,  of  an 


ILLINOIS  —  BUILDING    A    STATE. 

act  making  a  grant  of  lands  to  each  of  the  States  for  the  purpose 
of  founding  institutions  of  the  character  desired,  and  the  Illi- 
nois University  at  Champaign  was  the  result,  so  far  as  Illinois 
was  concerned. 

The  system  of  benevolent  institutions,  built  up  by  the  State 
of  Illinois  almost  entirely  within  the  past  forty  years,  is  of  the 
most  extensive  and  liberal  character.  These  include  the  Insti- 
tution for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  (now  the  most 
extensive  of  the  kind  in  the  world)  at  Jacksonville,  founded  by 
an  act  of  the  Legislature  in  1839,  but  not  opened  for  pupils  un- 
til 1846;  the  Central  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Jacksonville, 
founded  in  1847,  ^ut  not  opened  until  four  years  later;  the  Insti- 
tution for  the  Blind,  Jacksonville,  1849;  tne  Soldiers'  Orphans' 
Home,  Normal,  1865;  the  Institution  for  Feeble-Minded  Chil- 
dren, first  established  as  an  "experimental  school "  at  Jackson- 
ville, 1865,  permanently  established  at  Lincoln  in  1875;  the 
Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Elgin,  1869 ;  Eye  and  Ear 
Infirmary,  Chicago,  1871;  Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  Kan- 
kakee,  1877;  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Home,  Quincy,  1885;  Asy- 
lum for  Insane  Criminals,  Chester,  1889.  The  aggregate  value 
of  these  institutions  was  estimated  several  years  ago  at  over  $5,- 
000,000,  but  it  has  been  largely  increased  by  additions  to  the 
buildings  belonging  to  several  of  them  since. 

The  aggregate  number  of  inmates  in  the  several  benevolent 
institutions  of  the  State,  according  to  the  report  of  the  Board  of 
Public  Charities  in  1890,  was  10,271,  of  which  5,772  were  in 
Hospitals  for  the  Insane ;  507  in  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and 
Dumb;  187  in  the  School  for  the  Blind;  489  in  the  Institution 
for  the  Feeble-minded;  503  in  the  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home; 
526  in  the  Reform  School,  and  1,347  in  tne  Soldiers'  and  Sailors' 
Home. 

The  penal  and  reformatory  institutions  include  the  Northern 
Penitentiary,  originally  located  at  Alton  in  1831,  but  removed  to 
Joliet  by  act  of  the  Legislature  in  1851  ;  the  Southern  Peniten- 
tiary, at  Chester,  established  in  1887,  and  the  Reform  School  at 


132  THK    WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Pontiac,  established  in  1867.     The  combined  cost  of  these  insti- 
tutions has  been  about  $2,000,000. 

Possessing  a  soil  unsurpassed  in  natural  fertility  ;  situated  be- 
tween the  Lakes  and  the  greatest  river  of  the  continent,  which 
connects  it  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  -stretching  through  five 
and  a  half  degrees  of  the  most  desirable  portion  of  the  temper- 
ate /one,  Illinois  is  primarily  an  agricultural  State.  In  the 
variety  and  abundance  of  its  products  it  is  unsurpassed.  Jn 
proportion  to  its  area,  it  contains  fewer  acres  of  land  unfit  for 
cultivation  than  any  other  State  in  the  Union.  The  State  Board 
of  Agriculture  and  the  State  Horticultural  Society,  aided  by  the 
county  societies,  have  been  untiring  in  their  efforts  to  promote 
the  interests  of  cultivators  of  the  soil  and  have  accomplished 
much  in  that  direction. 

The  agricultural  and  horticultural  products  include  corn, 
wheat  and  the  other  varieties  of  grain;  apples,  peaches  and  small 
fruits — especially  strawberries  in  the  southern  part;  and  every 
variety  of  garden  vegetables  common  to  the  temperate  zone. 
These  products  are  easily  marketed  by  means  of  the  railroad 
lines  which  traverse  every  section  of  the  State,  and  find  a  ready 
sale  in  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  the  smaller  cities. 

Owing  to  its  geological  formation  it  produces  comparatively 
few  minerals,  but  those  found  are  most  useful  and  are  easily 
accessible  :  they  include  lead  in  the  northwest  and  in  the  south ; 
salt  in  the  southeast ;  kaolin  (clay  suitable  for  the  manufacture 
of  porcelain ),  in  the  south;  several  varieties  of  building  stone  in 
different  portions,  with  small  deposits  of  iron  in  some  of  the 
southern  counties.  But  the  mineral  which  exists  in  the  greatest 
abundance,  and  for  which  there  is  the  largest  demand,  is  the 
bituminous  coal  which  underlies,  in  practically  exhaustless 
abundance,  more  than  half  the  area  of  the  State.  The  develop- 
ment of  its.  coal-mines  has  furnished  a  new  and  profitable  in- 
dustry for  the  employment  of  both  labor  and  capital,  besides 
transforming  a  region,  originally  purely  agricultural,  into  one  of 
the  most  desirable  fields  for  manufacturing  enterprises.  The  re- 


ILLINOIS  —  BUILDING    A    STATE.  133 

port  of  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  for  1891*  shows  that  918 
mines  were  in  operation  during  that  year,  in  57  counties  of  the 
State,  employing  a  total  of  32,951  persons,  of  whom  26,059  were 
miners.  The  total  amount  of  coal  mined  was  15,660,698  tons, 
representing  in  value  at  the  mines,  $14,237,974.  The  total  pro- 
duct for  ten  years — from  1882  to  1891,  inclusive, — was  130,- 
062, 270  tons.  The  estimated  area  of  the  coal  fields  of  the  State 
is  37,000  square  miles. 

The  feasibility  of  uniting  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan 
with  those  of  the  Mississippi  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
earliest  explorers,  and  was  made  the  subject  of  a  report  by  Al- 
bert Gallatin,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  as  early  as  1808,  and 
by  John  C.  Calhoun,  Secretary  of  War,  in  1819.  The  scheme 
began  to  be  agitated  in  the  State  soon  after  its  admission  into 
the  Union,  being  discussed  in  the  messages  of  Governors  Bond 
and  Coles.  The  first  legislation  by  Congress  on  the  subject, 
was  the  passage  of  an  act,  March  30,  1822,  "authorizing  the 
State  of  Illinois  to  open  a  canal  through  the  public  lands  to  con- 
nect the  Illinois  River  with  Lake  Michigan"  ;  this  was  followed, 
in  1827,  by  a  grant  of  land  amounting  to  about  300,000  acres, 
for  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  the  work.  After  the  passage  of 
various  acts  on  the  subject  by  the  State  Legislature — commenc- 
ing in  1825 — at  the  session  of  1835  a  loan  of  $500,000  was 
authorized  and  the  work  began  July  4,  1836.  It  languished, 
however,  for  years  and  it  was  not  until  April  10,  1848,  that  the 
first  boat  passed  through  the  canal  from  Lockport  to  Chicago ; 
another  passing  through  its  whole  length  from  La  Salle  to  Chi- 
cago, a  distance  of  100  miles,  on  the  twenty-third  of  the  same 
month.  The  total  amount  expended  in  construction — including 
$2,955,340  refunded  to  Chicago  after  the  great  fire — was  $9,- 
513,031,  while  the  amount  returned  to  the  State  up  to  1879,  was 
$8,819,731,  of  which  $5,886,039  was  from  the  sale  of  canal  lands 
and  the  remainder  from  net  earnings. 

For  years  Illinois  has  stood  in  the  front  rank  of  States  in 

*No  later  reports  are  accessible  at  the  date  of  preparing  this  chapter. 


134  THE   WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

the  number  and  extent  of  its  railroad  lines.  Its  location  in  the 
heart  of  the  continent  and  on  the  great  highway  of  commerce  be- 
tween the  Atlantic  and  Pacific ;  its  uniformity  of  surface  and  the 
productiveness  of  its  soil,  with  its  rapidly  increasing  population 
and  its  growth  of  commercial  and  manufacturing  cities,  have 
rendered  it  a  profitable  and  favorite  field  for  this  class  of  enter- 
prise. Chimerical  as  afterward  appeared  the  gigantic  internal 
improvement  scheme  of  1836-7,  its  projectors  dimly  foresaw 
what  has  since  been  more  than  realized.  They  were  simply 
mistaken  as  to  the  time  and  manner  of  the  undertaking.  They 
proposed  to  invest  $10,000,000  in  the  construction  of  half  a 
dozen  main  lines  of  railroad  which  should  reach  every  quarter  of 
the  State,  and,  in  order  to  appease  every  section,  commenced  the 
work  at  as  many  different  points  as  possible.  The  result  was, 
that  while  they  expended  a  vast  sum  of  money,  a  section  of  only 
58  miles  of  road — then  known  as  the  "Northern  Cross" — was 
completed,  extending  from  the  Illinois  River,  at  Meredosia,  to 
Springfield.  The  first  rail  upon  this  was  laid  May  9,  1838;  the 
first  locomotive  was  placed  upon  it  six  months  after ;  it  was  com- 
pleted to  Jacksonville,  January  i,  1840,  and  to  Springfield  in 
May,  1842.  Five  years  later  it  was  sold  to  a  Springfield  banker 
for  $21,100,  and  being  reconstructed,  afterward  became  a  part  of 
what  is  now  known  as  the  great  "  \V abash  System."11 

The  Galena  &  Chicago  Union  Railroad,  chartered  at  the 
same  time  as  the  Northern  Cross,  was  commenced  at  Chicago 
almost  immediately,  but  work  was  suspended  in  1838.  Nine 
years  later  it  was  resumed  and  in  January,  1850,  it  was  com- 
pleted to  Elgin,  a  distance  of  42  miles;  communication  with 
Galena  was  obtained  in  1854  by  way  of  the  Illinois  Central  from 
Freeport.f  This  line  was  afterward  extended  to  Fulton,  Illinois, 

*A  tram-way  was  built  in  St.  Clair  County  by  Ex-Gov.  John  Reynolds  and  his  asso- 
ciates, in  1836-7,  for  the  transportation  of  coal  from  the  bluffs  to  St.  Louis,  but  this  was  no 
part  of  the  "internal  improvement  scheme"  begun  by  the  State,  being  a  private 
enterprise. 

tAn  interesting  incident  bearing  upon  this  period  in  history,  is  the  mention,  in  a 
Galena  paper  in  1829,  under  the  head  of  "Galena  Enterprise,"  of  thepassageof  thefirst 
freighting  expedition  between  Galena  and  Chicago.  This  was  desribed  as  "  Mr.  Soulard's 
Mule  team,"  which  had  recently  returned  "  from  Chicago  near  the  southern-most  bend 


ILLINOIS  —  BUILDING    A    STATE.  135 

and  became  a  part  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  system. 

The  third  road  constructed  was  a  section,  thirteen  miles  in 
length,  between  Txirner  Junction  and  Aurora,  in  Du  Page 
County,  at  first  known  as  the,  "  Aurora  branch  railroad,"  now  a 
part  of  the  Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy. 

The  section  of  the  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad,  from  Alton  to 
Springfield,  was  first  chartered  under  the  name  of  the  "Alton 
and  Sangamon,"  in  1847.  Its  construction  was  begun  in  1852 
and  completed  to  Springfield  in  1853  ;  to  Bloomington  in  1854  ; 
to  Joliet  in  1856,  and  to  Chicago  in  1857,  the  original  cost 
amounting  to  $9,500.000.  The  various  sections  of  this  road  came 
into  the  hands  of  the  present  company  in  1862.  Its  manage- 
ment has  been  at  once  conservative  and  enterprising,  and  it 
now  ranks  as  one  of  the  most  successful  railroad  enterprises 
in  the  land.  It  controls  848.98  miles  of  road,  of  which  586.36 
miles  are  in  Illinois. 

The  Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company  was  organized  in 
1851  to  construct  a  railroad  from  Cairo  northward,  with  branches 
to  Chicago  and  Dubuque,  Iowa,  and  was  based  on  the  grant  of 
lands  by  Congress  to  the  State  for  that  purpose.  Work  was 
commenced  almost  immediately  and  was  prosecuted  during  the 
next  five  years,  about  700  miles  being  constructed  up  to  1856. 
It  has  since  acquired  several  branch  roads  in  the  State  and  out 
of  it,  and,  with  lines  extending  from  New  Orleans  to  Central 
Iowa,  is  one  of  the  gigantic  railroad  corporations  of  the  country. 
The  amount  paid  by  it  into  the  State  treasury  in  the  seven  per 
cent,  tax  upon  its  gross  eamings,  from  October  31,  1855,  to 
April  30,  1892,  aggregated  $13,175.352. 

of  Lake  Michigan,"  whither  it  l.ad  taken  a  load  of  one  and  a  half  tons  of  lead.  The  de- 
termination of  the  exact  location  of  Chicago  is  of  interest.  The  paper  adds  :  "This  is 
the  first  wagon  that  has  ever  passed  from  the  Mississippi  River  to  Chicago.  The  route 
taken  from  the  mines  was  to  Ogee's  ferry  on  Rock  River — 80  miles  ;  thence  an  east  course 
60  miles  to  the  missionary  establishment  on  Fox  River  of  the  Illinois,  and  thence  a 
northerly  course,  60  miles  to  Chicago,  making  the  distance  from  this  place  to  Chicago,  as 

traveled,"  200  miles The  trip  out  was  performed  in  eleven  days  and  the  return 

trip  in  eight  days The  lead  was  taken  by  water  from  Chicago  to  Detroit  .    .    . 

.  .  .  Should  a  road  be  surveyed  and  marked  on  the  best  ground  and  the  shortest  distance, 
a  trip  could  be  performed  in  much  less  time.  And  if  salt  could  be  obtained  at  Chicago 
from  the  New  York  salt-works,  it  would  be  a  profitable  and  advantageous  trade. ' ' — (ialena 
i;  Si  pi.  //,  1X29. 


136  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Other  earl}T  railroad  enterprises  were  the  Terre  Haute  & 
Alton  Railroad — now  the  St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute — be- 
gun in  1852  and  completed  in  1854;  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island 
&  Pacific,  begun  under  the  name  of  the  Chicago  &  Rock  Island, 
in  1852,  and  completed  two  years  after;  the  Ohio  &  Mississippi, 
from  East  St.  Louis  to  Cincinnati,  completed  in  1857,  with  an 
auxiliary  line  since  constructed  from  Beardstown  to  Shawneetown, 
intersecting  the  main  line  at  Flora ;  the  St.  Louis,  Chicago  & 
St.  Paul;  the  Toledo,  Peoria  &  Warsaw,  etc.  These  roads  have 
of  late  years  been  generally  prosperous  and  have  accomplished  a 
vast  work  in  the  development  of  the  country  through  which  they 
pass. 

The  various-  lines  of  railroad  in  operation  in  Illinois  num- 
ber over  sixty,  many  of  them  having  numerous  branches  which 
have  been  absorbed  since  their  original  construction.  Their  to- 
tal mileage  in  Illinois,  according  to  the  report  of  the  Railroad 
and  Warehouse  Commission,  for  1890,  was  10,163  miles.  During 
the  past  two  years  about  170  miles  have  been  constructed,  mak- 
ing the  total  mileage  at  the  close  of  1892,  about  10,333.  The 
growth  of  this  class  of  enterprise  in  the  State  is  indicated  by  the 
mileage  at  different  decades,  as  follows : 

Year.  Miles.  Year.  Miles. 

1850  in  1880  7-857 

1860  2,790  1890  10,163 

1870  4,823  1892  10,333 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  railroad  corporations 
operating  in  the  State,  with  the  number  of  miles  under  control 
of  each  in  1892: 

NAME  OF  ROAD.  Total  Mileage.         Mileage  in  State. 

Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 7,106.14  285.8 

Chicago  &  Alton, 848.98  586.36 

Chicago,  Burlington  &  Quincy, 2,139.41  1,236.89 

Chicago  &  Eastern  Illinois, 272.3  221.64 

Chicago  &  Northwestern, 4,300.21  586.28 

Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific, 3,131.6  236.8 

Cleveland,  Cincinnati,  Chicago  &  St.  Louis,  .    .    .  2,324.8  697 

Elgin,  Joliet  &  Eastern, 165  144 

Illinois  Central 2,989.09  1,395-55 


ILLINOIS BUILDING    A    STATE.  137 

NAME  OF  ROAD.  Total  Mileage.      Mileage  in  State. 

Indianapolis,  Decatur  &  Western, *52-5  74-S 

Jacksonville  Southeastern, 298.4  298.4 

Lake  Erie  &  Western  .    .    .    .  585.84  121.02 

Louisville,  Evansville  &  St.  Louis, 350.3  '4°-8 

Louisville  &  Nashville 2,906.1  179.67 

Mobile  &  Ohio, 687.6  160.6 

Ohio  &  Mississippi, 625.75  371-49 

Peoria,  Decatur  &  Evansville, 243  201 

Rock  Island  &  Peoria 185  185 

St.  Louis,  Chicago  &  St.  Paul, 85  85 

St.  Louis,  Alton  &  Terre  Haute, 242  242 

Terre  Haute  &  Peoria, 144  144 

Terre  Haute  &  Indianapolis, 460.6  158.3 

Toledo,   Peoria  &  Western, 230  230 

Toledo,  St.  Louis  &  Kansas  City, 451  172 

Wabash, 1,834.4  726 

Wisconsin  Central, 851.15  59-62 

Every  county  in  the  State  but  three  is  intersected  by  at  least 
one  line  of  railroad;  the  exceptions  are  Calhoun,  Hardin  and 
Pope. 

Besides  these,  the  Baltimore  &  Ohio;  Chicago  &  Grand 
Trunk ;  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul ;  Lake  Shore  &  Mich- 
igan Southern;  Michigan  Central;  Pittsburgh,  Ft.  Wayne  & 
Chicago,  though  having  a  small  extent  of  mileage  in  the  State, 
do  a  large  business  in  Illinois. 

While  the  rapid  growth  of  the  State  has  influenced  the 
building  of  railroads,  still  the  influence  of  the  railroad  system 
upon  the  prosperity  of  the  Commonwealth  has  been  reciprocal,  as 
is  shown  in  the  opening  up  of  every  section  of  it  to  cultivation, 
in  its  rapid  increase  in  population,  the  growth  of  towns  and 
cities,  and  the  vast  development  of  manufacturing  enterprises. 
Beginning  with  a  population  of  34,620  on  its  admission  to  the 
Union,  in  1818,  in  1820  it  had  increased  to  55,162;  in  1830, 
to  157,445;  in  1840,  to  476,183  ;  in  1850,  10851,470;  in  1860,  to 
1,711,951;  in  1870,  to  2,539,891;  in  1880,  to  3,077,871;  and  in 
1890,  to  3,818,536 — more  than  the  entire  population  of  the  thir- 
teen original  States,  and  making  it  the  third  State  in  population 
in  the  Union,  exceeded  only  by  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 
The  census  of  1890  returned  twenty -one  cities  in  the  State  each 
with  a  population  exceeding  10,000,  against  twelve  of  the  same 


138  THK   WHITK   CITY  —  TIJ.IXOIS. 

class  in  1880.  The  ratio  of  increase  in  these  in  the  preceding 
decade  had  been  from  twenty  to  more  than  one  hundred  per 
cent.  The  city  having  the  largest  relative  growth — not  except- 
ing Chicago,  which  had  extended  its  area  by  annexing  several 
suburbs — was  Joliet,  followed  by  Elgin,  Rockford  and  Aurora,  in 
the  order  named.  In  each  case  the  rapid  growth  was  due  largely 
to  the  development  of  manufacturing  enterprises.  Besides  the 
'  cities  named,  the  following  have  grown  rapidly  in  importance  as 
manufacturing  centres:  Springfield,  Peoria,  Bloomington,  Mo- 
line,  Quincy,  East  St.  Louis  and  Galesburg.  Chicago  and  its 
suburbs,  with  Joliet,  East  St.  Louis  and  Springfield,  lead  in  iron 
and  steel  manufacture ;  Rockford,  Springfield  and  Decatur  in 
furniture  and  other  forms  of  wood-work ;  Elgin,  Rockford  and 
Springfield,  in  watches;  Chicago,  Moline,  Peoria,  Rockford,  De- 
catur and  Springfield,  in  agricultural  implements ;  while  large 
quantities  of  various  qualities  of  paper  are  manufactured  at 
Rockford,  Moline,  Springfield  and  Rivertou,  Chicago  and  Kan- 
kakee.  Immense  stock-yards  and  packing-houses  at  Chicago 

and  East  St.  Louis  furnish  a  market  for  the  live   stock  of  the 

i 

Mississippi  valley  and  supply  cured  and  canned  meats  for  home 
and  foreign  consumption ;  the  elevators  of  Chicago  and  East  St. 
Louis  store  the  grain  of  the  Northwest,  and  the  mills  of  Alton, 
Rockford,  Quincy,  Rock  Island,  Moline  and  other  cities  grind  it 
into  flour  for  the  markets  of  the  world. 

The  aggregate  valuation  of  taxable  property  in  the  State  in 
1892,  was  $831,310,306.  As  this  was  on  an  ackowledged  basis 
of  about  25  per  cent,  of  the  cash  value,  the  real  value  of  the 
whole  property  of  the  State  will  not  fall  short  of  $,3,300,000,000. 
The  proportion  of  the  assessment  falling  upon  railroads  was 
$77,108,390,  and  upon  other  corporations,  $6,549,202. 

This  chapter  would  be  wanting  in  completeness  did  it  fail  to 
mention  some  of  those  who,  as  the  original  founders  of  the  com- 
monwealth, or,  at  a  later  period,  its  builders,  protectors  and  de- 
fenders, have  assisted  to  make  Illinois  what  it  is  to-day.  And 
first  in  order  of  time,  if  not  in  honor,  should  stand  the  name  of 


MASONIC  TEMPLE,  CHICAGO. 


ILLINOIS  —  BUILDING    A    STATE.  139 

the  eloquent  orator  of  the  Revolution,  Patrick  Henry,  who,  as 
Governor  of  Virginia,  authorized  the  expedition  which  captured 
"  the  Illinois  Country"  from  the  British  in  1778,  and  the  in- 
trepid and  daring  young  Virginian,  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark, 
who  carried  the  plan  into  execution.  Henry  thus  became  Illi- 
nois' first  Governor. 

Then,  again,  all  honor  is  due  to  the  men  who  gave  form  and 
vitality  to  the  Ordinance  of  1787 — to  Thomas  Jefferson  wha 
formulated  the  prohibition  of  slavery  in  the  Territory  of  the 
Northwest,  which  was  finally  passed  in  an  amended  and  improved 
form ;  to  Manasseh  Cutler,  the  distinguished  New  England 
champion  of  popular  education,  who  aided  in  its  adoption;  to 
Nathan  Dane,  the  enlightened  and  sagacious  statesman  of  Massa- 
chusetts, who  composed  and  drafted  the  act,  and  to  Richard 
Henry  Lee  of  Virginia,  and  John  Kean  of  South  Carolina, 
whose  votes  assisted  to  enact  it  into  law.  The  fact  is  none  the 
less  worthy  of  mention  because  Southern  men,  identified  with 
the  institution  of  slavery,  contributed  in  the  largest  measure  to 
the  result.  Neither  can  the  services  of  Edwards,  Territorial 
Governor,  United  States  Senator  and  State  executive,  be  forgot- 
ten ;  nor  those  of  the  frank  and  generous  Pierre  Menard,  first 
Lieutenant-Governor ;  nor  of  Nathaniel  Pope,  Delegate  in  Con- 
gress, who  won  the  soil  on  which  Chicago  stands  for  Illinois,  and 
secured  a  perpetual  inheritance  for  the  common  schools  of  the 
State  ;  nor  of  Daniel  P.  Cook,  the  youthful  and  gifted  Congress- 
man, who  won  the  first  victory  in  Congress  for  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal ;  nor  of  Governor  Coles,  the  patriotic  executive, 
who  defeated  the  conspiracy  to  establish  slavery  in  Illinois ;  nor 
his  co-laborers — the  pure,  scholarly  and  judicial -minded  Lock- 
wood,  Hooper  Warren,  the  pioneer  journalist,  and  Thomas  Lip- 
pincott;  nor  of  John  McLean  and  Elias  Kent  Kane,  in  the 
United  States  Senate ;  nor  of  John  Reynolds,  Justice  of  the  Su- 
preme Court,  Governor,  Congressman,  "Old  Ranger"  and  histo- 
rian; nor  of  the  liberal  and  high-minded  Duncan,  Congressman 
and  Governor ;  none  of  these  can  be  deprived  of  the  place  which 


140  THR    WHITE    CITY  — ILLINOIS. 

has  been  assigned  them  in  the  history  of  the  State.  To  a  later 
period  belonged  Governor  Ford,  historian,  and  defender  of  the 
credit  of  the  State ;  Trumbnll  and  Douglas,  each  Secretary  of 
State,  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Congressman  and  United 
States  Senator;  J.  D.  Caton,  for  twenty-two  years  on  the  Supreme 
bench  ;  Sidney  Breese,  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  United 
States  Senator  and  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives ; 
Hardin,  Baker  and  Bissell,  Congressmen  and  soldiers  of  the 
Mexican  War — the  first  falling  at  Buena  Vista,  the  second,  at 
Ball's  Bluff  in  the  War  of  the  Rebellion,  and  the  last  becoming 
the  first  Republican  Governor  of  Illinois.  Among  the  men  who 
founded  colonies  and  attracted  new  settlers,  were  Birkbeck  and 
Flower  of  the  English  settlement  in  Edwards  County,  the  Bonds 
of  Monroe,  the  Lemens  of  St.  Clair,  the  Judys  of  Madison,  the 
Kinzies  of  old  Fort  Dearborn,  and,  of  a  later  period,  John  Wood 
of  Quincy,  Dixon  and  Dement  on  Rock  River,  Gurdon  S.  Hub- 
bard,  the  Clybourns,  Beaubiens,  Philo  S.  Carpenter,  and  others 
at  Chicago. 

Among  educators,  who  founded  and  built  up  institutions,  as 
well  as  wrote  history,  were  the  indefatigable  John  M.  Peck,  Ed- 
ward Beecher,  Julian  M.  Sturtevant,  Jonathan  B.  Turner;  Prof. 
Loomis  and  the  Leverett  Brothers  of  Shurtleff  College;  B.  G. 
Roots,  William  H.  Wells,  Dr.  Richard  Edwards,  Dr.  Newton 
Bateman  and  a  host  of  nameless  teachers  in  log  school-houses 
who  gave  direction  to  the  minds  of  the  future  leaders  of  the 
State.  Not  less  important  were  the  labors  of  an  army  of  pio- 
neer ministers  of  various  denominations  who  dispensed  religious 
instruction  to  the  scattered  population. 

On  material  lines,  a  vast  work  was  accomplished  by  the 
engineers  and  capitalists  who  built  up  mercantile  enterprises, 
projected  and  constructed  railroads,  founded  cities  and  erected 
manufactories — as  the  Morrisons,  Lamb  and  Mather,  at  Old  Kas- 
kaskia;  Gooding,  Buckland,  Jenne  and  Morgan,  Ogden,  Turner, 
Farnam  and  others. 

Coming  down  to  the  period  of  the  late  War,  the  number  who 


ILLINOIS  —  BUILDING    A   STATR. 


141 


won  a  prominent  place  in  history  is  vastly  increased.  Many  of 
them  surrendered  their  lives  on  southern  battle-fields,  including 
a  Wallace,  a  Wyman,  a  Mulligan  and  many  more.  Others  sur- 
vived to  serve  the  State  in  official  stations,  such  as  Logan, 
Oglesby,  Palmer,  Henderson,  P.  Sidney  Post,  Beveridge,  Lippen- 
cott,  Jesse  J.  Phillips,.  E.  N.  Bates,  John  C.  and  George  W. 
Smith,  McNulta,  Rinaker,  Fifer  and  scores  of  their  comrades. 
A  name  with  which  to  conjure  among  both  soldiers  and  civilians, 
was  that  of  the  gifted  Yates,  Illinois'  patriotic  "War  Governor." 
But  two  names  from  the  ranks  of  Illinoisans  have  been  assigned 
a  higher  place  than  all  others,  and  have  left  a  deeper  impress 
upon  the  history  of  the  State' and  the  Nation;  these  are  Ulysses 
S.  Grant,  the  organizer  of  victory  for  the  Union  arms  and  con- 
queror of  the  Rebellion,  and  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  Great  Eman- 
cipator, the  preserver  of  the  Republic  and  its  martyred 
President. 


•  ><_< 


CHAPTER  XIII. 
ILLINOIS    OFFICIALS. 

• 

LIST   OF   EXECUTIVE    OFFICERS    UNDER    THE    TERRITORIAL    AND 

STATE    GOVERNMENTS. 

OV.  ARTHUR  ST^CLAIR  was  the  first  regu- 
larly appointed  Governor  of  the  Northwest  Ter- 
ritory (of  which  Illinois  then  formed  a  part), 
receiving  his  appointment  February  i,  1788,  and 
serving  until  1800,  when  Indiana  Territory  (in- 
.cluding  "  the  Illinois  Country  ")  was  set  off  from 
Ohio.  Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison  was  then 
(May  13,  1800)  appointed  Governor  of  the  new  Territory,  con- 
tinuing to  serve  so  long  as  Illinois  continued  to  be  a  part  of  it. 
By  act  of  Congress  of  February  3,  1809,  Illinois  Territory  was 
organized,  and  a  few  weeks  later  John  Boyle  of  Kentucky,  was 
appointed  Territorial  Governor,  but  declined.  Ninian  Edwards 
then  (April  24,  1809)  received  the  appointment  and  continued  to 
serve  until  after  the  first  State  election,  October,  1818. 

The  following  were  the  other  chief  officers  during  the  Ter- 
ritorial period: 

Secretaries. — Nathaniel  Pope,  March  7,  1809,  to  December 
17,  1816;  Joseph  Philips,  December  17,  1816,  to  October  6,  1818. 
Auditors  of  Public  Accounts. — H.  H.  Maxwell,  1812-1816; 
Daniel  P.  Cook,  January  13,  1816,  to  April,  1817;  Robert  Black- 
well,  April  5,  1817,  to  August,  1817;  Elijah  C.  Berry,  August 
28,  1817,  to  October  9,  1818. 

Attorneys-General. — Benjamin  Doyle,  July  24,  1809,  to  De- 
cember, 1809;  John  J.  Crittenden,  December  30,  1809,  to  April, 


ILLINOIS  —  OFFICIALS.  143 

1810  ;  Thomas T.  Crittenden,  April  7,  1810,  to  Octooer,  1810;  Ben- 
jamin M.  Piatt,  October  29,  1810,  to  June,  1813;  William  Mears, 
June  23,  1813,  to  February  17,  1818. 

Treasurer. — John  Thomas,  1812-18. 

Delegates  to  Congress. — Shadrach  Bond,  1812-14;  Benja- 
min Stephenson  1814-17  Nathaniel  Pope,  1817-18. 

STATE  OFFICERS. 

Governors. — Shadrach  Bond,  1818-22  ;  Edward  Coles,  1822- 
26;  Ninian  Edwards,  1826-30;  John  Reynolds,  1830-4;  William 
L.  D.  Ewing  (vice  Reynolds,  resigned),  November  17,  1834,  to 
December  3,  1834;  Joseph  Duncan,  1834-8;  Thomas  Carlin, 
1838-42;  Thomas  Ford,  1842-6;  Augustus  C.  French,  1846  to 
January,  1853;  Joel  A.  Matteson,  1853-7;  W.  H.  Bissell,  1857 
to  March  21,  1860;  John  Wood  (vice  Bissell,  deceased),  March, 
1860,  to  January,  1861;  Richard  Yates,  1861-5;  R.  J.  Oglesby, 
1865-9;  John  M.  Palmer,  1869-73;  R.  J.  Oglesby,  January  13, 
1873,  to  January  23,  1873;  John  L/.  Beveridge  (vice  Oglesby, 
elected  to  United  States  Senate),  1873-7;  Shelby  M.  Cullom, 
1877-83;  John  M.  Hamilton  (vice  Cullom,  elected  United  States 
Senator),  1883-5;  R-  J-  Oglesby,  1885-9;  Joseph  W.  Fifer, 
1889-93;  John  P.  Altgeld,  1893— 

Lietitenant-Governors. — Pierre  Menard,  1818-22  ;  A.  F.  Hub- 
bard,  1822-6;  William  Kinney,  1826-30;  Zadock  Casey,  1830 
to  March"  i,  1833;  W.  L.  D.  Ewing  (vice  Casey,  resigned), 
March  i,  1833,  to  December  5,  1834;  Alexander  M.  Jenkins, 
1834-6;  William  H.  Davidson  (vice  Jenkins,  resigned),  1836-8; 
Stinson  H.  Anderson,  1838-42;  John  Moore,  1842-6;  Joseph  B. 
Wells,  December,  1846,  to  January,  1849;  William  McMurtry, 
1849-53;  Gustavus  Koerner,  1853-7;  J°^n  Wood,  1857-60; 
Francis  A.  Hoffman,  1861-5;  Wm.  Bross,  1865-9;  John  Doug- 
herty, 1869-73;  John  L.  Beveridge,  January  13,  to  January  23, 
1873;  John  Early  (as  President  of  Senate),  1873-5;  A.  A. 
Glenn  (as  President  of  Senate),  1875-7;  Andrew  Shurnan, 
1877-81;  John  M.  Hamilton,  1881-3;  William  J.  Campbell  (as 


144  THE    WHITE   CITY  —  ILUXOIS. 

President  of  Senate) ,  1883-5;  John  C.  Smith,    1885-9;    Lyman 
B.  Ray,  1889-93;  Joseph  B.  Gill,  1893- 

Secretaries  of  State. — Elias  Kent  Kane,  1818-22;  Samuel 
D.  Lockwood,  December,  1822,  to  April,  1823;  David  Blackwell, 
1823-4;  Morris  Birkbeck,  October,  1824,  to  January,  1825; 
George  Forquer,  1825-8;  Alex.  P.  Field,  1828-40;  Stephen  A. 
Douglas,  November,  1840,  to  February,  1841;  Lyman  Trumbull, 
1841-3  ;  Thompson  Campbell,  1843-6;  Horace  S. Cooley,  1849-50; 
David  L.  Gregg,  1850-53;  Alex.  Starne,  1853-7;  Ozias  M. 
Hatch,  1857-65;  Sharon  Tyndale,  1865-9;  Edward  Rumniel, 
1869-73;  George  H.  Harlow,  1873-81;  Henry  D.  Dement, 
1881-9;  Isaac  N.  Pearson,  1889-93;  William  H.  Hinrichsen, 
1893— 

Auditors  of  Public  Accounts. — Elijah  C.  Berry,  1818-31; 
James  T.  B.  Stapp,  1831-5;  Levi  Davis,  1835-41;  James 
Shields,  1841-3;  W.  L.  D.  Ewing,  1843-5;  Thomas  H.  Campbell, 
1846-57;  Jesse  K.  Dubois,  1857,  to  December,  1864;  Orlin  H. 
Miner,  1864-9  '•>  Charles  E.  Lippencott,  1869-77  5  Thos.  B. 
Needles,  1877-81;  Charles  P.  Swigert,  1881-9;  C.  W.  Pavey, 
1889-93  i  David  Gore,  1893— 

State  Treasurers. — John  Thomas,  1818-19;  Rob't  K.  Mc- 
Laughlin,  1819-23  ;  Abner  Field,  1823-7  5  James  Hall,  1827-31  ; 
John  Dement,  1831-6;  Charles  Gregory,  1836-7;  John  D. 
Whiteside,  1837-41 ;  Milton  Carpenter,  1841-8 ;  John  Moore, 
1848-57;  James  Miller,  1857-9;  William  Butler,  1859-63;  Alex. 
Starne,  1863-5;  James  H.  Beveridge,  1865-7;  George  W.  Smith, 
1867-9 ;  E.  N.  Bates,  1869-73;  Edward  Rutz,  1873-5;  Thomas 
S.  Ridgway,  1875-7;  Edward  Rutz,  1877-9;  John  C.  Smith, 
1879-81;  Edward  Rutz,  1881-3  ;  John  C.  Smith,  1883-5;  Jacob 
Gross,  1885-7;  John  R-  Tanner,  1887-9;  Charles  Becker, 
1889-91;  Edward  S.Wilson,  1891-3 ;  Rufus  N.  Ramsay,  1893— 

Attorneys-General. — Daniel  P.  Cook,  1819;  William  Mears, 
1819-21;  S.  D.  Lockwood,  1821-3;  James  Turney,  1823-9; 
George  Forquer,  1829-33;  James  Semple,  1833-4;  N.  W.  Ed- 
wards, 1834-5  ;  Jesse  B.  Thomas,  1835-6  ;  W.  B.  Scales,  1836-7  ; 


ILLINOIS  —  OFFICIALS.  145 

Usher  F.  Linder,  1837-8;  George  W.  Gluey,  1838-9;  W.  Kitch- 
ell,  1839-40;  Josiah  Lamborn,  1840-3;  James  Allen  McDougall, 
1843-6;  David  B.  Campbell,  1846;  Robert  G.  Ingersoll,  1867-9; 
Washington  Bushnell,  1869-73;  James  K.  Edsall,  1873-81; 
James  McCartney,  1881-5;  George  Hunt,  1885-93;  M.  T. 
Moloney,  1893— 

Superintendents  of  Public  Instruction. — N.  W  Edwards, 
1854-7;  Win.  H.  Powell,  1857-9;  Newton  Bateman,  1859-63; 
John  P.  Brooks,  1863-5;  Newton  Bateman,  1865-75;  Samuel 
W.  Etter,  1875-9;  James  P.  Slade,  1879-83;  Henry  Raab, 
1883-7;  Richard  Edwards,  1887-91;  Henry  Raab,  1891 — 

ORGANIZATION   OF   COUNTIES. 

The  following  table  shows  the  date  of  organization  of  the 
several  counties  of  the  State: 

1809 — Randolph,  St.  Clair;  1812 — Gallatin,  Johnson,  Madi- 
son; 1814 — Edwards;  1815 — White;  1816 — Crawford,  Jackson, 
Monroe,  Pope;  1817 — Bond;  1818 — Franklin,  Union,  Washing- 
ton; 1819 — Alexander,  Clark,  Jefferson,  Wayne;  1821 — Fayette, 
Greene,  Hamilton,  Lawrence,  Montgomery,  Pike,  Sangainon; 
1823 — Edgar,  Fulton,  Marion,.  Morgan;  1824 — Clay,  Clinton, 
WT abash;  1825 — Adams,  Calhoun,  Hancock,  Henry,  Knox,  Mer- 
cer, Peoria,  Putnam,  Schuyler,  Warren;  1826 — McDonough, 
Vermilion;  1827 — Jo  Daviess,  Perry,  Shelby,  Tazewell;  1829 — 
Macon,  Macoupin;  1830 — Coles,  McLean;  1831 — Cook,  Effing- 
ham,  Jasper,  La  Salle,  Rock  Island;  1833 — Champaign,  Iroquois; 
^36 — Kane,  McHenry,  Ogle,  Whiteside,  Will,  Winnebago; 
1837 — Boone,  Bureau,  Cass,  DeKalb,  Livingston,  Stephen- 
son  ;  1839 — Brown,  Carroll,  Christian,  DeWitt,  DuPage,  Hardin, 
Jersey,  Lake,  Lee,  Logan,  Marshall,  Menard,  Scott,  Stark,  Wil- 
liamson; 1841 — Grundy,  Henderson,  Kendall,  Mason,  Piatt, 
Richland,  Woodford;  1843 — Cumberland,  Massac,  Moultrie, 
Pulaski;  1847 — Saline;  1851 — Kankakee;  1857 — Douglas;  1859 
—Ford. 

The  settled  portion  of  the  "  Illinois  Country  "  was  organized 


146 


•      THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 


into  "Illinois  County"  for  the  purposes  of  government,  by  the 
Virginia  House  of  Delegates,  a  few  months  after  the  conquest  of 
Illinois  by  Col.  George  Rogers  Clark,  in  1778.  After  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Northwest-Territory  (1780)  this  region  was  reorgan- 
ized and  received  the  name  of  St.  Clair  County,  after  the  first 
Governor,  who.had  been  appointed  in  1788.  Randolph,  the  sec- 
ond county,  was  set  off  in  1795,  both  being  then  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Northwest-Territory.  No  further  changes  were 
made  in  the  county  organization  in  the  "Illinois  Country"  un- 
til after  the  organization  of  Illinois  Territory. 


Illinois  Institutions. 


FORT   SHERIDAN — THE  ART  INSTITUTE — THE  ARMOUR  MISSION 

—  THE   ARMOUR   INSTITUTE  —  THE   UNIVERSITY 

OF  CHICAGO. 

inception  of  a  Government  Post  at  Chicago 
originated  with  Gen.  Philip  Henry  Sheridan, 
who  suggested  to  prominent  citizens  the  import- 
ance of  there  locating  a  military  school.  On 
April  25,  1885,  Gen.  John  M.  Schofield,  while  at- 
tending a  dinner  given  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Commercial  Club  of  Chicago,  in  the  course  of 
his  remarks  expressed  the  same  thought  which 
was  made  the  subject  of  discussion  by  the  Club  on  May  25th. 
On  March  2yth,  of  the  following  year,  the  matter  was  still 
further  debated  and  a  committee  appointed  to  carefully  consider 
the  advisability  of  establishing  a  Fort.  The  report  of  this  com- 
mittee was  favorable  to  the  enterprise,  and  was,  in  effect,  that 
steps  should  at  once  be  taken  by  the  Club  to  secure  the  necessary 
funds  to  purchase  a  suitable  location. 

About  this  time  a  committee  was  delegated  by  General 
Sheridan  to  examine  certain  sites  which  were  reported  desirable, 
and,  as  the  result  of  their  investigation,  the  station  of  High- 
wood,  on  Lake  Michigan,  about  twenty-one  miles  north  of  Cook 
County  Court-house,  was  selected.  The  Commercial  Club,  at  all 
times  interested  in  the  welfare  of  the  city,  headed  the  subscrip- 
tion by  contributing  liberally,  to  which  were  appended  the  names 
of  about  four  hundred  business  men  of  Chicago,  so  that,  in  addi- 


Illinnis. 


147 


148  THE    WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

tion  to  the  purchase    price,  $300,000,  $13,045   was  subscribed, 
which  amount  was  returned,  pro  ra/a,  to  all  contributors. 

In  October,  1887,  the  land,  which  consisted  of  633.32  acres, 
\vas  purchased  and  a  deed  of  the  same  transferred  to  the  United 
States  Government,  on  which  to  establish  a  military  post,  the 
location  being  named  Fort  Sheridan,  in  honor  of  the  General 
whose  thought  first  found  expression  in  favor  of  the  enterprise. 

The  site  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  and  beautiful  in  the 
vicinity  of  Chicago,  and,  in  fact,  it  would  be  difficult  to  find  in 
any  location  one  surpassing  it  in  the  attractiveness  of  its  sur- 
roundings. The  climate  is  not  severe  in  winter,  while  the  cool- 
ing breezes  which  blow  from  the  Lake  renders  it  one  of  the  most 
delightful  of  summer  resorts. 

In  1888  Congress  made  the  first  appropriation  for  improve- 
ments, since  which  time  seventy-one  buildings  have  been  erected, 
upon  which,  together  with  the  improvements  of  streets,  water  sup- 
ply, etc.,  there  have  been  expended  more  than  one  million  dollars. 

The  Fort  is  under  command  of  Col.  Robert  E-  A,  Crofton, 
whose  staff  and  garrison  consist  of  602  men  belonging  to  the 
Fifteenth  Regiment  and  Battery  E,  and  two  troops  oftheSeventh 
Cavalry,  comprising  120  men. 

Colonel  Crofton  has  been  in  continuous  service  since  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War.  In  1861  he  was  appointed  Cap- 
tain, and  was  made  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  1879  while  serving  on 
the  frontier.  In  1886  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Colonel 
and  placed  in  command  of  the  famous  Fifteenth  Regiment,  serv- 
ing with  it  continuously  from  that  time.  Colonel  Crofton  is 
deserving  of  all  the  respect  and  esteem  which  is  everywhere  and 
at  all  times  accorded  to  him  by  officers  and  soldiers ;  his  promo- 
tions were  well  merited,  being  no  more  than  a  just  ackowledge- 
ment  of  faithful  service. 

Lieut.-Col.  Samuel  Ovenshine  and  Maj.  C.  M.  Bailey  are 
next  in  command.  Of  Col.  Crofton's  staff,  ist  Lieut.  Will  T. 
May  is  Regimental  Adjutant,  and  ist  Lieut.  J.  A.  Maney, 
Regimental  Quartermaster. 


ILLINOIS  —  INSTITUTIONS.  149 

The  history  of  the  Fifteenth  Regiment  is  an  interesting  one 
and,  to  those  who  have  served  in  its  ranks,  the  past  is  not  devoid 

• 

of  stirring  events.  It  was  organized  by  act  of  Congress  in  1861, 
reorganized  in  1866,  and  again  reorganized  by  consolidation  with 
the  Thirty-fifth  Regiment.  For  sixteen  years  after  the  close  of 
the  Civil  War  its  services  were  required  in  New  Mexico,  Cali- 
fornia, Arizona  and  Dakota,  and  its  record  is  one  of  which  to  be 
proud;  in  fact,  so  hazardous  and  trying  were  these  campaigns 
that  it  is  generally  acknowledged  that  the  gallant  "Fifteenth"  is 
fully  entitled  to  the  best  the  government  affords,  Fort  Sheridan 
being  among  the  favorite  posts. 

Gen.  Nelson  A.  Miles  was  born  in  Westminster,  Massachu- 
setts, August  8,  1839.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  he 
joined  the  Twenty -second  Massachusetts  Volunteers  as  Second 
Lieutenant,  but  was  soon  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Captain,  and 
in  May,  1862,  was  appointed  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Sixty- 
first  New  York  Volunteers,  in  acknowledgement  of  gallant  ser- 
vice. After  the  battle  of  Antietam  he  rose  to  the  rank  of  Col- 
onel, in  September,  1862,  and  was  brevetted  Brigadier-General  in 
1864  for  meritorious  conduct  throughout  the  campaign,  and 
particularly  for  gallantry  at  the  engagement  at  Ream's  Station, 
Virginia.  He  was  made  Major-General  in  October,  1865,  and 
mustered  out  of  service  in  September,  1866. 

As  Colonel  of  the  Fortieth  Infantry,  General  Miles  entered 
the  reorganized  army,  but  was  brevetted  Major-General,  March  2, 
1867,  for  gallant  service  at  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville.  He 
was  transferred  to  the  Fifth  Infantry  in  1869,  and  at  this  date 
his  career  as  an  Indian  fighter  began  by  the  subjugation  of  the 
Conianches  and  Kiowas  in  the  Staked  Plains  country.  In  1876 
he  drove  Sitting  Bull  from  Montana,  and  captured  the  Nez 
Perces,  under  chief  Joseph,  and,  in  1878,  subdued  the  Bannocks 
in  the  National  Park.  In  1880  he  received  the  rank  of  Briga- 
dier-General and  commanded  the  Department  of  the  Columbia 
for  five  years.  In  1885  he  was  placed  in  command  of  the  De- 
partment of  the  Missouri,  where  his  services  in  Arizona,  against 


150  THE   WHITE    CITY  — ILLINOIS. 

the  savages,  were  crowned  with  the  same  success  as  attended  his 
former  expeditions  against  the  savage  tribes  of  the  Northwest 
country.  On  the  cessation  of  these  hostilities,  he  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  Division  of  the  Pacific,  was  promoted  to  rank  of 
Maj  or-General  April  5,  1890,  and,  in  September  of  the  same 
year,  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Missouri, 
reaching  Chicago  September  20,  1890.  The  campaign  against 
the  Sioux  and  the  subjugation  of  the  "ghost  dances"  are  the 
latest  testimonials  of  his  effective  measures  in  Indian  warfare. 

Through  the  efficient  services  of  General  Miles,  Fort  Sheri- 
dan has  added  much  to  its  importance  as  a  post.  Among  the 
improvements  may  be  noted  the  bicycle  corps,  which  has  been 
found  especially  efficient  as  a  messenger  service.  The  ambulance 
corps  and  life-saving  service  have  also  been  greatly  improved 
during  the  present  successful  administration  of  Gen.  Nelson  A. 
Miles  of  the  Division  of  the  Missouri. 

THE  ART   INSTITUTE. 

The  Art  Institute  of  Chicago  was  incorporated,  under  the 
laws  of  Illinois,  May  24,  1879,  "  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining 
a  School  and  Museum  of  Art,"  and  affords  full  courses  of  in- 
struction in  academic  drawing  and  painting,  sculpture,  decora- 
tive designing  and  architecture.  Students  are  admitted  at  any 
time  without  examination,  and  are  classified  according  to  their 
attainments  after  a  month's  attendance  ;  each  pupil  is  advanced 
individually,  no  time  being  prescribed  for  the  course. 

The  School  of  Drawing  and  Painting  is  divided  into  four 
sections ,  elementary,  intermediate,  antique  and  life,  the  average 
beginner  requiring  about  eight  months  to  reach  the  antique  class, 
when  he  is  first  permitted  to  use  color,  although  a  few  excep- 
tions are  made  to  this  rule.  The  regular  Diploma  is  conferred 
upon  those  who  have  held  the  rank  of  Life  Student  for  two 
years,  a  silver  medal  being  awarded  in  cases  of  extraordinary 
merit. 

Instructions  are  given  in  illustrating,  for  which   the  whole 


ILLINOIS — INSTITUTIONS.  151 

training  of  the  school  is  a  direct  preparation,  and  many  advanced 
pupils  are  at  all  times  engaged  in  this  work,  for  publications  of 
various  kinds.  The  course  of  Anatomy  consists  of  two  series 
of  lectures — of  about  twenty  each — yearly,  the  students  being 
required  to  submit  to  a  written  examination  at  the  close  of  each 
term.  Classes  in  Decorative  Designing  are  conducted  upon  the 
studio  system,  and  the  instruction  is  varied  to  suit  the  needs  of 
individual  cases. 

The  School  of  Architecture  was  founded  in  1889  and  is  one 
of  the  most  important  departments  of  the  Institute.  Its  course 
is  open  to  both  men  and  women,  and  is  almost  identical  with  the 
Short  Course  of  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology.  A 
fine  collection  of  architectural  casts,  sent  to  the  Columbian  Ex- 
position by  the  French  Government,  is  to  become  the  property 
of  the  Institute  at  the  close  of  the  Fair.  The  cost  of  bringing 
to  Chicago  the  "Trocadero  Collection,"  as  it  is  called,  was 
$50,000,  and  it  is  by  far  the  finest  in  the  United  States,  while  its 
value  to  the  Institute  can  scarcely  be  overrated. 

The  Art  L/ibrary  was  established  in  1879,  and  now  forms 
one  of  the  important  features  of  the  school.  The  current  Art 
Journals  are  kept  on  file,  and  books  to  the  number  of  about  thir- 
teen hundred  constitute  both  a  circulating  and  reference  library 
for  the  students.  A  complete  collection  of  large  carbon  photo- 
graphs, known  as  autotypes,  is  a  recent  purchase  by  the  Trustees 
and  is  a  most  important  accession  to  the  library.  It  consists  of 
more  than  eighteen  thousand  subjects,  and  includes  reproduc- 
tions of  the  most  celebrated  paintings,  drawings  and  sculptures 
of  the  great  masters,  such  as  are  found  in  the  museums  of  the 
Old  World,  and  being  the  only  complete  collection  of  the  kind 
in  America,  its  value  is  proportionately  enhanced. 

Early  in  1891  the  city  of  Chicago  passed  an  ordinance  grant- 
ing a  tract  of  land  on  the  Lake  Front,  between  Jackson  and 
Madison  streets,  for  the  site  of  a  Museum  of  Art,  and  upon  this 
ground  the  permanent  home  of  the  Art  Institute  has  been 
erected,  although  it  is  to  be  occupied  during  the  Exposition  by 


152  THE   WHITE   CITY — ILLINOIS. 

the  various  World's  Fair  Congresses  which  convene  at  that  time. 
The  means  for  carrying  forward  the  plans  of  the  Trustees  were 
obtained  from  the  sale  of  real  estate  belonging  to  the  Institute, 
which  netted  about  $265,000;  from  the  World's  Columbian  Ex- 
position, which  offered  $200,000  for  the  use  of  the  building  for 
Congresses  from  Way  ist  to  November  i,  1893,  aud  from  pri- 
vate subscriptions  amounting  to  $120,000. 

The  ownership  of  the  building  is  vested  in  the  city  of  Chi- 
cago, but  the  right  to  occupy  the  same  is  given  to  the  Art 
Institute  so  long  as  certain  conditions  are  observed. 

The  building  is  described  as  "  in  style  Italian  Renaissance, 
the  details  classic,  and  of  the  Ionic  and  Corinthian  orders."  It 
is  320  feet  long,  with  a  depth  of  208  feet,  including  projections. 
It  is  two  stories  in  height  above  the  basement,  and  is  without 
tower  or  dome.  The  plan  is  rectangular,  enclosing  two  squares, 
which  will  ultimately  be  used,  the  one  as  an  audience  room  and 
the  other  as  a  library.  The  great  staircase  in  the  center  of  the 
building,  with  the  main  halls  above  and  below,  form  the  striking 
features  of  the  interior.  Every  object  has  been  subordinated  to 
securing  the  best  rooms  for  exhibition,  with  reference  to  light  and 
simplicity  of  arrangement,  and  the  architects  have  succeeded  in 
this  direction  and,  at  the  same  time,  furnished  a  dignified  and 
imposing  exterior.  The  material  used  is  Bedford  limestone, 
with  a  foundation  of  granite. 

The  President  of  the  Institute  is  Charles  L.  Hutchinson ; 
Director,  W.  M.  R.  French.  With  a  full  corps  of  competent 
teachers  and  lecturers,  the  best  of  material,  models,  costumes, 
still-life  objects,  library,  etc.,  every  facility  is  afforded  the  student 
for  a  thoroxigh  education  in  art. 

THK    ARMOUR    MISSION. 

Among  the  places  of  interest  about  which  a  stranger  in- 
quires when  visiting  the  city  of  Chicago  is  the  Armour  Mission. 
This  institution  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  City  Mission,  founded 
in  November,  1886,  to  which  Joseph  F.  Armour,  who  died  in 


ILLINOIS  —  INSTITUTIONS.  153 

1881,  bequeathed  $100,000.  Becoming  at  once  much  interested 
in  carrying  forward  the  purposes  of  his  brother,  Mr.  Philip  D. 
Armour  increased  the  bequest  to  $1,000,000,  and  incorporated 
the  Armour  Mission  Company  tinder  the  laws  of  Illinois.  With 
characteristic  business  foresight  Mr.  Armovir  sought  to  provide  a 
constant  revenue  for  this  enterprise,  and  purchased  ground  and 
erected  tenement  buildings,  containing  over  two  hundred  apart- 
ments, the  rental  of  which  is  applied  to  the  support  of  the 
Mission. 

Mr.  Armour  loves  chilrdren,  and  his  sympathies  and  a  help- 
ing hand  are  ever  extended  to  assist  those  who  would  help  them- 
selves. He  believes  in  the  importance  of  early  training  and  sur- 
roundings to  develop  the  highest  manhood  and  womanhood,  and 
puts  his  theories  into  practice  by  providing  for  the  temporal  as 
well  as  spiritual  well-being  of  the  people  with  whom  he  is  asso- 
ciated. Armour  Mission  is  unsectarian  and  is  open  to  all,  "re- 
gardless of  race  or  creed,"  and  here  a  great  Sunday-school  as- 
sembles, the  Auditorium  accommodating  twenty-five  hundred 
people.  Connected  with  the  Mission  are  a  day  nursery,  a  kinder- 
garten, an  industrial  school  and  free  medical  dispensary.  A 
night  school  also  affords  an  opportunity  for  study  to  those  whose 
"  daily  bread"  depends  entirely  upon  their  own  exertions,  and  who 
would  otherwise  be  deprived  of  all  educational  advantages. 

THE  ARMOUR   INSTITUTE. 

Armour  Institute,  Mr.  P.  D.  Armour's  splendid  contribu- 
tion to  the  cause  of  education,  originally  had  in  view  industrial 
training  for  boys  and  girls  rather  than  the  comprehensive  scheme 
of  technical  education  to  which  it  is  now  committed.  Some  of 
the  purely  industrial  features  are  retained,  nor  is  their  import- 
ance slighted.  But  the  latter  form  of  organization  is  due  to  a 
conviction  of  the  need  in  Chicago  of  a  school  for  high-class  tech- 
nical instruction.  These  two  ideas  have  happily  influenced  each 
other,  giving  to  the  industrial  work,  as  planned,  a  more  thor- 
oughly scientific  basis,  and  making  the  technical  departments 


154  THK    WHITK    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

scnools  for  the  practical  application  of  science  and  not  mainly 
for  theoretical  instruction.  It  will  be  a  specific  aim  of  the  Insti- 
tute to  produce  men  capable  of  addressing  themselves  in  a 
practical  and  efficient  manner  to  the  solution  of  the  various 
engineering  problems. 

The  plan  of  organization  of  departments  secures  unity,  to- 
gether with  the  largest  expression  of  individuality.  The  Aca- 
demic Department  co-ordinates  all  the  curricula  of  preparatory 
and  technical  studies  and  embraces  the  Scientific  Academy, 
which  has  a  Latin,  a  Science,  and  a  Technical  course,  and  fits 
students  for  colleges  in  general,  and  for  the  advanced  courses  of 
Armour  Institute  in  particular,  and  the  Technical  College, 
in  which  are  included  the  advanced  technical  courses,  each  four 
years  in  length.  Courses  in  Mechanical,  Electrical,  Mining,  and 
Civil  Engineering  have  already  been  established.  The  technical 
work  of  each  course  is  conducted  in  a  separate  department,  each 
being  exclusively  under  the  charge  of  its  own  director. 

The  equipment  is  of  the  completest  description  and  includes, 
besides  the  scientific  apparatus,  a  fine  Gymnasium,  a  Technical 
Museum,  and  a  choice  Library,  which  already  has  over  ten 
thousand  carefully  chosen  volumes. 

The  officers  of  the  Armour  Institute  are : 

Frank  W.  Gunsaulus,  D.  D.,  President. 

Thomas  C.  Roney,  A.  M.,  Director  of  the  Academic  De- 
partment. 

Earnest  W.  Cooke,  Director  of  the  Department  of  Mechan- 
ical Engineering. 

Wilber  M.  Stine,  M.  S.,  Director  of  the  Department  of 
Mining  Engineering. 

Mrs.  Mary  A.  Hull,  Director  of  the  Department  of  Domestic 
Arts. 

Miss  Katharine  L.  Sharp,  Ph.M.,  B.  L.  S.,  Director  of  the 
Department  of  Library  Science. 

Miss  Eva  B.  Whitmore,  Director  of  the  Normal  Department 
of  Kindergartens. 


ILLINOIS  —  INSTITUTIONS.  155 

Philip  D.  Armour  was  born  in  Stockbridge  Hills,  New 
York,  May  16,  1832,  and  in  country  schools  and  the  Academy 
at  Watertown  received  such  education  as  fitted  him  to  enter  the 
business  world  when  he  became  of  a!ge.  In  1852  he  joined  a 
California  party,  and  made  the  long  overland  journey  to  the  "far 
West,"  where  he  remained  four  years.  After  reaching  home,  he 
almost  immediately  turned  westward,  settling  in  Milwaukee, 
Wisconsin,  where  he  entered  into  a  partnership  with  Frederick 
B.  Miles,  in  the  commission  business.  He  afterward  became  as- 
sociated with  John  Plankinton,  of  that  City,  and  their  united 
efforts  built  up  an  enormous  grain  and  provision  trade. 

Mr.  Armour  has  many  business  interests,  being  director  and 
principal  stockholder  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  &  St.  Paul 
Railway,  as  well  as  heading  the  greatest  elevator  combination  in 
the  world,  and  in  Lake  transportation  controlling  one  of  the 
largest  companies.  It  is  through  his  packing  enterprise,  how- 
ever, that  he  is  most  widely  known,  the  main  plant  of  which  is 
located  at  the  Union  Stock  Yards,  Chicago,  and  the  second  larg- 
est, at  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  in  the  various  branches  of  which 
business  about  17,000  men,  boys  and  women  are  employed. 

Mr.  Armour  was  married  in  1862  to  Miss  Malvina  Belle 
Ogden,  of  Cincinnati,  and  together  they  have  lovingly  journeyed, 
while  two  sons,  Jonathan  Ogden  and  Philip  D.  Armour,  Jr.,  have 
been  sharers  of  the  comfortable  but  unostentatious  home.  Mr. 
Armour  is  methodical  in  his  habits,  and  is  a  constant  example 
of  industry  to  the  thousands  of  employes  connected  with  the 
vast  establishments  of  which  he  is  the  head  and  chief.  As  to 
his  kindness  of  heart,  the  Mission  and  Institute  speak  more  elo- 
quently than  written  volumes,  ever  testifying  of  the  philanthropic 
purposes  which  actuate  his  daily  life. 

THE   UNIVERSITY   OF  CHICAGO. 

The  name,  University  of  Chicago,  has  long  been  a  familiar 
one,  although  the  present  institution  was  not  projected  prior  to 
1888.  In  1855  several  citizens  of  Chicago  called  upon  Stephen 


156  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

A.  Douglas  and  presented  the  idea  of  securing  for  the  city  an  in- 
stitution of  higher  learning,  and,  as  a  result  of  this  meeting, 
Mr.  Doug1  as  donated  ten  acres  of  land  for  a  campus,  and  a  char- 
ter was  granted  to  the  University  of  Chicago  in  1857,  the  laying 
of  the  corner-stone,  which  occurred  on  the  fourth  of  July  of  that 
year,  being  an  event  of  great  interest.  The  building,  when  com- 
pleted, was  an  imposing  granite  structure,  occupying  a  portion 
of  the  grounds  belonging  to  the  Douglas  homestead,  and  was 
supplied  with  the  necessary  class-rooms,  dormitories,  halls,  li- 
brary, parlors,  professors'  rooms,  etc.,  and  all  the  conveniences 
which  were  obtainable  at  that  date.  In  1886  the  University 
passed  into  the  hands  of  an  insurance  company,  and  was  there- 
after occupied  by  tenants  of  every  description  until  January, 
1889,  when  the  walls  were  razed,  and  the  material  used  in  the 
construction  of  other  buildings. 

In  1888,  Professor  Harper,  now  President  of  the  institution, 
conferred  with  John  D.  Rockefeller,  and  at  the  close  of  that  year 
presented  to  the  Baptist  Board  of  Education  a  proposition  "to 
.  establish  an  educational  institution  upon  a  broader  and  more  lib- 
eral basis  than  that  of  any  other  college  or  university  in  this 
country."  The  subject  was  presented  to  a  committee  of  prom- 
inent men  in  the  spring  of  1889,  and  Chicago  chosen  as  the  seat 
of  the  Institution. 

Mr.  Rockefeller's  conditional  gift  of  $600,000  was  supple- 
mented by  the  $400,000  which  he  required  of  others,  and,  in 
addition,  $15,000  in  books  and  $125,000  in  land  was  also  con- 
tributed. In  September,  1890,  the  University  of  Chicago  was 
incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Illinois,  Dr.  William  Rainey 
Harper,  of  Yale,  accepting  the  presidency. 

Again  Mr.  Rockefeller  generously  contributed  to  the  insti- 
tution, giving  $1,000,000,  "conditioned  upon  the  Baptist  Union 
Theological  Seminary  at  Morgan  Park — a  suburb  of  Chicago — 
being  made  the  Divinity  School  of  the  new  University,  and  that 
an  Academy  be  organized,"  which  proposition  was  immediately 
accepted. 


ILtlNOIS  —  INSTITUTIONS.  157 

The  erection  of  the  buildings  began  November  2  6,  1891,  the 
first  being  a  four  story  Recitation  Building  168x85  feet,  and 
Dormitory  Buildings  for  the  University  and  Divinity  School,  the 
former  costing  $210,000.  This  institution,  which  admitted  its 
first  pupils  in  October,  1892,  has  at  the  present  time  a  large 
enrollment  of  students,  and  one.  hundred  and  twenty  instructors 
in  charge.  Seven  buildings  have  been  completed,  at  a  cost  of 
$900,000,  and  it  is  estimated  that,  by  the  opening  of  the  October 
term,  1893,  five  more  will  be  ready  for  occupancy,  the  cost  of 
which  will  aggregate  $2,000,000. 

The  University  of  Chicago  is  located  between  Fifty-seventh 
Street  on  the  north  and  Midway  Plaisance  on  the  south,  Lexing- 
ton Avenue  on  the  east  and  Ellis  Avenue  on  the  west,  the  tract, 
consisting  of  twenty-five  acres,  lying  between  Washington  and 
Jackson  Parks.  The  original  site  was  donated  by  Marshall 
Field,  though  some  additions  have  been  made  thereto  by  purchase 
and  the  vacating  of  land  by  the  city,  which  now  gives  to  the 
University  an  undivided  tract. 

In  addition  to  the  gifts  of  Mr.  Rockefeller,  other  generous 
donations  have  been  made.  The  estate  of  William  B.  Ogden — 
first  Mayor  of  Chicago — has  contributed  to  the  University  $700,- 
ooo,  which  amount  will  be  used  to  establish  the  Ogden  Scientific 
School ;  the  Kent  Chemical  Laboratory  has  been  provided  for  by 
Mr.  S.  A.  Kent  of  Chicago,  who  donated  $200,000  to  the  institu- 
tion ;  the  Walker  Museum,  costing  $100,000,  is  the  gift  of  another 
Chicago  citizen,  Mr.  George  C.  Walker ;  the  Ryerson  Physical 
Laboratory,  costing  $200,000,  is  a  donation  of  Martin  A.  Ryerson 
of  Chicago,  and  is  now  in  process  of  construction;  Rust  Hall, 
for  which  the  amount  of  $70,000  was  furnished  by  Maj.  H.  A. 
Rust,  and  the  Field  Biological  Laboratory,  a  contribution  of 
Marshall  Field,  costing  $250,000,  are  also  donations  of  Chicago 
citizens.  The  Yerkes  Laboratory  will  contain  the  largest  and 
most  powerful  telescope  in  the  world,  for  the  purchase  of  which, 
together  with  the  construction  of  the  tower,  Mr.  Yerkes  of  Chi- 
cago, donated  $500,000.  The  lenses  of  this  wonderful  telescope 


158  THE    WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

are  forty-two  inches  in  diameter,  and  will  cost  $46,000  when 
ready  for  mounting. 

The  ladies  of  Chicago  have  also  interested  themselves  in 
this  new  University,  and  'several  have  generously  donated  means 
to  further  the  cause,  among  them  being  Mrs.  Henrietta  Suell,  Mrs. 
Mary  Beecher,  Mrs.  N.  S.  Foster  and  Mrs.  E.  G.  Kelly,  and  the 
buildings  for  which  their  donations  provide  are  either  in  process 
of  construction  or  will  be  erected  in  the  near  future. 

The  University  is  organized  into  four  distinct  divisions : 
the  University  proper,  the  University  Extension,  the  University 
Library  and  Museum,  and  the  University  Press.  The  Uni- 
versity proper  includes  Schools,  Academies  and  Colleges;  the 
University  Extention  is  organized  into  six  Departments — 
lecture-study,  class-work,  correspondence,  examination,  library 
and  training;  the  University  Library  and  Museum  embrace  the 
General  Library  and  General  Museum  and  all  apparatus  and 
material  pertaining  thereto,  and  the  University  Press  includes  the 
Departments  of  Printing,  Publication  and  Purchase. 

The  Divinity  School  is  open  to  students  of  all  denominations 
of  Christians,  and  prepares  them  for  the  ministry,  for  missionary 
fields  or  for  Christian  teachers. 

The  question  of  co-education  of  the  sexes  was  seriously  and 
earnestly  considered  at  the  inception  of  the  enterprise,  and  re- 
sulted in  the  adoption  of  a  section  in  its  charter  obliging  the 
University  "  to  provide,  impart  and  furnish  opportunities  for  all 
departments  of  higher  education,  to  persons  of  both  sexes,  on 
equal  terms." 


ReIigi©R. 


DWIGHT  L.   MOODY — BISHOP  J.    L.    SPAULDING. 


DWIGHT   LYMAN    MOODY. 

N  every  human  heart  there  is  implanted  the  germ 
of  reverence  for  "Good" — the  principle  of  all  being 
— though  the  chances  and  changes  of  life  may  dwarf 
the  sensibilities,  until,  to  outward  appearance,  there 
is  neither  respect  nor  love  for  the  Supreme  Ruler  of 
the  Universe.  To  break  through  the  shell  of  preju- 
dice or  indifference,  and  let  the  mellowing  rays  of 
Divine  Light  warm  into  active  life  the  God-implanted 
principle,  is  the  work  of  the  laborer"  in  His  vineyard,  but  only 
he  who  can  forget  self  and  speak  truth  for  Truth's  sake,  is 
worthy  of  the  plaudit:  "Well  done,  good  and  faithful  servant." 
In  all  the  ages  of  the  world  there  have  been  those  who  were 
ready  to  die  for  the  cause  nearest  their  hearts,  and  we  honor  the 
Christian  martyrs  who  perished  for  conviction's  sake.  The 
Nineteenth  Century — no  less  than  the  past — demands  religious 
heroism,  but  it  is  required  of  us  that  we  live  and  not  die  for  the 
cause  of  Christ  and  His  Truth. 

The  religious  denominations  of  this  age  have  done  and  are 
doing  a  noble  work.  They  are  holding  aloft  the  banner  of  the 
King,  and  welcoming  beneath  its  ample  folds  the  world's  "  weary 
and  heavy  laden."  One  of  the  watchmen  upon  the  towers  of 
Zion,  whose  voice  has  been  heard  in  many  lands,  proclaiming 
"glad  tidings  of  great  joy,"  is  Dwight  Lyman  Moody,  wha 


Illinois. 


159 


l6o  THK    WHITE    CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

speaks  to  the  people  and  the  people  listen,  because  he  takes  them 
by  the  hand  and  calls  them  "  brother." 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  Northfield,  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1837,  and  is  therefore  in  the  fifty-seventh  year  of  his 
age.  Earnest  years  they  have  ever  been,  from  the  period  of 
early  life,  spent  upon  the  little  plat  of  ground  on  the  mountain 
side — the  family  home — to  the  more  eventful  ones  which  followed. 
At  four  he  was  left  fatherless,  and  the  family,  then  consisting  of 
seven  children,  were  under  a  mother's  watchful  guidance,  the 
oldest  child  being  but  thirteen  years  of  age;  and  tender,  indeed, 
must  be  the  recollections  of  that  mother's  care  and  love,  since 
upon  her  devolved  the  management  of  affairs,  and  the  principal 
education  of  her  family.  The  district  school  afforded  the  only 
instruction  outside  of  home-teaching,  and  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen Mr.  Moody's  school  days  were  over,  and  he  engaged  in  busi- 
ness as  a  salesman  in  a  boot  and  shoe  store  in  Boston.  He  there 
attended  the  Congregational  church,  and  afterward  became  a 
member  of  that  denomination. 

He  was  only  nineteen  years  of  age  when  he  followed  a 
strong  inclination  to  seek  a  western  home,  and  in  Chicago  soon 
became  identified  with  the  Plymouth  Congregational  Church, 
and  began  the  career  of  a  home  missionary,  hiring  several  pews, 
and  attracting  hither  the  young  men  of  the  city  to  hear  the  word 
of  God.  From  this  small  beginning  grew  the  thought  of  Sunday 
School  work  and  the  establishment  of  one  on  a  broad  basis,  his 
talent  being  especially  directed  to  missionary  labors,  where  his 
efforts  were  crowned  with  abundant  success. 

Other  cities  and  towns  were  sharers  in  the  "glad  tidings," 
and  Mr.  Moody,  with  his  co-worker,  Mr.  Sankey,  went  fearlessly 
forward,  recruiting  the  army  of  the  Lord  and  giving  Him  the 
glory.  In  1872,  Europe  was  visited,  and  the  Old  World  re- 
sponded to  the  invitation,  and  thousands  enlisted  under  the  "ban- 
ner of  the  Cross." 

While  many  Nations  have  been  the  field  of  his  earnest  la- 
bors, Illinois,  and  particularly  Chicago,  is  his  home,  and  here 


ILLINOIS — RELIGION.  l6l 

has  been  erected  a  church,  the  building  of  which  has  engaged 
the  thoughts  of  a  greater  number  of  people  than  any  other  sim- 
ilar structure  in  the  world.  Brick  by  brick  the  walls  were 
raised,  and  each  one  in  all  the  vast  edifice  stands  for  an  earnest 
contributor  to  the  cause  of  Christ.  A  preacher  for  the  people  is 
Mr.  Moody.  Simple  his  diction,  but  earnest  and  enthusiastic 
are  his  words.  Denominational  lines  fall  before  the  earnestness 
of  his  appeal  for  better  living,  for  practical  Christianity,  for  a 
life  hid  with  Christ  in  God 

"Let  not  thy  left  hand  know  what  thy  right  hand  doeth"  is 
a  text  which  finds  its  true  interpretation  in  the  life  of  Dwight 
Lynian  Mood}-. 

BISHOP   SPALDING. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  personages  in  the  Catholic 
church  in  America  to-day  is  the  Rt.  Rev.  J.  L.  Spalding,  Bishop 
of  Peoria,  Illinois. 

His  appointment  as  President  of  the  Catholic  Exibit  at  the 
World's  Fair,  the  connection  of  his  name  with  the  archiepiscopal 
see  of  St.  Louis,  as  well  as  the  vigorous  pastoral  recently  issued 
from  his  pen  in  the  name  of  the  Archbishop  and  Bishops  of 
Illinois,  have  brought  him  so  prominently  before  the  public  dur- 
ing the  past  few  weeks  that  the  Colorado  Catholic  thinks  the 
occasion  opportune  for  giving  a  brief  sketch  of  his  life  and  the 
more  important  acts  of  his  career  as  priest  and  bishop,  which  for 
want  of  space  we  cannot  in  detail  publish,  though  it  is  of  a  most 
interesting  character;  but  the  important  work  to  which  he  has 
given  his  energies  was  in  organizing  the  new  and  scattered 
diocese  of  Peoria,  and  it  showed  the  good  judgment  of  those  who 
were  responsible  for  his  appointment.  The  thirty-two  counties  of 
Illinois,  which  at  that  time  comprised  the  diocese  of  Peoria,  had 
fifty-one  churches  scattered  over  a  territory  as  large  as  the  State 
of  Massachusetts,  twenty-eight  priests,  few  schools  and  no  re- 
ligious institutions.  To-day  the  diocese  has  over  100,000  Cath- 
olics, 180  churches,  142  priests,  fifty  schools  and  academies,  seven 
hospitals,  two  orphan  asylums  and  a  prosperous  college. 


162  THE  WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Bishop  Spalding,  with  his  well  known  modesty,  gives  credit 
for  all  this  good  work  to  the  priests  of  the  diocese,  but  it  is  well 
known  whose  hand  has  guided  all  the  work,  whose  wise  councils 
and  hearty  encouragement  has  been  so  large  a  part  of  the  success 
attained.  It  is  not  often  that  close  students  and  those  who  love 
to  dwell  with  the  master  minds  of  the  past  and  present  are  very 
successful  in  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life.  Bishop  Spalding  is  a 
brilliant  exception  to  this  rule.  His  practical  shrewdness  and 
clear-cut  business  tact  have  made  his  opinion  on  business  matters 
highly  valued  and  much  sought  after  by  men  of  the  world. 

That  the  efforts  of  Archbishop  Ireland,  Bishop  Spalding  and 
those  associated  with  them  were  eminently  successful  can  be 
seen  in  the  thrifty  Catholic  population  in  the  parts  of  Minnesota 
and  Nebraska  where  their  colonies  were  located. 

Those  who  have  once  read  one  of  his  works  seek  with  avidity 
all  further  productions  of  his  pen.  This  longing  is  expressed 
so  much  better  than  we  can  say  it  by  the  editor  of  the  Catholic 
Union  and  7zmes,  that  we  reproduce  here  in  full  his  remarks  on 
the  subject: 

"The  charm  of  Bishop  Spalding's  writings — both  in  prose 
and  verse — is  that  he  never  repeats  himself.  The  world  abounds 
to-day  with  literary  pushers  who  display  a  woeful  poverty  of 
originality.  Once  read,  you  have  their  entire  stock  in  trade;  for 
in  all  their  after  efforts  there  is  nothing  but  the  same  old  thought 
trotted  out  to  do  magazine  or  newspaper  service  in  a  sort  of  new- 
fangled verbose  dress.  The  cool  imposition  of  such  writers  is 
not  more  surprising  than  the  patient  endurance  of  the  public 
with  such  shallow  pretense.  How  different  the  Bishop  of  Peoria  ! 
His  thoughts  are  copious,  clear  and  deep  as  the  waters  of  a  limpid 
spring,  and,  while  heart  and  brain  are  bathed  in  their  cr3Tstalline 
flow,  there  is  ever  a  quenchless  longing  and  a  sigh  of  the  soul 
for  more." 

His  principal  productions  not  mentioned  elsewhere  in  this 
article  are  "Essays  and  Reviews,"  "Education  and  the  Higher 
Life,"  and  "Lectures  and  Discourses."  He  is  not  a  frequent, but 


ILLINOIS  —  RELIGION.  163 

always  a  valued  and  much-sought-for  contributor  in  prose  and 
verse  to  our  best  magazines  and  reviews. 

We  must  not  close  this  sketch  without  referring  to  Bishop 
Spalding's  efforts  to  erect  in  this  country  a  school  for  the  higher 
education  of  Catholic  youth,  both  lay  and  cleric.  He  saw  that 
our  educational  institutions  were  merely  preparatory,  fitting 
their  students  for  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life,  but  leaving  no 
forces  in  reserve  for  times  of  emergency.  This  deficiency  he  en- 
deavored to  supply  by  the  erection  of  a  Catholic  University. 
One  would  imagine  that  such  a  project  would  be  hailed  with  de- 
light as  soon  as  broached,  especially  when  along  with  the  proposi- 
tion were  offered  the  funds  necessary  to  carry  it  into  effect.  We 
are  nevertheless  compelled  to  record  the  fact  that  the  foundation 
of  our  Catholic  University  met  with  opposition  where  it  was  least 
expected,  and  that  its  inauguration  was  attended  by  obstacles 
which  at  times  threatened  to  destroy  it.  Bishop  Spalding  in  this 
only  experienced  the  reception  met  with  by  his  illustrious  uncle 
when  he  founded  the  American  college  at  Louvain.  Like  him 
also,  be  snatched  success  from  the  jaws  of  defeat,  and  placed  his 
cherished  institution  on  such  a  firm  basis  that  it  can  no  longer 
be  looked  upon  as  an  experiment.  His  appointment  as  president 
of  the  Catholic  Educational  Exhibit  at  the  World's  Fair  was  a 
wise  one.  Whether  he  be  appointed  to  succeed  Archbishop  Ken- 
rick  in  St.  Louis,  or  be  permitted  to  pursue  in  peace  his  life  of 
study  in  Peoria  the  Colorado  Catholic  believes  that  it  echoes  the 
heart-felt  wish  of  all  who  may  read  these  lines  when  it  •  says : 
"  May  he  long  be  spared  to  the  church  in  America,  to  strengthen 
by  his  voice  and  pen  the  sacred  cause  of  God  and  truth." 


GRAND    ARMY    OF     THE     REPUBLIC. —  YOUNG     MEN'S     CHRISTIAN 

ASSOCIATION — WOMEN'S   CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE  UNION 

—  CHRISTIAN   ENDEAVOR  —  EPWORTH    LEAGUE. 


GRAND    ARMY    OF   THE    REPUBLIC. 

first  Grand  Army  Post  in  the  United  States 
was  organized  at  Decatur,  in  this  State,  April  6, 
1866,  with  Gen.  Isaac  C.  Pugh  as  Commander. 
The  Department  of  Illinois  was  organized  July 
12,  1866,  at  Springfield,  and  Gen.  John  W. 
Palmer  was  elected  the  first  Department  Com- 
mander. The  history  of  the  Grand  Army,  in 
the  State  which  gave  it  birth,  is  one  of  struggle 
,  and  misfortune.  Although  there  were  reported  to  be  about  330 
Posts  in  the  State  in  1869,  two  years  later  the  number  had  de- 
creased to  less  than  twenty-five,  and  a  little  later  the  number  was 
narrowed  down  to  only  one — Nevins  Post,  now  Number  i,  at  Rock- 
ford.  Since  that  time  the  Department  has  steadily  gained  in 
numbers  and  influence,  and  in  1892  was  represented  at  the 
National  Encampment  by  620  Posts.  The  membership,  Decem- 
ber 31,  1891,  was  32,984,  and  the  deaths  reported  for  the  year 
were  477. 

.  The  Women's  Relief  Corps  is  reported  in  excellent  condi- 
tion and  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  Grand  Army,  in  whose 
charitable  labors  they  are  co-workers.  The  Sons  and  Daughters 
of  Veterans  are  also  faithfully  carrying  forward  the  ministry  of 
love  inaugurated  by  their  honored  sires. 


Illinois. 


Hi4 


ILLINOIS  —  SOCIETIES.  165 

At  the  Department  Encampment  in  1884  a  committee  con- 
sisting of  Post  Department  Commanders  H.  Hilliard,  E.  D. 
Swain,  J.  W.  Bnrst  and  T.  G.  Lawler,  was  appointed  to  obtain 
statistics  as  to  the  number  of  dependent  soldiers  in  the  State; 
to  niemoralize  the  Legislature  on  the  necessity  of  at  once  pro- 
viding a  Home  for  the  comfort  of  these  veterans,  and  to  prepare 
a  bill  for  the  consideration  of  the  Legislature  covering  the  objects 
to  be  accomplished,  in  order  that  a  Home  could  be  provided  for  a 
limited  number  of  veterans  at  the  earliest  date. 

The  committee  secured  from  the  Legislature  an  appropri- 
ation of  $200,000  for  the  construction  of  the  buildings,  and 
enough  cottages  were  built  to  accommodate  all  veterans  who  were 
in  the  charitable  institutions  of  the  State  before  the  severe  cold 
weather  of  the  late  fall  came  upon  them. 

The  Legislature  of  1886  and  1887  made  an  appropriation 
for  buildings  and  maintenance  and  the  total  appropriations  up  to 
1889  were  $605,500.  The  number  of  inmates  at  that  date  was 
562  and  cottages  have  since  been  constructed,  increasing  the  ac- 
commodations to  750  men. 

THE   YOUNG   MEN'S   CHRISTIAN   ASSOCIATION. 

The  growth  of  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  work  in 
Illinois  is  a  most  noteworthy  feature  of  the  history  of  this  great 
State.  The  first  Association  organized  was  at  Chicago,  in  June, 
1858,  largely  under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  D.  L.  Moody,  who  de- 
voted his  energies  to  this  line  of  work  for  some  years.  The 
great  work  which  he  has  accomplished  and  is  accomplishing  is 
due  in  no  small  measure  to  the  training  and  development  re- 
ceived while  in  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  of  Chi- 
cago. He  has  spoken  thus  of  the  Association:  "It  has,  under 
God,  done  more  in  developing  me  for  Christian  work  than  any 
other  agency." 

The  growth  during  the  next  twenty  j'ears  was  steady,  ex- 
tending into  many  of  the  important  cities  of  the  State.  In  1869 
and  1870  a  closer  supervision  of  the  Association  was  taken  up, 


1 66  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Mr.  Robert  Welcbnsall,  Western  Secretary  of  the  International 
Committee,  devoting  much  time  to  traveling  in  the  State  and 
organizing  and  directing  Associations  in  their  work.  In  1877 
Mr.  C.  M.  Morton  was  secured  as  State  Secretary  for  Illinois ; 
after  three  years  of  faithful  service  he  resigned  to  take  up 
general  evangelistic  work.  In  June,  1880,  Mr.  J.  E.  Brown  was 
secured  as  State  Secretary,  and  under  his  able  leadership  the 
Association  work  has  steadily  grown  and  prospered.  There  are 
now  but  three  cities  with  over  ten  thousand  population  in  the 
State  which  are  without  a  well-equipped  Young  Men's  Christian 
Association.  The  lines  of  work  maintained  are  numerous  and 
varied,  as  the  following  brief  outline  shows: 

Socially  —  through  pleasant,  home-like  quarters,  social 
gatherings,  games  and  entertainments. 

Physically — through  gymnasiums,  athletics,  out-door  sports, 
bath-rooms,  health  talks,  etc. 

Intellectually — through  lectures,  practical  talks,  reading 
rooms,  and  ediicational  classes,  giving  evening  instruction  in 
practical  studies. 

Spiritually — through  Gospel  meetings  and  Bible  classes, 
Christian  friendship,  and  direction  into  church  relations. 

In  addition  to  these  the  association  is  helpful  to  young  men 
in  finding  suitable  boarding  places,  in  securing  employment,  by 
visitation  and  care  in  sickness  and  in  many  other  ways. 

The  Associations  are  also  organized  among  young  men  in 
the  small  towns,  where  a  necessarily  circumscribed,  but  not 
unimportant,  work  is  accomplished.  Associations  also  exist  in 
thirty  of  the  leading  colleges  of  the  State,  where  systematic  and 
thorough  work  by  Christian  students  is  being  organized  and  con- 
ducted. A  number  of  Railroad  Branches  also  exist,  and  the 
prospect  for  the  further  organization  of  this  department  is  en- 
couraging, as  a  number  of  the  leading  Railroad  corporations  are 
asking  that  pleasant  rooms  with  Christian  influence  be  established 
for  their  men  at  important  division  points.  Another  interesting 
feature  is  the  system  of  corresponding  members  of  the  State  As- 


W.  C.  T.  U.  TEMPLE,  CHICAGO. 


ILLINOIS  — SOCIETIES.  167 

sociation,  in  towns  where  no  Association  exists.  The  plan  is  to 
secure  a  capable  Christian  man  in  every  town,  who  is  the  official 
representative  of  the  Association  for  his  community.  Whenever 
a  young  man  leaves  his  town  to  locate  in  a  large  city  or  to  enter 
college,  he  is  supplied  with  a  note  introducing  him  to  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  where  he  goes,  so  that  he  may  be 
cordially  welcomed  to  the  privileges  there. 

There  are  at  present  (June  1893)  ninety-nine  Associations 
in  the  State,  beside  364  towns  having  corresponding  members. 

The  Associations,  at  their  annual  State  Convention,  appoint 
a  State  Executive  Committee  consiting  of  twenty-seven  leading 
business  men  from  all  parts  of  the  State,  who  have  charge  of  the 
supervision  and  extension  of  the  work.  They  employ  a  corps 
of  secretaries,  consisting  of  the  State  Secretary  (having  general 
supervision  of  the  whole  field),  a  traveling  secretary  for  the  city 
and  railroad  Associations,  for  the  college  departments  and  for  the 
village  Associations;  also  a  Financial  Secretary,  Secretary  for 
the  Corresponding  Membership  Department  and  an  Office  Secre- 
tary. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  is  recognized  as  a 
special  department  of  church  work,  confining  its  efforts  to'young 
men.  It  is  established'  by  the  churches,  supported  by  the 
churches  and  governed  by  the  churches,  being  interdenomina- 
tional in  its  work.  Pastors  everywhere  bear  testimony  as  to  its 
value.  The  total  membership  in  the  State  is  14,000. 

WOMAN'S  CHRISTIAN  TEMPERANCE  UNION. 

The  organization  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  for  Illinois  was  effected  in  1874,  the  first  Annual  Conven- 
tion being  held  at  Bloomington,  in  October  of  that  year.  The 
State  officers  for  1892-93  are:  President,  Mrs.  Louise  S.  Rounds, 
Chicago  ;  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Daisy  H.  Carlock,  Hudson ;  Cor- 
responding Secretary,  Miss  Mary  C.  Gregory,  Chicago;  Record- 
ing Secretary,  Mrs.  Carrie  L.  Grout,  Rockford ;  Treasurer,  Mrs. 
Amelia  E.  Sanford,  Bloomington. 


l68  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Illinois  is  divided  into  twenty  Districts,  which  are  practi- 
cally identical  with  the  Congressional  Districts  of  the  State, 
with  presidents  in  the  order  named:  Mrs.  Theo.  Basset,  Grand 
Crossing;  Mrs.  M.  A.  Gordon,  Chicago;  Mrs.  H.  L.  Clarke, 
Chicago  ;  Mrs.  T.  C.  Reiley,  Evanston ;  Miss  Emma  Norton, 
Marengo;  Miss  M.  Lena  Morrow,  Freeport;  Mrs.  E.  E.  Reed, 
Geneseo;  Mrs.  V.  M.  Taxis,  Gardner;  Miss  Lucy  P.  Gaston,  La- 
con;  Mrs.  Elizabeth  G.  Hibben,  Peoria;  Miss  Emma  Bell, 
Warsaw;  Mrs.  Wm.  P.  Kuhl,  Beardstown;  Mrs.  Don.  R.  Frazer, 
(pro  tern .),  Springfield;  Miss  Margaret  Crissey,  Decatnr;  Mrs. 
Kate  Goldman,  Newman  ;  Miss  M.  C.  Brehm,  Claremont ;  Mrs. 
Clara  F.  Gould,  Windsor ;  Mrs.  M.  K.  West,  Edwardsville ;  Mrs. 
M.  C.  Board,  Harrisburg;  Mrs.  M.  A.  Phillips,  Carbondale. 

Again,  there  are  County  Organizations,  with  their  presi- 
dents, the  counties  being  divided  into  auxilliaries.  As  reported- 
at  the  last  convention,  which  met  in  October,  1892,  at  Danville, 
there  were  800  Unions  in  the  State,  and  a  membership  of  16,000, 
Illinois  standing  third  in  rank  in  the  United  States,  New  York 
holding  first  and  Ohio  second  place. 

The  various  Departments  of  work  are  placed  in  charge  of 
Superintendents,  who  report  at  the  annual  convention  the  results 
of  their  labors,  and  encouraging  indeed  are  these  statements  of 
progress,  as  made  by  the  earnest  women  who  are  identified  with 
this  good  cause. 

The  Chicago  Central  Union  may  be  mentioned,  in  this  con- 
nection, as  doing  a  noble  work  through  its  several  Missions. 
From  twenty-five  to  thirty  children  are  cared  for  daily  at  the 
nursery  of  the  Bethesda  Mission,  which  has  also  a  free  kinder- 
garten with  a  regular  attendance  of  about  forty  pupils.  Sunday 
School  is  held  at  this  Mission  and  is  well  attended,  as  are  also 
the  evening  meetings  at  the  same  place.  Hope  Mission  and 
reading-room,  for  Scandinavians,  sustrins  a  gospel  temperance 
meeting  every  evening,  and  Sunday-school  every.  Sunday,  at 
which  latter  gathering  about  eight  thousand  children  have  been 
present  during  the  past  year.  Anchorage  Mission,  for  Women, 


ILLINOIS  —  SOCIETIES.  169 

has  placed  in  good  positions  several  hundred  girls  during  the 
same  period.  Talcott  Mission  has  also  a  day  nursery  and  kinder- 
garten, and,  for  the  year  1892,  10,000  children  were  accommo- 
dated in  the  Home  and  about  14,000  meals  were  given  away  to 
the  poor  of  the  district.  The  cost  of  Mission  work  of  the  Chi- 
cago Central  Union,  for  the  year  ending  October,  1892,  was  $10,- 
800,  which  amount  was  raised  by  subscriptions  and  donations. 
This  Union  has  also  other  Departments  of  work,  such  as  a 
Flower  Mission,  Press  Work  and  Franchise,  in  charge  of  regu- 
larly appointed  Superintendents. 

The  State  Headquarters  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temper- 
ance Union  are  at  Room  1101,  "The  Temple,"  Chicago. 

SOCIETY   OF   CHRISTIAN   ENDEAVOR. 

The  State  organization  was  perfected  in  October,  1886,  at 
Bloomington,  Illinois,  at  which  time  Chas.  B.  Holdrege  was 
elected  president.  At  the  first  State  Convention  about  thirty 
delegates  were  present;  in  1892,  two  thousand  representatives 
attended  the  International  meeting  in  New  York,  out  of  the 
sixty  thousand  membership  in  the  State  at  that  time,  and  Illinois 
was  only  surpassed  in  the  number  of  societies  by  the  States  of 
New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  officers  of  the  Illinois  Christian  Endeavor  Union  for 
1892-3,  are:  President,  Chas.  B.  Holdrege,  Chicago;  Vice- 
President,  Hope  Reed  Cody,  Chicago;  Secretary,  Charles  F. 
Mills,  Springfield ;  Treasurer,  F.  D.  Rugg,  Champaign ;  Auditor, 
C.  A.  Chappell,  Chicago;  State  Superintendent  Junior  Work, 
Thomas  Wainright,  Chicago;  State  Superintendent  Missionary 
Department,  Miss  Frances  B.  Patterson,  Chicago;  State  Super- 
intendent Normal  Department  (Bible  Study),  J.  D.  Templetou, 
Bloomington.  The  following  are  the  Advisory  Board  : 

Congregational — Rev.  J.  M.  Sturtevant,  D.  D.,  Galesburg. 

Presbyterian — Rev.  W.  H.  Penhallegon,  D.  D.,  Decatur. 

Baptist— Rev.  L.  A.  Crandall,  D.  D.,  Chicago. 

Methodist— Rev.  W.  O.  Shepard,  D.  D.,  Rockford. 


IJO  THE    WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS. 

Christian — Rev.  G.  A.  Miller,  Normal. 

Cumberland  Presbyterian — Rev.  R.M.Tinuon,D. D.,  Lincoln. 
Methodist. Protestant — Rev.  A.  H.  Widney,  Cuba. 
Lutheran— Rev.  M.  F.  Troxell,  D.  D.,  Springfield. 
Reformed  Episcopal — Rev.  M.  Fairly,  Peoria. 
United  Presbyterian — Rev.  John  Knox  Montgomery,  Sparta. 
Vice-President  of  the  United  Society  for  Illinois — Rt.   Rev. 
Charles  Edward  Cheney,  D.  D.,  Chicago. 

EPWORTH   LEAGUE. 

A  week  after  the  formation  of  the  Epworth  League  an  en- 
thusiastic speaker  predicted  that  within  five  years  5,000  chapters 
woxild  be  organized.  At  the  time  it  seemed  a  daring  assertion, 
but  figures  prove  that  the  speaker  did  not  over-estimate  its  won- 
derful growth,  since  in  less  than  four  years  over  10,000  chapters 
have  been  organized  in  one  religious  denomination  (the  Method- 
ist) alone. 

Illinois  has  been  bearing  well  her  part  in  point  of  numbers 

and  interest.  The  first  State  Convention  was  held  in  Chicago, 
July  18,  1892,  at  the  Centenary  Methodist  Episcopal  Church, 
and  about  1,000  delegates  were  present.  The  closing  services 
of  the  convention  were  conducted  at  the  Auditorium,  which  was 
filled  with  interested  listeners. 

The  State  has  at  present  about  1,200  chapters,  averaging 
fifty  members  each,  with  officers,  as  follow:  President,  H.  V. 
Holt,  Evanston  ;  First  Vice-President,  Chas.  E.  Piper,  Chicago ; 
Second  Vice-President,  A.  G.  Johnson,  Galesburg;  Third  Vice- 
President,  R.  G.  Hobbs,  Champaign;  Fourth  Vice-President, 
R.  W.  Ropiequet,  Belleville;  Secretary,  F.  H  Gumming,  Galva; 
Treasurer,  J.  R.  Lindgun,  Chicago. 

The  Epworth  Herald  is  the  official  organ  of  the  League  and 
is  published  weekly  in  Chicago,  Joseph  F.  Berry  editing  the  in- 
teresting sheet.  The  central  office  of  the  Epworth  League  is 
located  at  57  Washington  street,  Chicago. 


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3  EXT  to  his  own  State  the  interest  of  the  Amer- 
ican citizen  is  centered  in  the  National  Capi- 
ital ;  in  that  city  of  cities,  about  which  so 
many  associations  cluster,  and  which  repre- 
sents so  much  to  this  country  and  the  world 
at  large  through  the  transactions  of  its  vari- 
ous departments — executive,  legislative,  judicial. 
Though  it  is  presumed  that  all  are,  in  a  general 
way,  familiar  with  the  Federal  City  and  its  attract- 
ive environments,  we  trust  that  a  brief  sketch  of  this  interesting 
locality  will  be  appreciated,  not  only  by  all  who  are  acquainted 
with  its  scenes,  but  by  those  who  have  never  enjoyed  the  pleas- 
ure of  a  personal  visit. 

We,  as  a  Nation,  have  passed  the  first  centennial  of  Presi- 
dential administration — "a  government  of  the  people,  by  the 
people  and  for  the  people" — and,  in  turn,  each  Chief  Executive 
has  entered  iipon  the  duties  of  his  office  with  a  fixed  policy  set 
steadfastly  before  his  view,  which  it  has  been  his  high  purpose 
to  carry  to  a  successful  issue.  How  exalted  and  honorable  the 
position,  yet  how  fraught  with  responsibility! 

Glancing  backward  over  the  intervening  years  since  the 
oath  of  office  was  administered  to  the  Nation's  first  Chief  Magis- 
ti'ate,  on  April  30,  17^9,  Time's  hand  has  wrought  marvelous 
changes  in  this  land  of  ours,  in  the  growth  and  development  of 
its  then  unknown  resources ;  but  the  broad  foundations  of  gov- 
ernment, laid  in  tribulation  and  anxiety,  but  with  honesty  of 


Dist.  of  Columbia. 


2  PREFACE DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA. 

purpose  and  patriotic  zeal,  have  never  been  shaken  by    foreign 
assault  or  civil  tumult. 

A  brief  biographical  sketch  of  these  Representatives  of  the 
Nation,  which  sets  forth,  in  addition  to  the  life,  a  few  important 
facts  connected  with  each  administration,  will,  we  trust,  be  also 
appreciated. 

Among  our  readers  will  be  found  a  large  number  who  are 
interested  in  the  organization  known  as  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  and  it  has  been  our  pleasure  to  furnish  a  brief  history 
of  that  Order  from  its  inception  down  to  the  present  time.  The 
sketches  of  the  formation  and  growth  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
tian Association,  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  Society 
of  Christian  Endeavor,  Epworth  League  and  Baptist  Young 
People's  Union  of  America  will  also  speak  to  many  interested 
readers. 

To  present  to  the  public,  through  this  medium,  late  and 
reliable  data,  relative  to  subjects  of  such  general  interest  as  the 
above-mentioned,  has  been  the  purpose  of 

THE  AUTHOR. 


CHAPTER  I. 


ESTABLISHMENT  OF   A   FEDERAL  CITY. 

UR  direst  necessities  are  often  "blessings  in 
disguise,"  for  the  effort  to  escape  from  unfor- 
tunate environments  may  be  the  "opening 
wedge"  which  breaks  down  the  barriers  so 
seemingly  impregnable  when  viewed  in  the 
light  of  timidity  and  self-distrust.  Thus  was  the  con- 
ception of  the  Nation's  Capital  the  outgrowth  of  the 
Nation's  need,  and  in  almost  desperate  self-defense  was 
Congress  'driven  to  an  undertaking  which  demanded  vigorous 
prosecution,  but,  in  result,  was  the  "  consummation  devoutly  to 
be  wished." 

In  these  nineteenth  century  times,  when  the  country  is 
reveling  in  prosperity  and  at  peace  with  all  the  world,  imagina- 
tion can  scarce  picture  the  scenes  of  those  early  continental  days, 
when  there  was  neither  a  Union,  Seat  of  government,  nor  Presi- 
dent. True,  the  English  yoke  had  just  been  cast  aside,  and 
doubtless  the  colonists  were  sincerely  grateful  for  even  a  cessa- 
tion of  hostilities;  but  the  "Confederacy  of  Thirteen  States," 
which  had  met  a  common  enemy  and  accomplished  its  defeat,  was 
lacking  in  that  itnanimity  of  purpose  which  governs  the  com- 
monwealths comprising  our  glorious  Nation  of  to-day.  Sec- 
tional interests  were  arraying  these  individual  sovereignties 
against  each  other;  the  treasury  was  depleted;  still  more  signif- 
icant to  the  country  was  the  condition  of  indebtedness  to  her 
defenders,  which  the  war  had  entailed. 


4  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA. 

It  was  June  19,  1783,  and  Congress  was  in  session  at  Phila- 
delphia, when  a  messenger  rushed  upon  the  scene  with  the 
announcement  that  a  company  of  soldiers,  from  Lancaster,  were 
advancing  under  arms  to  demand  of  Congress  their  back  pay ; 
these  to  be  followed  by  Armand's  entire  legion,  with  the  same 
object  in  view. 

When  the  appeals  of  Congress  to  the  Executive  Council  of 
Pennsylvania  for  protection  were  met  with  the  announcement  that 
"even  the  State  militia  could  not  be  depended  upon,"  and  that 
"the  soldiers  must  be  allowed  to  enter  the  city,"  there  was  natur^ 
ally  much  dissatisfaction  expressed,  and  the  declaration  was  made 
by  members  of  the  legislature  that,  "  if  the  city  would  not  support 
Congress,  it  was  high  time  to  remove  to  some  other  place." 

For  two  days  the  City  Hall  was  besieged  by  armed  soldiers, 
whose  threatening  aspect  occasioned  the  greatest  alarm.  Finally, 
a  resolution  to  adjourn  to  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  was  introduced, 
and,  after  several  days  deliberation,  acted  upon.  The  necessity 
for  such  a  step  led  to  a  general  discussion  of  the  subject  by  the 
legislators,  and  on  October  7th  of  the  same  year,  Elbridge  Gerry, 
of  Massachusetts,  introduced  a  resolution  to  the  effect  that 
"  Buildings  for  the  use  of  Congress  should  be  erected  on  or  near 
the  banks  of  the  Delaware  or  Potomac  Rivers,  provided  that  a 
suitable  spot  could  be  procured  for  a  Federal  Town,  and  that  the 
right  of  soil  and  exclusive  jurisdiction  should  be  vested  in  the 
United  States." 

This  became  a  law,  though  its  life  was  of  short  duration, 
being  repealed  on  April  26,  1784;  but  the  initatory  steps  had 
been  taken,  and  at  the  next  session  of  Congress — the  following 
October — three  commissioners  were  appointed  to  "lay  out  a  dis- 
trict on  either  side  of  the  Delaware."  This  location  met  with 
violent  opposition  from  the  Southern  members,  who  based  their 
objections  largely  upon  the  situation,  with  reason  claiming  that 
the  Federal  City  should  be  as  near  to  the  geographical  center  as 
possible,  as  well  as  the  center  of  population, — the  Delaware  filling 
neither  of  these  conditions.  In  January  1785,  while  Congress 


DISTRICT    OF    COLUMBIA  —  A    FEDERAL    CITY.  5 

was  in  session  in  New  York,  an  attempt  was  made  to  locate  the 
capital  on  the  Potomac,  which  met  with  spirited  resistance  from 
the  Northern  Commonwealths,  they  claiming  an  injustice  in  the 
relative  position, — nine  States  being  situated  north  of  this  loca- 
tion and  four  to  the  south. 

The  first  definite  steps  taken  toward  the  acquisition  of  a 
permanent  Seat  of  Government  was  the  adoption  of  the  present 
Constitution,  in  September,  1787,  which  conclusively  settled  the 
extent  of  the  district.  In  1788,  Maryland,  recognizing  the  ad- 
vantage to  a  State  of  the  location  of  the  National  Capital,  made 
offer  of  "any  district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  which  the 
Congress  may  fix  upon  and  accept  for  the  Seat  of  Government 
of  the  United  States."  A  matter  of  such  importance  to  the  en- 
tire federation  could  not  be  disposed  of  without  deliberation.  It 
was  debated  at  the  session  of  1789;  and,  while  each  section  vir- 
tually agreed  to  the  general  proposition  that  the  Federal  City 
oitfflit  to  be  centrally  located,  it  is  scarcely  to  be  expected  that 
motives  of  self-interest  could  be  entirely  eliminated  from  district 
representation.  The  North  and  South  were  pitted  against  each 
other  on  the  settlement  of  this  important  question ;  the  former 
favoring  the  banks  of  the  Susquehanna,  while  the  latter  de- 
manded the  Delaware  or  the  Potomac.  The  cities  which  had 
entertained  the  Legislature  at  former  sessions,  as  well  as  a  num- 
ber of  other  localities,  had  strong  partisan  supporters,  and  the 
result  of  the  deliberations  of  Congress  pointed  significantly  to 
most  serious  complications.  • 

At  the  session  of  1789,  Germantown,  Pennsylvania,  suc- 
ceeded in  securing  the  prize,  lacking  only  the  concurrence  of  the 
Senate  in  a  final  amendment,  which  that  body  decided  to  post- 
pone until  the  Congress  following.  Virginia,  as  a  State,  had 
not  been  idle,  and  on  December  3,  1789,  passed  an  Act  granting 
to  Congress  land  on  the  Potomac,  and  pledges  for  the  erection  of 
suitable  buildings, — Maryland  to  concur  in  the  proposition,  and 
render  substantial  assistance. 

The  question  of  "funding  the  public  debt"  was  occupying 


6  THK    WHITE    CITY  —  DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA. 

the  attention  of  the  members,  and  the  House  had  rejected  an 
amendment  to  the  effect  that  the  Government  should  assume 
twenty-one  million  dollars  of  State  debts.  The  North  was 
unitedly  in  favor  of  assumption,  but  opposed  to  the  situation  of 
the  Capital  as  favored  by  the  Southern  States;  the  South  was 
divided  on  the  former  question,  but  presented  a  solid  phalanx  on 
the  location  of  the  Federal  City. 

Alexander  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  and 
Thomas  Jefferson,  Secretary  of  State,  realizing  the  dangers  im- 
pending, proved  themselves  diplomats,  indeed,  at  this  critical 
juncture,  by  arranging  a  compromise  between  the  localities 
which  they  respectively  represented.  A  dinner  party,  given  by 
Mr.  Jefferson,  became  herewith  an  historic  event,  such  members 
being  invited  as  were  necessary  to  carry  forward  the  purposes  of 
the  leaders.  Hamilton  won  to  his  opinion  the  needed  majority 
of  the  Northern  States,  while  Jefferson  carried  the  Southern, — 
the  resujt  of  which  was  the  passage  of  the  "Assumption  Act," 
and  the  acceptance  by  Congress,  of  the  joint  offer  of  Virginia 
and  Maryland.  George  Washington,  President,  issued  proclama- 
tions designating  the  limits  of  the  District,  in  January  and 
March,  1791, — the  fifteenth  year  of  American  independence. 

Gen.  Thomas  Johnson  and  Hon.  Daniel  Carroll,  of  Mary- 
land, and  Dr.  David  Stuart,  of  Virginia,  were  appointed  Com- 
missioners by  the  President,  and  on  April  15,  1791,  the  first 
boundary  stone  was  placed  at  Jones'  Point,  adjacent  to  Alex- 
andria, Virginia.  The  name  "Columbia"  was  given  to  the 
District,  in  honor  of  the  discoverer  of  the  continent. 


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CHAPTER  II. 


THE   CITY   OF  WASHINGTON. 

site  of  the  now  charming  and  picturesque  City 
of  Washington  was,  in  the  early  days,  a  favorite 
camping-ground  of  the  Anacostian  Indians,  and 
their  council-fires  burned  brightly  upon  the  lo- 
cality where  the  Nation's  Capitol  now  lifts  its 
graceful  dome.  The  first  white  man  credited 
with  the  discovery  of  these  Wooded  shores  was 
Henry  Fleet,  an  English  fur-trader,  who  plied  his  skiff  on  the 
Potomac  River,  in  1624,  and,  in  his  journal  —  recently  discovered 
in  the  Lambeth  Library,  London  —  gives  an  interesting  descrip- 
tion of  the  native  tribes  and  their  occupation  of  hunting  and 
fishing,  as  well  as  the  conditions  of  soil  and  climate  of  the  sur- 
rounding country. 

In  1660,  another  Englishman,  named  Pope,  purchased  a 
tract  of  land  in  this  locality,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of 
"Rome,"  designating  a  small,  adjacent  creek  "The  Tiber,"  and 
laying  out  a  city  —  upon  a  paper  foundation  —  which  should  be  a 
counterpart  of  the  famous  capital  beyond  the  sea. 

As  early  as  1634  Maryland  was  occupied  by  Lord  Balti- 
more's Catholic  Colony,  but  it  was  not  until  1695  that  a  company 
of  Scotch  and  Irish  exiles  settled  upon  the  territory  now  known 
as  the  District  of  Columbia  and  engaged  in  farming,  giving  to 
their  combined  possessions  the  title  of  "  New  Scotland." 

The  original  location  selected  by  President  Washington  for 

Dist.  of  Columbia.  7 


8  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  DISTRICT    OF   COLUMBIA. 

the  Federal  City  was  taken  from  Prince  George  and  Mont- 
gomery Counties,  Maryland,  and  from  Fairfax  County,  Virginia, 
and  comprised  a  district  one  hundred  square  miles  in  extent, 
which  contained  three  flourishing  towns, — Alexandria,  in  Vir- 
ginia; Bladensburg  and  Georgetown,  in  Maryland.  In  1846  the 
territory  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Potomac  was  retroceded  to 
Virginia,  and  the  area  of  the  present  District  consequently  re- 
duced to  fifty  square  miles.  Its  only  county  is  Washington ;  its 
towns,  Washington  and  Georgetown.  Andrew  Ellicott,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, was  appointend  to  make  the  surveys  of  the  District,  in 
the  spring  of  1791,  and  negotiations  were  thereupon  entered  into 
with  the  owners  of  the  property,  the  four  principal  ones  being 
Daniel  Carroll,  David  Burns,  Samuel  Davidson  and  Notley 
Young,  with  whom  satisfactory  terms  were  finally  concluded. 

About  fourteen  miles  above  Mt.  Vernon,  the  famous  country 
seat  of  President  Washington,  the  Eastern  Branch  unites  with 
the  Potomac,  leaving,  between  the  streams,  a  wedge-shaped  strip 
of  land  which  is  bordered  on  one  side  by  the  Potomac  River  for 
a  distance  of  about  three  miles.  Here,  wooded  hills  rise  in 
majestic  beauty,  and  form  a  semi-circle,  meeting  the  Eastern 
Branch  about  a  mile  from  its  confluence  with  the  Potomac ;  and, 
upon  this  point  of  land,  the  President  located  the  Federal  City, 
afterward  named  Washington,  in  his  honor. 

Pierre  Charles  L'Enfant,  a  native  of  France,  was  selected  to 
lay  out  the  city,  and  studied  the  situation  carefully  and  diligently 
during  the  spring  and  summer  of  1791.  He  had  been  attracted 
to  America  with  many  of  his  countrymen,  during  the  Revo- 
lution, at  a  time  of  the  Nation's  need,  and  had  ably  assisted  the 
colonists  by  his  instruction  in  the  planning  of  fortifications; 
his  services  were  rewarded  by  an  appointment  as  Major  of 
Engineers.  One  splendid  feature  of  his  design  was  its  provision 
for  the  growth  of  the  Nation,  recognizing  the  needs  of  the 
future,  as  well  as  those  of  his  own  day  and  generation;  and, 
although — owing  to  an  unfortunate  temper,  which  occasioned  his 
dismissal — another  completed  the  labors  he  had  entered  into  so 


DISTRICT    OF    COLUMBIA  —  CITY    OK    WASHINGTON.  9 

assiduously,  his  ideas  were  largely  embodied  in  the  plans  of  his 
successor,  Andrew  EHicott. 

THE   STREETS   OF   THE   CITY. 

The  streets  of  Washington  are  a  distinguishing  feature  of 
the  city.  They  are  somewhat  confusing  to  a  stranger,  owing  to 
the  unusual  manner  of  "doubling"  the  names,  but  when 
once  the  plan  is  comprehended,  all  difficulty  in  this  direction  is 
removed.  With  "Capitol  Hill  "  as  the  center  of  the  system,  the 
streets  running  parallel  to  it,  east  and  west  take  the  letters  of 
the  alphabet ;  those  extending  north  and  south  are  designated  by 
numerals,  while  the  sixteen  magnificent  avenues  running 
diagonally  across  the  city  and  named  for  the  States  which  com- 
prised the  Union  in  the  year  1800,  are  among  the  pleasing 
features  of  the  capital.  They  are  from  130  to  160  feet  in  width, 
and  are  lined  by  beautiful  trees  which  give  to  Washington  a 
most  attractive  appearance. 


CHAPTER    III. 


ERECTING   THE   CAPITOL. 

N  July  1793  Stephen  L,.  Hallett  was  appointed  Arch- 
itect of  the  Capitol,  with  James  Hoban  acting  as 
Supervising  Architect,  and,  on  the  eighteenth  of  Sep- 
tember, the  Southeast  corner-stone  of  the  building 
was  laid  with  imposing  ceremonies.  Mr.  Hoban's 
design  for  the  President's  House  was  accepted,  and 
both  structures  were  pushed  forward  as  rapidly  as 
possible,  in  order  to  comply  with  the  stipulation  re- 
quiring that  they  be  ready  for  occupancy  by  the  year  1800.  No 
appropriations  for  these  buildings  had  been  provided  by  Con- 
gress, and  the  amounts  voted  by  Maryland  and  Virginia  were 
soon  exhausted, — the  former  finally  furnishing  additional  funds, 
on  the  personal  credit  of  the  Commissioners. 

A  third  term  being  declined  by  Washington,  John  Adams 
succeeded  to  the  Presidency,  and,  although  representing  a  dis- 
trict hostile  to  the  location,  entered  heartily  into  the  plans 
of  his  predecessor.  The  resignation  of  Mr.  Hallett,  as  well  as 
his  successor,  appointed  by  the  President,  entailed  upon  Mr. 
Hoban  the  duty  of  carrying  the  work  to  completion.  The  North 
wing  was  finished  in  1799,  and  occupied  the  following  year  by 
Congress,  as  was  also  the  President's  House, — Mrs.  Adams  hold- 
ing the  distinguished  position  of  first  mistress  of  the  White 
House,  as  it  has  since  been  named. 

The  members  opposed  to  the  accepted  locality  of  the  Federal 
City  gave  to  it,  in  the  early  days,  many  titles  significant  of  their 
sentiments  of  disgust,  one  of  which — "The  City  of  Magnificent 


Dist.  of  Columbia. 


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DISTRICT    OF    COLUMBIA — ERECTING    THE   CAPITOL.  II 

Distances  " —still  clings  to  it,  but  not  in  a  sense  of  disapproba- 
tion, at  the  present  time.  "  Capitol-movers,"  as  they  were  des- 
ignated, pnt  forth  every  effort  to  effect  a  change  in  the  location  of 
the  Federal  City,  but  in  vain,  though  they  doubtless  retarded 
not  a  little  the  growth  of  the  District. 

During  President  Madison's  administration  occurred  the  de- 
struction of  the  Capitol  and  other  State  Buildings,  by  the  Brit- 
ish, on  August  24,  1814.  Three  years  previous  to  this  the 
South,  or  House  wing,  of  the  edifice  had  been  completed — the 
Halls  being  connected  by  a  covered  passage  way — and  thus  was 
afforded  to  the  enemy  the  opportunity  of  still  greater  devasta- 
tion. The  records,  valuable  papers  and  plate  were  saved  from 
destruction  by  removal,  but  the  library,  family  stores  and  furni- 
ture were  consumed,  only  the  blackened  walls  remaining  to  cry 
out  against  the  wrong  committed,  and  to  urge  the  common- 
wealths to  concerted  action  in  rebuilding  their  Federal  City. 

Congress  appointed  Mr.  Benjamin  H.  Latrobe  to  supervise 
the  reconstruction  of  the  Capitol,  but,  in  December,  1817,  he  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Charles  Bulfinch,  who  carried  the  work  to  com- 
pletion— the  foundation  of  the  Central  Building  being  laid 
March  24,  1818,  and  the  structure  made  ready  for  occupancy  in 
the  year  1825.  What  is  now  designated  as  the  "Old  Capitol"  is 
a  building  which  was  leased  by  Congress  in  1815,  and  occupied 
by  them  for  the  succeeding  ten  years. 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE   NEW   CAPITOL. 

N  September  30,  1850,  Congress  passed  an  Act 
for  the  extension  of  the  Capitol  in  accordance 
with  the  necessities  of  that  Body.  President 
Fillniore  approved  of  the  plan  of  Mr.  Thomas 
U.  Walter,  Architect,  and  placed  him  in  charge 
of  its  construction  ;  and,  on  July  4,  1851,  in  the  seventy- 
sixth  year  of  American  Independence,  the  corner-stone 
was  laid  by  the  President,  with  appropriate  ceremonies, 
— Daniel  Webster,  Secretary  of  State,  delivering  the  oration  on 
that  memorable  occasion. 

The  New  Capitol  is  comprised  of  the  old  building  (which 
forms  the  center  of  the  structure)  and  the  "  Extension,"  consist- 
ing of  two  wings,  though  it  virtually  represents  three  periods  of 
the  Nation's  history.  Its  entire  length  is  751  feet,  and  depth 
324  feet  inclusive  of  porticoes  and  steps,  and  the  structure  covers 
153,112  square  feet  exclusive  of  the  courts.  The  Capitol  faces 
the  east,  while,  contrary  to  the  expectation  of  the  projectors,  the 
settlement  of  the  city  did  not  begin  in  that  locality,  but  to  the 
westward  of  the  edifice. 

The  material  of  the  "Extension"  is  white  marble,  which 
was  procured  in  Massachusetts,  while  the  columns  were  quarried 
in  Maryland,  the  entire  superstructure  resting  upon  a  basement 
of  rustic  stone. 

The  three  principal  entrances  are  on  the  east, — the  central 
being  the  main  entrance  to  the  Capitol,  and  is  reached  through  a 

Dist.  of  Columbia.  K 


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DISTRICT    OF   COLUMBIA THE    NEW   CAPITOL.  13 

portico  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet  in  length  ;  and  here  has  been 
witnessed  the  inauguration  of  the  Presidents  of  the  United 
States  since  the  completion  of  the  Capitol. 

From  Pennsylvania  Avenue — the  mile-long  approach  to  the 
edifice — the  effect  is  strikingly  grand,  while  a  nearer  view  takes 
nothing  from  its  attractiveness,  so  symmetrical  are  its  propor- 
tions and  so  harmonious  the  surroundings.  Space  forbids  such 
detailed  account  of  both  exterior  and  interior  as  would  be  pleas- 
ant and  profitable,  hence  we  will  simply  touch  upon  some  of  the 
noted  features,  an  extended  description  of  which  would  occupy  a 
volume. 

The  ROTUNDA  of  the  Capitol  is  reached  through  massive 
doois  of  bronze,  embellished  with  high-relief  figures,  the  work 
of  the  noted  American  sculptor,  Randolph  Rogers,  representing 
historical  events  connected  with  Columbus.  The  diameter  of 
the  Rotunda  is  ninety-five  and  one-half  feet,  circumference  three 
hundred,  and  height  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet  from  base  to 
canopy.  The  floor  is  of  sandstone,  and  the  ceiling  is  the  iron- 
ribbed  interior  of  the  great  Dome.  A  frieze,  ten  feet  in  width, 
is  frescoed  to  represent  important  events  in  American  history, 
while  the  paintings,  by  celebrated  artists,  set  in  panels  about  the 
walls,  are  among  the  most  attractive  decorations  of  the  Rotunda, 
representing,  as  they  do,  important  scenes  in  the  history  of  the 
Nation.  Thirty-six  windows  are  placed  in  the  ceiling,  and  "  the 
eye,"  a  small  opening  at  the  apex,  is  surrounded  by  a  canopy, 
upon  which  is  frescoed  the  "  Apotheosis  of  Washington."  This 
allegorical  painting,  the  work  of  Senior  C.  Bruniidi,  an  Italian 
artist,  covers  4,664  square  feet,  and  represents  to  the  Government 
an  expenditure  of  $40,000,  while,  to  the  American  citizen,  it  is 
ever  a  delightful  study — an  education  in  Art. 

The  DOME,  designed  by  Thomas  U.  Walter,  is  one  of  the 
surprises  of  the  structure,  having  the  appearance  of  airiness, 
but  built  in  so  substantial  a  manner  as  to  resist  the  severest 
storm,  with  only  a  slight  vibration.  Four  thousand  tons  of  iron 
entered  into  its  construction,  while  eight  years  were  spent  in  the 


14  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA. 

erection  of  this  prominent  feature  of  the  Capitol.  It  rises  307 
feet  above  the  foundation  and  is  surmounted  by  a  figure  of  Free- 
dom, designed  by  Thomas  Crawford.  The  view  of  the  city  and 
surrounding  country  from  the  Dome  is  most  entrancing,  the 
hills  and  valleys,  as  well  as  the  graceful  river,  presenting  a  fas- 
cinating picture  to  the  eye;  while  the  magnificent  avenues, 
reaching  out  in  every  direction,  give  the  appearance  of  a  specific 
object,  in  all  their  wanderings,  which  is  in  reality,  none  other 
than — The  Capitol. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  apartments  of  the  Capitol,  asso- 
ciated as  it  is  with  those  early  days  of  "trials  and  triumphs"  is 
the  HALL  OF  STATUARY,  reached  by  the  main  corridor,  as  one 
passes  to  the  South  Extension — the  Hall  of  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives. This  semi-circular  chamber  is  95  feet  in  length  with 
a  panelled  ceiling  60  feet  in  height,  imitative  in  its  decorations  of 
the  Pantheon  at  Rome.  This  historic  apartment — most  truly 
memorable  on  account  of  the  "  battles  of  the  giants  "  which  were 
waged  so  forcefully  during  the  fifty  years  of  its  occupancy  as 
House  of  Representatives — Congress,  in  1864,  wisely  set  aside  as 
a  Hall  of  Statuary,  and  authorized  the  President  to  extend  an 
invitation  to  each  State  to  contribute  a  bronze  or  marble  statue 
of  two  of  her  noted  sons.  Rhode  Island  was  the  first  to  comply 
with  the  request,  and  Connecticut,  New  York,  Massachusetts,  Ver- 
mont, and  several  other  States  have  also  responded.  When 
each  commonwealth  of  the  United  States  shall  have  placed 
beneath  the  arched  ceiling  of  this  Pantheon  of  America's  noted 
men  the  statues  to  which  she  is  entitled,  the  Nation  may  indeed 
be  proud  of  such  representation,  since  neither  by  inheritance  nor 
the  accident  of  birth  came  honors,  but  in  faithfulness  to  prin- 
ciple, which  is  its  own  reward. 

Occupying  respectively  the  North  and  South  Extensions  are 
the  Senate  Chamber  and  Hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
the  former  being  in  size  112x82  feet,  and  the  latter  139x93  feet, 
in  both  cases  the  floor  space  being  largely  devoted  to  the  desks 
and  chairs  of  members.  Galleries,  extending  entirely  around 


DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA  —  THE   NEW    CAPITOL.  15 

these  auditoriums,  are  divided  into  sections  for  the  Diplomatic 
Corps,  for  ladies,  and  for  gentlemen, — the  Reporters  Gallery 
being  above  and  behind  the  presiding  officer's  chair,  in  both 
Houses. 

The  decorations  of  these  Chambers  are  in  perfect  harmony 
with  the  magnificent  structure  of  which  they  form  so  important 
a  part.  Heating,  lighting,  and  ventilating  are  thoroughly  and 
systematically  accomplished,  while  comfort  and  convenience  are 
paramount  considerations  in  these  legislative  halls — the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives. 

From  the  year  1800  to  1859  the  apartment  now  designated 
as  the  Supreme  Court  Chamber  resounded  to  the  voices  of  Sen- 
ators of  the  United  States,  as  they  debated  questions  of  import 
to  the  Nation's  welfare.  With  the  completion  of  the  extension, 
the  Senate  removed  to  its  new  location,  and  the  Supreme  Court 
was  assigned  to  the  deserted  chamber.  This  semi-circular 
apartment  is  one  of  magnificent  proportions,  and  the  decorations 
and  appointments  are  in  keeping  with  the  legislative  halls  of  the 
House  and  Senate. 

Occupying  the  Capitol's  entire  Western  projection,  is  the 
Library, — an  elegant  apartment  (in  'reality  three  chambers  in 
one),  affording  to  knowledge-seekers  an  inspiration  for  study, 
through  the  companionship  of  rare  and  priceless  volumes,  as 
well  as  the  latest  productions  of  our  gifted  writers  of  to-day. 

On  April  24,  1800,  Congress  passed  an  Act  appropriating 
$5,000  for  the  purchase  of  a  Library,  which,  however,  was  de- 
stroyed in  1814,  with  the  burning  of  the  Capitol  by  the  British. 
President  Jefferson's  offer  of  his  entire  library  was  accepted  by 
the  Government,  and  7,500  valuable  volumes  were  purchased  of 
him  in  1815.  These  were  at  once  removed  to  Washington,  and, 
in  1825,  assigned  to  their  permanent  location,  where  they  formed 
the  nucleus  of  the  present  Library. 

In  1851,  35,000  volumes  were  destroyed  by  fire,  but  the 
original  collection  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  for  the  most  part,  fortunately 
escaped.  Appropriations  were  immediately  made  to  replace  the 


1 6  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA. 

loss,  as  well  as  for  a  large  additional  purchase  of  books ;  arid,  in 
March,  1852,  $72,500  was  voted  toward  repairing  the  burned 
apartments.  As  a  result,  we  have  the  present  commodious 
chambers,  which  are  thoroughly  fire-proof,  and  adapted  in  every 
way  to  the  requirements  of  this  important  department.  In  1866 
the  scientific  library  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute  was  added  to 
the  collection ;  and  the  following  year  Congress  purchased  the 
library  of  Mr.  Peter  Force,  of  Washington.  In  1870  the  copy- 
right law  (in  the  transfer  of  its  business  from  the  Patent  Office  to 
the  Library  of  Congress)  provided  that  two  copies  of  each 
publication  be  deposited  with  the  librarian,  and  thus  the  collec- 
tion has  grown  to  mammoth  proportions. 

Of  other  departments  of  the  Capitol  we  will  refrain  from 
special  mention,  leaving  to  the  visitor  the  charm  of  personal 
inspection,  which  ever  proves  not  only  a  pleasant  occupation  but 
a  matter  of  instruction  as  well. 


. 

*«•  ••:->.  v. 

•'•' 


ALLEGORICAL  PICTURE,  NATIONAL  CAPITOL. 


CHAPTER  V. 


ATTRACTIONS    OF   THE   CITY. 

EXT  to  the  Capitol,  the  Executive  Mansion  is 
and  always  has  been  an  object  of  interest.  It 
was  erected  at  the  same  period  and  suffered 
equally  at  the  hands  of  the  invading  hosts,  in 
1814,  but  was  made  ready  for  occupancy  in 
January,  1818.  It  is  located  on  Pennsyl- 
vania Avenue,  but  at  a  distance  of  one  mile  from 
the  Legislative  Halls,  and  is  surrounded  by  the 
State,  Treasury,  Navy  and  War  Departments.  The  grounds 
are  spacious  and  attractive,  extending  to  the  Potomac  River,  on 
which  charming  prospect  the  visitor  never  tires  of  gazing. 

The  structure  is  of  Virginia  sandstone,  which  is  of  so  por- 
ous a  nature  as  to  require  a  yearly  coat  of  paint  to  keep  it  from 
crumbling,  and,  because  of  this  necessity,  has  received  its  ap- 
pellation— The  White  House.  It  has  a  frontage  of  170  feet 
with  a  depth  of  86  feet,  and  is  two  stories  in  height.  The  main 
entrance  leads  from  a  spacious  portico  to  a  central  hall,  on  the 
left  of  which  is  the  East  Room,  occupying  that  entire  portion  of 
the  building,  and  used  upon  occasions  of  state.  Adjoining  this 
apartment  are  the  Green,  Blue  and  Red  Rooms,  furnished  in 
these  respective  colors ;  and  to  the  west  of  the  latter  are  the  State 
Dining  Room  and  a  smaller  apartment  used  as  such  by  the 
President  and  fajnily,  upon  ordinary  occasions. 

The  second  story,  containing  thirteen  apartments,  is  divided 
into  the  necessary  family  rooms,  and  the  suite  occupied  by  the 
President  as  ante-chamber,  audience-room,  private  office,  library, 


etc. 


Dist.  of  Columbia. 


17 


l8  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA. 

This  home  of  the  Chief  Executive  of  the  United  States  has 
witnessed  both  sad  and  joyous  events.  Here  have  been  consum- 
mated marriage  vows,  and  here  also  have  lain  in  state  the  mortal 
remains  of  the  Nation's  honored  dead.  However,  the  usages  of 
society  at  the  Capital  considerably  abridge  its  periods  of  mourn- 
ing— save  in  the  hearts  of  the  afflicted — since  "men  may  come 
and  men  may  go,"  but  receptions,  state  dinners,  balls  and  fetes 
must  "  still  go  on  forever." 

THE   DEPARTMENTS. 

In  the  Renaissance  Building,  which  adjoins  the  White 
House  on  the  west,  are  located  the  State,  War  and  Navy  Depart- 
ments, occupying  respectively  the  South,  North  and  East  fronts. 
These  are  all  models  in  arrangement  and  decoration,  and  are  a 
delight  to  visitors  who  make  the  "  rounds  "  of  the  "  Federal  City." 
Any  attempt  at  particular  description  is  futile,  however,  since 
one's  best  effort  would  but  subject  him  to  the  criticism  that  "  the 
half  has  not  been  told." 

The  State  Department  which,  owing  to  its  position  as  the 
medium  of  communication  with  foreign  powers,  as  well  as  its 
other  exacting  offices,  is  one  of  the  most  important  branches  of 
the  Nation's  business,  and  was  established  in  1789,  with  Thomas 
Jefferson  as  its  first  Secretary.  Three  Assistants,  a  Chief  Clerk 
and  six  Chiefs  of  Bureaus  share  the  responsible  duties,  while 
an  army  of  clerks  execute  the  purposes  of  their  "superior 
officers." 

The  War  Department  was  also  organized  in  1789,  and 
Gen.  Henry  Knox,  of  Massachusetts,  was  appointed  its  first  Sec- 
retary. This  official  has  no  Assistants  other  than  the  Chiefs  of 
the  various  Bureaus,  but  through  these  heads  of  Departments 
the  business  of  the  Nation  is  admirably  conducted. 

General  Knox  was  also  made  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  in 
1789,  at  which  date  this  Department  was  created.  There  are  no 
Assistants,  so  named,  but  a  Chief  Clerk  and  heads  of  Bureaus 
conduct  the  affairs  of  this  Department,  which  is  one  of  great 
magnitude  and  importance. 


DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA ATTRACTIONS.  19 

The  Navy  Yard  is  one  of  the  "features"  of  the  Capital,  and 
attracts  marked  attention  from  visitors.  It  is  located  on  the 
Anacostia  or  Eastern  Branch  of  the  Potomac,  at  the  foot  of 
Eighth  Street  East,  and  was  established  in  1800.  It  occupies  an 
area  of  twenty  acres,  and  its  grounds  have  been  attractively  laid 
out  and  handsomely  ornamented;  and  here  are  also  displayed 
many  relics  and  trophies,  such  as  cannon,  shot  and  shell,  taken 
in  earlier  conflicts,  as  well  as  during  the  Civil  War. 

The  Treasury  Department  was  also  organized  in  1789,  with 
Alexander  Hamilton  its  first  Secretary,  since  which  date  many 
honored  names  are  recorded  as  its  presiding  officers.  The 
Building  is  located  on  Pennsylvania  Avenue  at  the  corner  of 
Fifteenth  Street  West,  and,  owing  to  the  extensions  that  have 
been  added  to  the  original  structure,  and  which  were  completed 
in  1869,  is  only  second  in  attractiveness  to  the  Capitol. 

The  edifice  is  465  feet  in  length  by  a  depth  of  266  feet,  the 
extensions  being  constructed  of  the  finest  quality  of  granite 
from  Dix  Island,  Maine.  Of  all  the  Departments  of  State,  none 
takes  higher  rank,  in  point  of  architectural  beauty  or  interior  ar- 
rangement and  finish,  than  the  Treasury.  It  is  officered,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  Secretary,  by  two  Assistants,  a  Chief  Clerk,  two 
Comptrollers,  Commissioner  of  Customs,  six  Auditors,  Register, 
Director  of  the  Mint,  Solicitor  of  the  Treasury,  Commissioner  of 
Internal  Revenue,  and  Chiefs  of  other  important  Bureaus  con- 
nected with  the  Department,  which,  with  the  clerical  force  em- 
ployed, constitutes  a  small  army  of  workers,  enlisted  under  the 
banner  of  the  "Sovereign  of  the  Realm" — in  other  words,  the 
Treasury  of  the  United  States. 

The  Department  of  the  Interior  was  established  in  1849, 
and  occupies  a  marble  and  granite  structure  facing  F  Street,  and 
a  portion  of  the  pension  office  on  Judiciary  Square.  This  De- 
partment has  charge  of  the  business  relating  to  Patents,  Pen- 
sions, Public  Lands,  Indian  Affairs,  Surveys,  Census,  Education, 
Railroads  and  many  other  public  interests.  There  are  two 
Assistants,  as  well  as  Commissioners  over  each  of  the  Bureaus, 


2O  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA. 

while  a  large  number  of  clerks  dispatch  the  business  of  the  Na- 
tion as  represented  by  the  Department  of  the  Interior. 

In  1789  the  office  of  Postmaster-General  was  established, 
and  Samuel  Osgood,  of  Massachusetts,  was  placed  at  the 
head  of  this  department,  which  stands  next  in  importance  to  the 
Treasury  of  the  United  States.  There  are  three  Asssistants,  as 
well  as  Chiefs  of  Contract,  Finance,  Inspection  and  Appointment, 
who  share  with  the  first  officer  the  duties  of  the  Department. 
This  building,  about  which  so  many  interests  cluster,  and  which 
is  one  of  the  first  to  be  inspected  by  the  City's  guests,  covers  an 
entire  block,  between  E  and  F  Streets  North,  and  Seventh  and 
Eighth  Streets  West,  with  its  main  entrance  on  Seventh  Street. 
It  is  constructed  of  white  marble,  in  rectangular  form,  and  is  a 
most  imposing  structure.  The  original  building  was  erected  in 
1839,  and  additions  were  made  thereto  in  1855,  the  entire  edifice 
costing  two  millions  of  dollars  in  round  numbers. 

The  Department  of  Justice  is  of  recent  creation,  being  estab- 
lished in  1870,  and  is  in  charge  of  the  Attorney-General,  the 
"law-officer"  of  the  Government.  A  Solicitor  and  two  Assistant 
Attorney-Generals  share  the  duties  of  this  office,  which  is  located 
in  a  brown  stone  building  on  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  near 
Fifteenth  Street. 

The  Department  of  Agriculture,  established  in  1862,  is 
located  upon  a  portion  of  the  "Smithsonian  Reservation,"  twenty 
acres  of  ground  being  devoted  to  its  use.  The  building,  con- 
structed of  pressed  brick,  is  four  stories  in  height  and  166x60 
feet  in  dimensions,  and  complete  in  all  its  appointments.  As 
in  the  other  Departments,  the  Bureaus  are  in  charge  of  Chiefs, 
to  whom  are  intrusted  the  control  of  their  respective  interests, 
subject  to  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture. 

The  Patent  Office  is  a  Bureau  of  the  Department  of  the 
Interior,  and  is  in  charge  of  a  Commissioner.  It  is  located 
between  Seventh  and  Ninth  Streets  West,  and  is  bounded  by  F 
and  G  Streets,  which  it  faces  on  the  south  and  north.  The 
building  is  410x275  feet  in  dimensions,  and  is  constructed  of 


DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA  —  ATTRACTIONS.  21 

marble  in  plain  but  massive  style,  and   is  one  of  tne  most  at- 
tractive structures  of  the  city. 

It  is  simply  impossible  to  attempt  a  description  of  this  De- 
partment or  its  forces  at  work,  since  by  personal  inspection, 
alone,  can  any  adequate  idea  be  formed  of  the  vastness  of  the 
enterprise  or  the  interesting  objects  contained  within  these  walls; 
hence  we  leave  to  the  visitor  the  charm  of  observation,  and 
to  the  historian  unrestricted  to  a  brief  outline  a  detailed  account 
of  so  interesting  a  Department. 

THE  SMITHSONIAN   INSTITUTION. 

One  of  the  noted  structures  toward  which  the  "pilgrim" 
journeys,  and  in  which  the  Washingtonian  takes  especial  delight, 
is  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  which  occupies  a  commanding 
position  in  what  is  designated  as  "The  Mall,"  a  fifty  acre  park 
extending  from  Seventh  to  Twelfth  Streets  West,  and  from1  B 
Street  South  to  Canal,  its  northern  limit.  The  structure  is 
447x160  feet  in  its  greatest  dimensions,  but  these  figures  give 
little  idea  of  the  space  comprehended  in  this  magnificent 
edifice,  with  its  wings,  turrets  and  projections.  The  material 
entering  into  its  construction  is  lilac  gray  freestone,  quarried  in 
the  vicinity  of  Washington,  and  its  style  of  architecture  is  the 
Norman  or  Romanesque. 

In  1829  James  Smithson,  an  English  scientist,  died  in 
Genoa,  Italy,  and  bequeathed  his  estate  "to  the  United  States  of 
America  to  found  at  Washington,  under  the  name  of  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution,  an  establishment  for  the  increase  and  diffusion 
of  knowledge  among  men."  The  bequest,  with  a  later  residuary 
legacy,  was  judiciously  invested,  and,  as  a  result  of  wise  enact- 
ments, the  Smithsonian  Institution  stands  to-day  a  monument, 
not  only  to  its  founder,  but  to  the  counselors  who  have  established 
it  upon  the  broad  foundation  contemplated  in  the  gift. 

THE   WASHINGTON   MONUMENT. 

To  visit  Washington  is  to  view  "The  Monument,"  both  as 
a  matter  of  desire  and  also  of  necessity,  since  at  no  locality 


22  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA. 

within  the  city  or  its  vicinity  can  one  fail  to  observe  this  archi- 
tectural wonder,  if  his  eye  is  directed  toward  the  Mall.  Half  a 
mile  to  the  south  of  the  Executive  Mansion  stands  this  noble 
structure,  "the  highest  artificial  elevation  in  the  world";  an 
obelisk  contemplated  nearly  a  century  before  it  stood  a  finished 
piece  of  masonry,  the  pride  of  every  citizen  of  the  United 
States. 

In  the  original  plans  of  L'Enfant  there  was  contemplated  an 
equestrian  statue  of  Washington,  as  well  as  an  "historic  col- 
umn," to  be  located  "a  mile  from  the  Federal  House;"  and,  upon 
the  site  designated  for  the  statue,  rests  this  combination  of 
memorials — The  Washington  Monument. 

Patriotism  was  not  lacking  in  the  earlier  days,  "but,  like 
many  praise-worthy  undertakings,  other  interests  were  allowed 
to  take  precedence  in  the  appropriations  of  Congress,  and  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Washington  National  Monument  Society  was 
necessary  to  arouse  a  "working  enthusiasm"  in  the  hearts  of 
members  of  the  Legislature.  When  $87,000  had  been  raised 
by  private  subscription,  the  foundation  was  begun,  and  on  July 
4,  1848,  the  corner-stone  was  laid,  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop 
being  orator  of  the  day ;  the  gavel  which  had  been  used  by  Wash- 
ington at  the  same  ceremony  for  the  Capitol,  in  1792,  being  a 
feature  of  the  later  occasion.  Among  the  notable  guests  present 
at  this  ceremony  were  Mrs.  "Dolly"  Madison,  Mrs.  John  Quincy 
Adams  and  Mrs.  Alexander  Hamilton. 

In  1855  the  funds  were  exhausted,  and  not  until  1884  was 
the  monument  completed.  On  December  6th,  of  that  year,  the 
capstone  was  placed  in  position,  and,  with  the  lowering  of  the 
massive  block,  a  flag  was  waved  from  the  platform,  while  the 
firing  of  cannon  and  ringing  bells  announced  the  finished  work. 

The  height  of  the  Monument  from  base  to  tip  is  555  feet; 
its  weight  80,000 'tons,  and  the  .cost  of  construction  $1,200,000. 
Dedicatory  services  were  conducted  on  Washington's  birthday, 
1885,  at  the  foot  of  the  Monument, — the  orator  of  the  occasion 


SUPREME  COURT  ROOM,  WASHINGTON. 


CONGRESSIONAL  LIBRARY,  WASHINGTON. 


DISTRICT    OF    COLUMBIA  —  ATTRACTIONS.  23 

"being  Hon.  Robert  C.  Winthrop,  upon  whom  devolved  a  similar 
service  at  the  laying  of  its  corner-stone  thirty-seven  years  before. 

THE  CITY'S   CEMETERIES. 

One  of  the  places  of  interest  about  Washington  is  "  The 
Congressional  Cemetery,"  a  beautifully  located  "City  of  the 
Dead"  overlooking  the  Anacostia  or  Eastern  Branch  of  the  Poto- 
mac, in  which  repose  the  remains  of  some  of  the  Nation's  hon- 
ored sons.  It  takes  its  name,  however,  chiefly  from  the  cenotaphs 
of  over  one  hundred  and  fifty  members  of  Congress,  whom  death 
has  claimed  while  representing  their  respective  commonwealths 
at  the  Nation's  capital. 

Oak  Hill  Cemetery  situated  on  Georgetown  Heights,  also 
claims  its  share  of  respectful  interest.  Here  exquisite  taste  has 
supplemented  Nature  in  the  adornment  of  the  grounds,  in  which 
repose  the  remains  of  many  whose  names  in  life  were  spoken  with 
veneration,  among  whom  are  General  Van  Ness  and  Lorenzo 
Dow,  while  John  Howard  Payne  here  rests  at  last,  in  Native  land, 
no  longer  an  exile  from  his  "  Home  sweet  home." 

THE  SOLDIER'S  HOME. 

Adjoining  the  National  Cemetery  is  the  Soldiers'  Home, 
beautifully  located  in  its  five  hundred  acre  plat  of  ground  and 
with  its  seven  miles  of  attractive  drives.  It  was  established  by 
General  WinfieM  Scott,  as  a  Military  Asylum,  but  at  the  close 
of  the  Civil  War,  was  converted  into  a  National  Home  for  indi- 
gent soldiers.  It  is  an  attractive  resort  to  Washingtonians,  as 
well  as  one  of  the  features  of  interest  to  the  visitor  at  the  Na- 
tion's Capital. 

THE   CORCORAN   ART   GALLERY. 

To  speak  of  Washington  is  to  recall  to  mind  a  number  of 
private  enterprises,  of  which  limited  space  prevents  particular 
mention.  We  cannot  leave  unnoticed,  however,  the  Corcoran 
Gallery  of  Art,  which  is  an  institution  of  private  origin,  but  de- 


24  THE  warra  CITY- -DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

voted  to  the  interest  of  the  public,  of  which  the  founder  was  a 
benefactor  in  the  broadest  sense  of  the  word.  For  "the  perpet- 
ual establishment  and  encouragement  of  Painting,  Sculpture 
and  Fine  Arts  generally,"  this  generous  donor,  William  \V.  Cor- 
coran, deeded  to  the  trustees  the  noble  structure  which  bears  his 
name,  the  entire  benefaction  aggregating  $1,200,000,  conditioned 
on  the  free  admission  of  students  and  visitors  two  days  each 
week,  and  at  other  times,  "at  moderate  and  reasonable  charges." 
This  Institute  is  located  on  Pennsylvania  Avenue  and  Sev- 
enteenth Street,  and  is  an  imposing  structure,  built  in  the  Renais- 
sance style  of  architecture.  It  was  designed  by  James  Renwich, 
of  New  York,  and  was  completed  in  1871.  The  best  "works  in 
Europe  and  America  are  here  represented,  both  in  statuary  and 
painting,  as  well  as  by  fine  collections  of  ceramics  and  bronzes. 

WASHINGTON  SUBURBS. 

If  it  is  difficult  to  do  Justice  to  the  National  Capital  in  a 
brief  sketch,  it  is  equally  so  in  respect  to  its  suburban  attractions, 
of  which  no  city  can  boast  greater. 

Mount  Vernoii,  situated  sixteen  miles  below  the  city  on  the 
western  shore  of  the  Potomac,  in  Fairfax  County,  Virginia,  is 
now  the  property  of  the  Mount  Vernon  Association,  and  was 
purchased  of  the  estate  by  popular  contribution,  in  1860,  for 
$200,000.  The  yearly  pilgrims  to  this  shrine,  sacred  to  the 
memory  of  Washington,  are  a  goodly  number,  and  at  all  times 
and  seasons  the  picturesque  grounds  of  this  popular  resort  are 
animated  by  interested  visitors. 

THE   NATIONAL   CEMETERY. 

Georgetown,  in  Maryland,  now  known  as  West  Washington, 
is,  in  reality,  a  beautiful  suburb  of  the  Federal  City.  Just  below 
this  interesting  locality,  the  Aqueduct  Bridge  over  the  Potomac 
leads  to  Arlington  Heights,  the  location  of  the  National  Cemetery. 

This  historic  spot,  sold  for  taxes  in  1864,  was  purchased  by 
the  Government  for  $23,000,  and  set  aside  as  a  National  Ceni- 


DISTRICT   OF   COLUMBIA  —  ATTRACTIONS.  25 

etery.  The  property  had  formerly  been  the  possession  of  Robert 
E.  Lee,  and  his  son,  George  W.  C.  Lee,  entered  suit  to  recover 
the  estate,  which  finally  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  his 
claim,  and  later,  a  conveyance  by  him  to  the  Government  of  the 
two  hundred  acres  now  known  as  Arlington  Cemetery,  for  a  con- 
sideration of  $150,000. 

In  addition  to  the  16,264  soldiers  whose  resting  places  are 
marked  by  a  simple  headstone,  is  the  Mausoleum,  sacred  to  the 
memory  of  2,111  "unknown  "  dead,  whose  "remains  could  not  be 
identified,  but  their  names  and  deaths  are  recorded  in  the  archives 
of  their  Country,  and  its  grateful  citizens  honor  them  as  of  their 
noble  army  of  martyrs." 

RECAPITULATION. 

We  have  briefly  written  of  the  Nation's  Capital,  and  the 
trying  period  which  gave  it  birth ;  of  the  selection  of  a  location, 
erection  of  the  Capitol,  its  destruction  and  re-building;  of  the 
"Executive  Mansion,"  the  Departments  of  State,  a  few  of  the 
most  important  Institutions  and  interesting  Suburbs.  We  have 
not  entered  into  the  life  of  the  city — its  social  world;  nor  fol- 
lowed the  fortunes  of  that  ever  advancing  and  receding  "  wave  of 
humanity,"  which  drifts  in  and  out  with  each  political  tide. 

To  write  "The  Story  of  The  Federal  City"  is  to  record  "be- 
tween the  lines"  those  names  we  all  revere  and  love — the  Na- 
tion's honored  Sons ;  not  Washingtonians,  alone,  but  Children 
of  your  State  and  mine. 

Some  names  are  written — not  alone 
In  deep-carved  letters  on  the  stone 

Standing  above  each  head  ; 
But,  in  the  Nation's  heart,  to-day, 
Their  deeds  still  live,  although  we  say  : 

"This  son  or  that  is  dead." 

Some  names  are  written — not  on  stone ; 
Nor  to  the  past  belongs  alone 

The  Nation's  heroes,  all. 
They  live  within  our  land  to-day, 
Standing  for  truth  and  right  alway, 

Though  "parties  "  rise  or  fall. 


THE  PRESIDENTS. 


Washington. 


public. 


N  February  22,  1732,  in  Westmoreland  County, 
Virginia,  there  awoke  to  conscious  existence  in 
the  "steep-roofed"  home  of  Augustine  and 
Mary  Ball  Washington,  on  Bridge's  Creek,  a 
son,  of  whose  early  life  only  the  merest  outline 
is  obtainable,  but  whom  a  nation  honors  for  his  nobil- 
ity of  character  and  the  important  position  which  he 
filled  at  so  critical  a  pe'riod  as  the  birth  of  the  Re- 
He  was  a  descendant  of  a  vigorous  English  ancestry, 
his  great-grandfather,  John  Washington,  emigrating  to  Virginia 
from  Leicestershire,  in  1657.  When  eleven  years  of  age  his  fa- 
ther passed  away,  leaving  his  mother  with  a  family  of  small 
children,  George  being  the  eldest. 

Two  half-brothers,  by  his  father's  former  marriage  (es- 
pecially the  elder,  Laurence,  fourteen  years  the  senior  of  George) , 
were  destined  to  materially  influence  the  unfolding  life  of  their 
afterward  highly  distinguished  relative. 

Laurence  married  the  daughter  of  one  of  Virginia's  most 
refined  and  wealthy  families — the  Fairfaxes — and  at  their  coun- 
try-seat, Belvoir,  George  passed  many  happy  hours  in  the  society 
of  such  companions  as  frequented  that  hospitable  home.  From 
his  father,  Laurence  had  inherited  property  on  the  Potomac,  to 
which  was  given  the  name  of  Hunting  Creek,  but  afterward  re- 
named Mount  Vernon,  by  its  owner,  and  it  was  destined  to  be- 
come the  historic  spot  on  American  soil.  With  his  half-brother, 
Augustine,  he  also  passed  considerable  time  and  there  enjoyed 


I'rcsi'.li-uts 


27 


28  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

the  opportunities  of  a  somewhat  higher  education  than  his  earlier 
surroundings  afforded. 

At  the  age  of  sixteen  an  acquaintance  and  quickly  devel- 
oped friendship  between  himself  and  Lord  Thomas  Fairfax 
largely  influenced  his  future  career,  the  latter  entrusting  him 
with  a  commission  to  survey  his  vast  estates  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley.  The  experiences  of  such  an  undertaking  and  the  hard- 
ships and  dangers  of  the  frontier  served  him  a  good  purpose 
when  hardihood  was  required  in  his  country's  service. 

Physically,  George  Washington  presents  to  us  the  type  of 
vigorous  manhood.  He  was  of  powerful  build  and  delighted  in 
such  athletic  sports  as  developed  a  magnificent  physique  and  per- 
fect health.  He  was  quiet  in  demeanor  and  thoughtful  beyond 
his  years,  but  under  the  calm  and  dignified  exterior  the  fires  of 
heroism  were  burning,  and  a  strong  will  and  a  temper  more 
swift  in  rising  than  his  blue  eyes  might  suggest  are  not  out  of 
harmony  with  the  vigorous  prosecution  of  every  enterprise  to 
which  his  efforts  were  afterward  directed. 

Later,  when  the  French  and  English  colonies  were  strug- 
gling for  supremacy  in  the  Ohio  Valley,  his  military  instinct 
began  to  develop;  but  about  this  time  cares  and  sorrows  also 
pressed  heavily  upon  him,  owing  to  the  death  of  his  brother, 
Laurence,  and  the  responsibilities  of  his  duties  as  executor  of 
the  vast  estate.  Mount  Vernon  now  became  his  home  and  was 
never  relinquished  as  such  during  the  years  of  his  life.  Wash- 
ington's part  in  the  contest  between  the  French  and  English  was 
an  important  one,  and,  as  a  crowning  act  of  the  struggle  he, 
with  his  advance  guard,  on  November  25,  1758,  entered  Fort 
Duquesne  and  flung  to  the  breeze  the  English  flag. 

His  marriage  with  the  beautiful  Martha  Custis  was  indeed 
a  "union  of  hearts"  and  occurred  at  the  close  of  this  campaign. 
For  sixteen  years  following,  his  life  seems  to  have  run  smoothly, 
and  then  came  the  struggle  for  American  independence,  when 
his  was  the  strong  arm  upon  which  to  lean,  and  his  words — 
when  speech  'was  needed — glowed  with  patriotic  fire. 


PRESIDENTS — WASHINGTON.  29 

When  victory  at  last  crowned  the  American  arms,  Wash- 
ington's was  the  striking  figure  before  the  eyes  of  the  New 
World.  He  returned  to  Mount  Vernon  to  enjoy  the  tranquility 
of  domestic  life,  only  to  be  called  to  higher  responsibilities  by  a 
unanimous  election  as  the  first  President  of  the  United  States. 

The  sound  judgment  which  marked  this  administration 
proved  that  Washington's  statesmanship  was  not  inferior  to  his 
qualifications  as  a  soldier.  For  eight  years  he  guided  the  af- 
fairs of  the  youthful  Republic  courageously  and  conscientiously, 
and  on  March  4,  1797,  retiring  from  public  life  with  almost  un- 
speakable happiness,  he  repaired  to  Mount  Vernon  to  enjoy  the 
home  made  dear  by  early  associations.  When,  however,  the 
French  Directory  aimed  a  blow  at  American  commerce,  and  war 
threatened,  Washington  was  commissioned  Commander-in-chief 
of  the  American  forces,  and  entered  upon  his  duties  as  the 
patriot  and  soldier.  However,  the  preparations  for  war,  so  vig- 
orously undertaken,  seemed  to  inspire  the  French  with  proper 
respect  for  American  arms  and  they  retreated  from  their  arro- 
gant position;  and  thus  the  calamities  of  war  were  averted. 

When  relieved  once  more  from  his  official  duties,  Washing- 
ton returned  to  Mount  Vernon  and  entered  upon  a  tranquil  but 
busy  life,  which  was  only  to  be  broken  in  upon  by  the  Invader 
of  all  homes — the  silent  messenger — who  came  on  December  17, 
1799,  when  the  year  was  nearing  its  close,  and  the  eventful  cent- 
ury, in  which  he  had  occupied  so  conspicuous  a  place,  was  also 
fast  hastening  away. 


second  President  of  these  United  States  bears 
the  simple  cognomen  of  John  Adams,  but  there 
is  something  characteristic  in  the  name,  quite  in 
keeping  with  the  straightforward,  earnest,  intense 
nature  of  this  man,  who  occupies  so  important  a 
place  in  the  Nation's  history.  John  Adams  was 
born  at  Braintree,  Massachusetts — on  the  south 
shore  of  Boston  harbor — October  19,  1735.  He 
was  among  the  descendants  of  a  Puritan  family,  which  settled 
in  Massachusetts  in  1630;  and  of  his  father  it  may  be  said  to  his 
great  credit  that,  although  not  blessed  with  a  superabundance  of 
this  world's  goods,  he  realized  the  advantages  of  education  for 
his  children,  and  placed  his  eldest  son  at  Harvard,  from  which 
institution  he  was  graduated  in  1775,  at  the  age  of  twenty  years. 
The  records  are  very  meager  in  regard  to  the  childhood  and 
youth  of  this  distinguished  Statesman.  On  leaving  his  Alma 
Mater,  he  naturally  drifted  into  a  pursuit  for  which  his  education 
had  qualified  him,  and  we  find  him  installed  in  charge  of  a 
grammar  school,  at  Worcester,  but  his  ardent  nature  chafed  un- 
der the  circumscribed  rules  and  methods  of  such  a  life,  and  after 
much  deliberation,  resulting  in  the  abandonment  of  an  ambition 
for  the  "pomp  and  glory  "  of  a  soldier's  life,  he  decided  in  favor 
of  the  law;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  November  6,  1758,  and  at 
once  began  the  practice  of  his  profession,  in  Suffolk  County.  As 
showing  the  high  standard  of  integrity  with  which  he  entered 
upon  his  career,  his  own  words  are  fitting  in  this  connection: 


Presidents. 


n 


PRESIDENTS  —  ADAMS.  31 

"But  I  set  out  with  firm  resolutions,  I  think,  never  to  commit 
any  meanness  or  injustice  in  the  practice  of  the  law." 

On  October  25,  1764,  John  Adams  was  married  to  Miss 
Abigail  Smith,  a  clergyman's  daughter,  who,  though  a  youthful 
bride,  proved  a  most  worthy  help-meet  through  all  the  years  of 
his  eventful  life.  Owing  to  the  demands  of  public  affairs  upon 
the  father,  the  care  and  training  of  the  daughter  and  three  sons 
rested  largely  upon  the  devoted  wife  and  mother,  but  there  was 
no  faltering  in  the  acceptance  of  the  trust,  and  her  double  duties 
were  faithfully  performed. 

In  1765  the  passage  of  the  "Stamp  Act"  awoke  the  Colo- 
nies to  spirited  resistance,  though,  with  its  repeal,  the  sentiment 
of  loyalty  to  the  Mother  Cotintry  doubtless  calmed  somewhat 
the  storm  of  disaffection  which  had  gathered,  although  it  was 
never  again  to  be  lulled  into  the  sleep  of  restful  security. 

John  Adam's  patriotism  has  never  been  questioned.  What- 
ever may  be  said  of  those  later  acts  of  his  which  dimmed  the 
luster  of  his  political  record,  and  subjected  him  to  the  severest 
criticism,  his  love  of  country  stands  out  as  a  "  bright,  particular 
star,"  whose  guidance  may  be  safely  followed  in  these  nineteenth 
century  days. 

With  the  Boston  Port  Bill  came  the  rousing  of  the  colonists 
to  positive  action,  and  on  June  17,  1774,  one  of  the  five  Massa- 
chusetts delegates  sent  by  the  Provisional  Assembly  to  the  Conti- 
nental Congress,  at  Philadelphia,  was  John  Adams,  and  he  was 
also  returned  to  the  Second  Assembly  the  following  May. 

The  events  of  this  period  are  among  the  most  memoraole  in 
history.  Almost  at  the  very  door  of  his  Braintree  home,  scenes 
of  conflict  were  being  enacted,  while  the  deliberations  of  Con- 
gress, then  in  session,  were  to  render  immortal  the  names  of 
several  of  the  Nation's  sons.  Although  to  Thomas  Jefferson  is 
given  credit  for  the  authorship  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, John  Adams'  presentation  before  Congress  carried  his 
hearers  with  him,  and  "his  praise  was  in  everybody's  mouth." 

He  was  afterward  appointed   Commissioner   to    the    Court 


32  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

of  France,  and  in  accepting  this  important  trust  must 
have  realized  the  dangers  which  it  involved,  as  his  capture  upon 
the  seas,  by  the  English  Government,  would  have  been  hailed 
with  joy  by  the  ruling  power — George  III.  Owing  to  Dr.  Frank- 
lin's popularity  among  the  French,  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr. 
Adams  the  Commission  was  given  to  the  former,  and  he  (Adams) 
returned  to  America.  In  1779  he  again  sailed,  under  appoint- 
ment, as  Minister  "to  treat  with  Great  Britain  for  peace  and 


commerce." 


At  the  head  of  foreign  affairs  in  France,  at  that  time,  was 
Compte  de  Vergennes,  and  the  relations  of  these  two  diplomats 
were  far  from  agreeable.  Mr.  Adams  lacked  tact,  and  his  out- 
spoken words  were  doubtless  the  cause  of  much  disaffection  be- 
tween them.  He  was  also  on  unfriendly  terms  with  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, which  rendered  his  position  the  more  trying.  War  between 
Great  Britain  and  Holland  was  declared,  and  Mr.  Adams  was 
appointed  Minister  to  the  latter  province,  in  place  of  Laurens, 
who  had  been  captured  by  the  British  and  held  for  supposed 
irregularities.  With  the  same  confidence  as  was  shown  in 
presenting  to  Congress  the  name  of  George  Washington  as 
Commander-in-chief  of  the  Army,  and  the  carrying  out  of  his 
purpose  by  the  force  of  his  convincing  arguments,  Mr.  Adams 
demanded  of  the  States-General  recognition  as  the  representative 
of  "an  independent  nation."  On  April  19,  1782,  his  demands 
were  acceded  to,  and  he  was  recognized  as  "American  Minister  at 
The  Hague." 

Mr.  Adams  afterward  secured  loans  from  Holland  which 
were  much  needed  in  the  new  country,  and  also  materially 
strengthened  his  colleagues  in  France  (Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr. 
Jay)  at  a  most  critical  moment  in  their  negotiations  with  Eng- 
land. 

After  the  "  Treaty  of  Peace  with  the  United  States  of  North 
America,"  Mr.  Adams  was  appointed  Minister  to  Great  Britain, 
on  February  24,  1785,  but  resigned  and  sailed  for  America  on 
April  20,  1788.  He  was  elected  Vice- President  and  re-elected 


PRESIDENTS — ADAMS.  33 

• 

for  the  second  term.  Between  himself  and  Alexander  Hamilton 
had  arisen  the  sharpest  antagonism,  and  though  Mr.  Adams  suc- 
ceeded to  the  Presidency,  it  was  by  a  very  small  majority,  and 
the  animosity  between  these  two  distinguished  statesmen  is 
pointed  to  as  "the  most  bitter  feud  in  American  history." 

With  the  declaration  of  war  with  France,  Washington  left 
Mt.  Vernon  to  become  Commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  but  ere 
long  this  Foreign  power  made  advances  to  America  for  peace. 
To  this  Mr.  Adams  inclined,  only  to  meet  the  violent  opposition 
of  his  Cabinet,  who  desired  a  permanent  rupture  with  that  gov- 
ernment. Mr.  Adams  was  not  elected  to  a  second  term  and  no 
doubt  his  defeat  was  largely  due  to  his  implacable  foe,  Alexan- 
der Hamilton. 

He  has  been  severely  criticised  for  deserting  his  place  and 
"violating  the  etiquette  of  the  occasion"  by  refusing  to  be 
present  at  the  inauguration  of  his  successor,  but  his  mortifica- 
tion was  terrible  and  his  disappointment  severe.  He  had  served 
his  country  with  unselfish  devotion,  and  to  him  her  seeming  in- 
gratitude was  unparalleled. 

John  Adams  is  described  as  portly,  but  of  well-knit  frame ; 
a  handsome  man  with  resolute  lines  showing  prominently 
in  the  clear,  strong  features.  He  was  simple  and  dignified  in 
manner,  and  carried  himself  with  quiet  self-respect.  His  be- 
loved wife  passed  away  in  1818,  and  eight  years  later,  on  July  4, 
1826,  John  Adams  answered  the  "summons,"  and  the  second 
President  of  the  United  States  "was  no  more." 


T  the  "Shadwell  homestead,"  in  Albemarle 
County,  Virginia,  where  he  was  born  on 
April  13,  1743,  the  early  life  of  Thomas 
Jefferson   was  passed.      His    father   was 
considered  a  remarkable    man    in  those 
days,  and  to  such    sterling  qualities   as 
sound  judgment  and  integrity  were  added  intelli- 
gence   and  the    faithful    administration  of  public 
affairs.    His  mother  was  Jane  Randolph,  of  old  Virginia 
stock,  whose    birthplace  was  a  London    parish    called 
Shadwell,  which  name  was  thus  fittingly  given  to  the  home  upon 
the  banks  of  the  Rivanua. 

Peter  Jefferson  died  when  his  son  was  fourteen  3'ears  of  age, 
leaving  him  the  third  child,  but  eldest  son,  in  a  rather  numerous 
family.  According  to  his  father's  expressed  wish,  Thomas  was 
to  receive  a  thorough  education  and  his  first  tutor  was  the  Rev. 
James  Maury,  with  whom  he  remained  for  two  years,  and  then 
entered  William  and  Mary  College,  at  Williamsburg,  the  capital 
of  Virginia. 

In  personal  appearance  this  future  "great  man"  is  described 
as  "tall  and  slender,  with  sandy  hair  and  freckled  face,  prom- 
inent cheek  bones  and  chin,  and  large  hands  and  feet;  but  with 
bright,  hazel-gray  eyes  and  perfect  teeth."  He  was  a  great  stu- 
dent, and  became  a  favorite  with  his  classmates.  He  also  there 
met  friends  who  largely  influenced  his  future  years,  and  whose 
names  were  always  associated  with  those  early  days.  The  first 


Presidents.  34 


PRESIDENTS — JEFFERSON.  35 

romance  of  his  life  came  to  him  within  those  college  walls,  but 
the  disappointment  at  the  rejection  of  his  suit,  by  the  beautiful 
Rebecca  Burwell,  did  not  shut  out  all  the  brightness  of  his  future 
career,  nor  render  him  oblivious  to  its  sacred  duties  and  trusts. 

Between  himself  and  one  of  his  classmates,  Dabiiey  Carr, 
— later  the  husband  of  Martha  Jeiferson — the  closest  friendship 
existed,  and  their  favorite  retreat — a  noble  oak  part  way  toward 
the  summit  of  the  afterward  famous  Monticello — became  to  each 
a  sacred  place.  By  covenant  between  these  two,  the  one  whose 
death  should  first  occur  was  to  find  a  resting  place  beneath  the 
spreading  branches  of  the  oak,  and  Jefferson  performed  for  his 
friend  his  solemn  obligation,  and,  in  later  years,  was  laid  to  rest 
beside  that  much-loved  comrade  of  his  youth. 

In  1767  Thomas  Jefferson  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Two 
years  previous  to  this,  while  a  law-student,  he  was  permitted  to 
listen  to  the  famous  words  of  his  old  college  friend,  Patrick 
Henry,  when,  as  a  member  of  the  Virginia  House  of  Burgesses, 
he  made  his  memorable  speech  against  the  taxing  of  her  Colo- 
nies by  Great  Britain,  and,  with  the  utterance  of  those  thrilling 
words,  the  heart  of  the  young  student  had  received  its  in- 
spiration. 

In  1768  Jefferson  served  as  a  member  of  the  First  Virginia 
Legislature,  and  at  the  Raleigh  tavern  eighty-eight  members  of 
the  House  of  Burgesses  signed  the  "  Non-Importation  Agree- 
ment," and  were  loyally  supported  by  the  State.  This  was  the 
beginning  of  a  public  life  which  was  to  continue  uninterruptedly 
for  forty  years. 

On  January  i,  1772,  in  New  York,  Thomas  Jefferson  was 
married  to  Martha  Skelton,  and  their  wedding  journey  was  un- 
dertaken in  a  "two-horse  chaise,"  to  the  home  at  Monticello, 
"  more  than  a  hundred  miles  away."  Nothing  but  harmony 
reigned  in  this  charming  household,  where  hospitality  sat  en- 
throned. Of  the  six  children  which  came  to  the  worth}'  couple 
— five  daughters  and  one  son — but  one,  the  eldest,  survived  the 
father.  To  his  own  family,  however,  was  added  that  of  his 


36  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

brother-inlaw,  Dabney  Carr,  whose  death,  in  1773,  left  six  little 
children  fatherless.  Ttms  did  he  truly  prove  faithful  in  a  sub- 
stantial manner  to  the  friend  of  his  youth. 

On  the  burning  of  the  Gaspee,  by  the  Rhode  Islanders,  a 
sentiment  of  sympathy  for  the  desperate  colonists  was  aroused 
in  Virginia,  and  a  "  Committee  of  correspondence  "  was  organ- 
ized, and  afterward  the  Continental  Congress.  The  tempera- 
ment of  Jefferson  was  mild  and  peace-loving,  and  he  addressed  a 
petition  to  the  King,  setting  forth  the  wrongs  endured  by  the 
Colonists,  which,  however,  was  met  by  that  personage,  with 
silent  contempt.  The  immortal  document,  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  was  prepared  by  Mr.  Jefferson  during  the  summer 
of  1776,  and  on  July  4th,  "the  most  famous  State-paper  in  the 
world  "  was  signed  by  all  the  members  of  Congress. 

On  June  i,  1779,  Thomas  Jefferson  was  made  Governor  of 
Virginia.  On  the  important  part  which  he  played  during  the 
closing  years  of  the  Revolution,  or  the  dangers  which  menaced 
the  Legislature  and  its  members  from  British  invasion,  it  is  im- 
possible to  dwell.  When,  at  the  close  of  the  war,  Jefferson  re- 
turned to  his  home,  it  was  to  soon  realize  the  greatest  sorrow  of 
his  life — the  death  of  his  beloved  wife,  the  mistress  of  Monticello, 
which  occurred  Sept.  6,  1782. 

The  following  May  he  accepted  the  appointment  of  Con- 
gress as  envoy  to  France,  and  sailed  from  Boston,  July  5,  1783, 
taking  his  eldest  daughter  with  him.  For  five  years  he  repre- 
sented his  country  at  the  Court  of  France,  but  was  always  the 
American  patriot.  He  witnessed  the  opening  scenes  of  the 
French  Revolution  and  the  fall  of  the  Bastile.  The  occasion  of 
his  daughter's  engagement  to  her  cousin,  Thomas  Mann  Ran- 
dolph, which  took  him  away  from  the  French  Capital  at  this 
eventful  period,  in  all  probability  saved  the  life  of  America's 
future  President.  He  was  greeted  upon  his  arrival  by  the  an- 
nouncement that  President  Washington  had  appointed  him  Sec- 
retay  of  State,  which  trying  position  he  reluctantly  accepted. 

Alexander    Hamilton    was    at  this   time    Secretary  of  the 


PRESIDENTS — JEFFERSON.  37 

Treasury,  and  these  two  brilliant  statesmen  soon  became  bitter 
opponents,  and  the  leaders  of  two  political  parties — the  Federal- 
ist and  Republican.  On  January  i,  1794,  Secretary  Jefferson 
resigned  his  position  in  the  Cabinet,  and  retired  to  Monticello, 
but  could  not  long  remain  the  quiet  home-loving  citi/en,  being 
elected  Vice-President  in  1796. 

Here  as  before,  he  was  brought  into  conflict  with  Hamilton, 
whose  views  were  in  direct  opposition  to  his  own,  and  whose 
party,  the  Federalist,  was  diminishing,  while  the  Republican — 
"the  party  of  the  people" — was  gaining  strength,  as  was  its 
leader,  Jefferson.  He  was  made  third  President  of  the  United 
States  in  1801,  and  was  inaugurated  on  March  4th,  with  what 
has  since  been  fittingly  designated  "true  democratic  simplicity," 
and,  if  he  carried  his  convictions  for  an  absence  of  display  to  ex- 
treme limits,  he  no  doubt  erred  on  the  side  of  good  judgment. 

Jefferson's  first  term  was  a  happy  and  prosperous  one,  and 
the  purchase  of  Louisiana  was  an  important  event  of  this  ad- 
ministration. His  second  term  was  somewhat  clouded  by  the 
discovery  of  the  deficiency  of  his  salary  to  meet  the  demands 
upon  his  income.  This  was  made  good  out  of  his  private  re- 
sources, however,  and  on  March  4,  1809,  he  surrendered  the 
reins  of  government  to  his  successor,  James  Madison,  and  re- 
tired to  the  "dearest  spot  on  earth" — Monticello,  whose  walls 
resounded  with  the  patter  of  youthful  feet  and  the  glad  voices  of 
children's  children. 

One  event  of  these  later  days  must  have  greatly  rejoiced  his 
heart — it  was  the  meeting  with  LaFayette  which  occurred  in 
October  1824,  after  a  separation  of  thirty-six  years,  during  which 
time  many  startling  events  had  transpired  in  the  experiences  of 
each. 

The  sentiments  he  expressed  at  his  death  were  significant 
of  his  nobility  of  character  and  were,  in  effect,  that:  "His 
calumniators,  he  had  never  thought,  were  assailing  him,  but  a 
being  non-existent,  of  their  own  imagining,  to  whom  they  had 
given  the  name  of  Thomas  Jefferson." 


38  THE   WHITE  CITY  —  PRESIDENTS, 

His  desire  to  live  until  the  anniversary  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  was  granted,  and  with  the  closing  of  that  ever- 
memorable  day,  July  4th,  of  the  year  1826,  the  third  President  of 
the  United  States  "  slept  with  his  fathers,"  leaving  a  name  to  be 
revered  throughout  all  generations. 


James 


ISTORY  furnishes  but  dim  outlines  of  the  early 
life  of  James  Madison,  fourth  President  of  the 
United  States.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  an  old 
Virginia  family,  and  was  born  at  King  George 
(afterward  known  as  Montpelier),  in  Orange 
County,  Virginia,  March  16,  1751.  From  his 
refined  and  hospitable  home,  in  the  Blue  Ridge  country, 
after  acquiring,  under  a  private  tutor,  a  better  prepara- 
tion for  college  than  was  usual  in  those  days  of  limited 
school  privileges,  James  Madison  entered  Princeton  College,  in 
his  nineteenth  year,  and  at  once  attracted  attention  as  a  tireless 
student  and  an  indefatigable  intellectual  worker. 

It  was  said  of  his  assiduity  in  the  pursuit  of  knowledge, 
that  he  only  allowed  himself  three  hours  rest  out  of  the  twenty- 
four;  he  was  certainly  happy  in  this  energetic  endeavor  for  an 
education,  and,  while  it  is  claimed  that  his  unremitting  labors 
sapped  the  fountain  of  physical  strength,  he  reached  the  rather 
advanced  age  of  eighty-five,  and  while  he  lived,  lived  well. 

After  graduating,  in  1771,  he  continued  his  studies,  for  a 
time,  under  Princeton's  President,  Dr.  Witherspoon,  and  then 
returned  to  his  home  to  take  up  the  study  of  the  law  and  the 
instruction  of  the  younger  members  of  his  family. 

When  but  twenty-five  years  of  age,  James  Madison  entered 
upon  his  public  career,  though  at  first  largely  through  his  pen 
and  by  debate.  In  1777  he  was  nominated  for  the  General  As- 
sembly, but,  owing  to  his  strong  convictions  on  the  subject  of 


Presidents. 


39 


40  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

temperance,  lost  his  election  by  refusing  to  "  treat  the  voters  with 
whiskey."  This  was  only  a  seeming  defeat,  however,  as  he 
gained  a  position  of  greater  respect  for  standing  by  his  convic- 
tions, and  he  soon  thereafter  received  an  appointment  to  the 
council  of  the  Governor. 

Madison,  in  1780,  was  elected  to  the  Continental  Congress, 
and,  while  serving  his  country  in  this  capacity,  the  war  of  the 
Revolution  drew  to  a  close,  and  the  Treaty  of  Peace  was  signed 
between  Bn gland,  France  and  the  youthful  Republic — America. 
Four  years  later  he  left  the  National  Legislature  and  took  up  the 
burden  of  State  affairs  in  Virginia,  and,  in  the  revision  of  its 
statutes,  found  opportunities  for  the  exercise  of  the  knowledge 
which  he  had  acquired  in  the  Continental  Congress. 

While  independence  had  been  gained,  still  the  affairs  of  the 
Nation  were  in  an  unsettled  condition.  After  the  tyrannical 
bondage  of  George  III.,  any  attempt  at  strengthening  a  Central 
Government  was  looked  upon  by  those  who  had  participated  in 
the  defense  of  the  colonies  as  a  drifting  toward  Monarchy,  and 
while  this  youthful  but  studious  leader,  James  Madison,  recog- 
nized the  necessities  for  an  alliance  of  the  "  thirteen  States  "  in 
a  powerful  National  Government,  it  was  no  easy  task  to  convert 
his  countrymen  to  his  own  decidedly  radical  convictions.  His 
first  effort  to  bring  the  subject  to  the  general  attention  was 
through  the  Legislature  of  Virginia,  in  an  invitation  to  the  sev-  ( 
eral  States  to  assemble  at  Annapolis  for  the  purpose  of  discuss- 
ing "Measures  for  the  formation  of  a  more  efficient  Federal 
Government."  Out  of  the  thirteen  States,  five  responded  to  the 
call,  but,  during  this  assembly,  the  date  was  fixed  upon  for  a 
convention  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia,  "  to  draft  a  Constitution 
for  the  United  States,"  thus  virtually  admitting  the  defects  of  the 
League  in  which  the  States  were  united  in  alliance. 

This  was  a  memorable  summer,  indeed.  With  the  closing 
of  the  Convention  the  step  had  been  taken,  but  there  was  yet 
the  arduous  task  of  sec  uring  the  acceptance  of  the  New  Consti- 
tution by  the  States  which  opposed  the  measure.  Here  it  was 


PRESIDENTS  —  MADISON.  41 

that  Madison's  qualifications  were  truly  disclosed  in  the  remark- 
able papers  contributed  to  the  Federalist,  setting  forth  the  issues 
at  stake,  and,  with  his  compatriots,  Hamilton  and  Jay,  the  strug- 
gle was  undertaken.  Later,  when  this  period  of  anxiety  for  the 
life  of  the  Republic  had  given  place  to  one  of  more  confidence, 
the  striking  differences  in  the  measures  of  Madison  and  Hamil- 
ton were  brought  prominently  to  light,  and,  as  the  leaders  of  two 
political  parties,  these  remarkable  men  were  pitted  against  each 
other ;  the  former  being  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  Repub- 
lican, and  the  latter  marshalling  the  Federalist  forces,  of  which 
party  he  was  the  inspirer. 

Patrick  Henry  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  in  turn  Governors  of 
Virginia,  were  the  staunch  friends  of  James  Madison,  and  es- 
pecially with  the  latter  was  this  friendship  a  life-long  bond. 

At  the  age  of  thirty-two,  James  Madison  opened  the  history 
of  his  life  at  a  new  chapter,  and  on  each  page  was  written — 
"  Love."  Inclined  to  look  seriously  upon  every  purpose  of  life, 
the  fickleness  of  the  object  of  his  regard  would  naturally  wound 
one  of  his  thoughtful  and  sensitive  nature,  and  yet,  when  the 
test  came,  he  accepted  the  statement  of  his  friend  Jefferson,  to 
whom  he  had  confided  his  sorrow,  that  "Firmness  of  mind  and 
unintermitting  occupation  will  not  long  leave  you  in  pain." 
Eleven  years  afterward,  when  he  met  the  one  who  was  to  bless 
and  crown  his  days — Dorothy  Todd,  or  Dolly  Madison  as  she 
was  later  known, — the  romance  of  those  earlier  years  had  gone 
out  from  his  consciousness,  and  left  no  wound  or  scar. 

The  charms  of  this  young  Quaker  widow  have  been  written 
and  sung  until  it  is  mere  repetition  to  dwell  upon  the  portrayal 
of  her  lovely  personality  or  character ;  still  to  mention  James 
Madison  is  to  recall  to  mind  the  gracious  mistress  of  the  White 
House,  whose  trying  duties  as  "  first  lady  of  the  land "  con- 
tinued during  the  unprecedented  period  of  sixteen  years  (for 
eight  years  as  the  wife  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  under  President 
Jefferson,  who  was  a  widower),  and  of  whom  it  was  said  that  "  she 
never  forgot  a  name  or  a  face."  She  was  also  a  born  diplomat, 


42  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

when  used  in  that  word's  kindliest  sense,  since  it  was  her  highest 
pleasure  to  bring  people  to  recognize  the  best  there  was  in  each 
other,  and  to  disarm  jealousy  and  petty  strife  by  a  tact  as  re- 
markable as  rare. 

With  the  year  1801,  under  President  Jefferson,  James  Madi- 
ison  was  made  Secretary  of  State,  and  was  identified  with  that 
leader's  policy  and  party — the  Republican — and  at  the  close  of 
his  second  term,  this  "  great  little  man,"  as  Aaron  Burr  chose  to 
call  him,  succeeded  to  that  most  honorable  position — President  of 
the  United  States.  This  administration  has  its  important  his- 
torical epoch  in  the  declaration  of  war  with  Great  Britain,  which 
act  of  Congress  was  approved  by  Madison  on  June  8,  1812. 

We  will  not  linger  upon  these  thrilling  events.  During 
this  time,  which  "tried  men's  souls,"  Dolly  Madison  proved  her- 
self as  brave  as  she  was  lovely,  and,  though  in  imminent  danger 
of  capture  by  the  "  Redcoats,"  stood  at  her  post  until  she  had  se- 
cured the  valuable  State  and  private  papers  and  the  portrait  of 
General  Washington,  and  then  entered  her  carriage  to  seek 
safety  in  flight.  Madison's  life  was  also  in  great  peril,  but,  with 
the  dawn  of  the  morning  following  the  most  eventful  of  those 
trying  days,  the  British  had  retreated,  the  President  was  un- 
harmed, but  the  White  House  lay  in  ruins. 

Two  years  after  the  close  of  the  war,  James  Madison  was 
again  a  private  citizen  and  retired  to  the  enjoyment  of  his 
lovely  Montpelier  home.  Once  afterward,  in  1829,  he  was  called 
by  his  State,  from  the  quiet  of  his  home,  to  take  part  in  her 
affairs,  as  a  member  of  the  Convention  to  revise  the  Constitution, 
and  his  words  were  listened  to  with  marked  attention.  Like 
Washington  and  Jefferson  he  was  opposed  to  the  institution  of 
slavery,  and  expressed  his  opinions  upon  the  subject  in  no  un- 
certain terms. 

Though  at  all  times  of  delicate  health  and  enfeebled 
physique,  the  mind  of  the  fourth  President  of  the  United  States 
was  clear  and  undimrned.  He  had  endured  much  discomfort  in 
the  sufferings  of  the  mortal  body,  but  he  had  also  experienced 


PRESIDENTS — MADISON. 


43 


much  pleasure  through  the  mind  which  was  that  body's  seat  of 
happiness. 

James  Madison  passed  away  on  June  28,  1836,  and  his 
widow  survived  him  thirteen  3^ears.  His  life  forms  an  impor- 
tant chapter  in  the  History  of  the  Nation,  both  from  the  events 
of  that  period  and  his  connection  with  the  great  men  of  his  time ; 
and  to  his  name — as  to  those  of  his  predecessors  in  the  Presi- 
dential chair — should  be  added,  in  letters  of  undying  light — 
Patriot. 


family  of  James  Monroe  immigrated  to  Amer- 
ica and  established  themselves  in  Virginia  in 
1652.  His  father  was  a  planter,  and  his  estate  in 
Westmoreland  County  was  near  the  head  of  the 
creek  which  bears  his  name,  and  which  empties 
into  the  Potomac  River.  At  the  date  of  the  birth 
of  this  son,  April  28,  1758,  the  tobacco  plantation 
of  the  Monroe  family  was  yielding  a  large  income, 
and  in  this  prosperous  home  the  childhood  of  the  future  Presi- 
dent was  happily  passed.  These  comfortable  surroundings,  how- 
ever, did  not  engender  a  spirit  of  apathy  toward  the  condition 
of  the  Commonwealth,  for  the  son  seems  to  have  remembered 
to  a  good  purpose  the  burning  words  which  must  have  entered 
largely  into  the  daily  conversation  of  that  liberty-loving  family. 
The  means  at  command  provided  for  him  the  best  educa- 
tional advantages,  and  young  Monroe,  after  attending  a  "  classical 
school,"  entered  William  and  Mary  College,  at  the  age  of  six- 
teen, where  he  remained  for  two  years. 

With  the  Declaration  of  Independence  the  youthful  patriot 
could  no  longer  be  restrained  within  college  walls,  and  he  has- 
tened to  New  York  and  "enrolled  himself  as  a  cadet  in  the 
army."  He  soon  proved  the  mettle  of  which  he  was  made,  and, 
from  the  rank  of  Captain,  gained  at  Trenton,  was  advanced  to 
that  of  Mojor;  this  last  promotion,  however,  "lost  him  his 
place  in  the  Continental  line,"  owing  to  his  ability  being  recog- 
nized by  Washington,  who  commissioned  him  to  raise  a  new 


Presidents. 


PRESIDENTS  —  MONROE.  45 

regiment  in  his  own  State;  but  as  the  young  men  of  Virginia 
had  already  so  nobly  responded  to  the  call  and  entered  the 
Northern  army,  his  effort  proved  a  failure. 

Chagrined  at  what  must  have  appeared  to  this  youthful 
patriot  as  a  signal  defeat,  he  was,  for  a  time,  painfully  despon- 
dent, but  finally  yielded  to  the  voice  of  better  judgment  and  re- 
turned to  the  pursuit  of  his  studies,  taking  up  the  law,  under 
Thomas  Jefferson,  then  Governor  of  Virginia. 

The  public  career  of  James  Monroe  began  at  the  early  age 
of  twenty-three,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  Virginia  Assembly 
and  was  made  a  member  of  the  Executive  Council.  Additional 
honors  came  to  him  when,  the  following  year,  he  was  chosen  a 
delegate  to  the  Continental  Congress  for  a  term  of  three  years, 
and  participated  at  its  sessions  in  Annapolis,  Trenton  and  New 
York.  While  in  the  latter  city  he  formed  the  acquaintance  of 
Miss  Elizabeth  Kortright,  the  accomplished  daughter  of  Laurence 
Kortright,  and  their  marriage  occurred  in  1786.  This  was  in 
the  midst  of  troublous  times.  The  Constitution  had  been  framed, 
and  its  supporters  were  actively  advocating  its  acceptance.  In- 
spired by  an  equally  patriotic  sentiment,  but  with  eyes  which 
saw  only  danger  in  a  Constitution  investing  a  Central  Govern- 
ment with  such  large  powers,  and  taking  alarm  at  the  audacious 
measures  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  who  was  carrying  forward  his 
brilliant  purposes,  Monvfte  "opposed  the  ratification  of  the  Con- 
stitution by  the  States." 

While  the  French  people  were  still  trembling  with  the 
horrors  of  the  Revolution,  Washington  commissioned  Monroe 
to  represent  the  United  States  as  Minister  to  that  Nation.  On  his 
arrival,  he  waited  some  days  for  recognition  from  the  French 
National  Convention,  and  then  addressed  a  letter  to  its  President. 
This  accomplished  the  desired  purpose  and  he  was  given  a  more 
than  cordial  welcome.  In  fact,  it  is  said  of  his  responsive  speech, 
that,  carried  away  by  emotions  inspired  by  the  cordiality  of  his  re- 
ception, he  "committed  his  country  too  far  to  the  side  of  France." 
England  was  watching  with  suspicious  eyes,  and  the  Federalist 


46  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

party,  in  America,  emphatically  resented  his  liberty  of  speech. 
This  mission  was  not  without  its  mistakes.  Monroe's  evident 
leaning  toward  the  French  Nation,  his  lack  of  tact  in  neutraliz- 
ing the  grievances  of  so  important  a  power  as  England,  and 
overlooking  the  "authorities  at  home,"  brought  him  more  and 
more  into  disfavor,  until  he  was  recalled  by  his  government,  in 
1 796.  He  was  soon  afterward  elected  Governor  of  Virginia  for 
the  term  of  three  years. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  century  Jefferson  saw  the  oppor- 
tunity to  secure  for  the  United  States  the  vast  territory  named 
Louisiana,  then  in  possession  of  the  French  Nation.  Napoleon 
Bonaparte  needed  increased  revenues  to  carry  out  his  cherished 
purposes ;  the  United  States  wanted  Louisiana.  Monroe  was 
commissioned  by  Jefferson  to  consummate  the  purchase;  this  he 
did,  paying  for  the  coveted  territory  $15,000,000,  and  regarding 
the  act  ever  afterward  as  his  most  important  service  to  the 
Country. 

A  part  of  his  mission  abroad,  at  this  time,  was  with  the 
English  Government,  but  his  treaty  with  that  nation  failed  to 
meet  the  approval  of  the  President,  much  to  the  disappointment 
of  the  Minister.  He  was  not  without  honors,  however,  for  in 
1811  he  was  again  elected  Governor  of  Virginia,  and  during  his 
administration  of  the  affairs  of  State  was  called  to  a  Cabinet 
position,  being  made  Secretary  of  State,"to  which  were  afterward 
added  the  arduous  duties  of  Secretary  of  War. 

He  was  "the  master-spirit  of  the  hour"  at  the  dark  and 
trying  period  of  the  burning  of  the  city  of  Washington,  and 
proved,  indeed,  a  power  for  good  to  the  Nation,  by  the  inspira- 
tion of  his  patriotism  and  sacrifice.  When  the  treasury  was  ex- 
hausted, he  it  was  who  stepped  forward  and  "pledged  his  private 
fortune  to  supply  the  country's  pressing  needs."  The  Republic 
nmst  be  victorious,  and  Monroe,  though  recognizing  his  certain 
defeat  for  the  Presidency  in  so  unpopular  a  measure,  was  ready 
to  sacrifice  himself  for  the  good  of  the  cause,  by  issuing  a  call 
for  a  hundred  thousand  men.  The  demand  was  not  necessary, 


PRESIDENTS  —  MONROE.  47 

however,  and  soon  thereafter  the  "Treaty  of  Ghent"  was  signed. 

James  Monroe  was  made  President  in  1817,  and  his  admin- 
istration was  far  more  peaceful  than  any  previous  one  ;  in  fact,  it 
has  been  spoken  of  as  "the  era  of  good  feeling."  He  was  re- 
elected  for  a  second  term  with  but  one  dissenting  voice,  showing 
the  popularity  of  his  official  career. 

Among  the  most  important  affairs  engaging  the  attention  of 
President  Monroe  during  his  double  term  were:  "the  defense  of 
the  Atlantic  Sea-board,  the  promotion  of  internal  improvements, 
the  Seminole  War,  the  acquisition  of  Florida,  the  Missouri  com- 
promise, and  resistance  to  foreign  interference  with  American 
affairs." 

In  his  message  of  Dec.  2,  1823,  ne  proclaimed  a  platform 
known  as  the  "  Monroe  Doctrine,"  "promulgating  the  policy  of 
neither  entangling  the  United  States  in  the  broils  of  Europe, 
nor  suffering  the  powers  of  the  Old  World  to  interfere  with  the 
affairs  of  the  New;"  and  this  policy  has  met  the  approval  of 
prominent  statesmen  from  its  inception  down  to  the  present  time. 

James  Monroe  retired  to  his  lovely  home  at  Oak  Hill, 
Loudon  County,  Virginia,  at  the  close  of  his  administration,  and 
enjoyed  in  a  quiet,  simple  way  its  grateful  rest.  The  death  of 
his  wife,  in  1830,  was  a  severe  blow,  and  such  reverses  of  fortune 
visited  him  as  compelled  him  to  relinquish  his  charming  home. 
The  friend  of  his  early  years,  LaFayette,  whom  he  had  be- 
friended in  the  days  of  darkest  trial  and  danger,  now  proffered 
generous  assistance,  but  the  statesman  did  not  see  fit  to  accept 
the  offer  so  delicately  tendered. 

Monroe's  closing  days  were  passed  with  his  daughter  in 
New  York,  and  on  the  anniversary  of  a  day  made  memorable  by 
events  both  stirring  and  sad — July  4th,  of  the  year  1831 — the 
fifth  President  of  the  United  States  passed  peacefully  away. 


OHN  QUINCY,  the  eldest  son  of  John  and  Abigail 
g  Adams,  was  born  July  n,  1767,  at  North  Brain- 
tree,  Massachusetts,  and  was  destined  in  the  early 
years  of  his  life  to  be  a  witness  of  such  stirring 
scenes  as  have  embellished  the  pages  of  American  his- 
tory with  its  most  tragic  pictures.  At  the  age  of  eight 
years  he  beheld,  from  the  summit  of  one  of  the  hills 
of  his  native  parish,  the  destruction  of  Charlestown, 
which  carried  dismay  to  the  anxious  hearts  of  the  waiting  Amer- 
ican Colonists,  but  resulted  in  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  that 
"day  of  days,"  June  17,  1775,  when  "  Massachusetts  had  seen 
the  darkest,  most  glorious  day  in  her  history." 

To  one  of  his  thoughtful  temperament,  the  thrilling  scenes 
of  these  eventful  days  were  the  unfolding  of  a  maturer  thought 
than  such  early  years  would  usually  disclose,  and  the  influences 
about  him  were  also  favorable  to  patriotic  sentiment,  as  well  as 
the  development  of  a  high  moral  and  intellectual  growth.  In  his 
eleventh  year,  his  father  received  the  appointment  of  envoy  to 
France,  and  it  was  decided  that  this — his  eldest — son  should 
accompany  him.  He  was  placed  at  school  in  the  French  capital 
and  rapidly  acquired  the  language  of  that  country,  returning  to 
America  with  his  father  a  year  and  a  half  later,  but  again  ac- 
companied him  to  Europe,  after  a  brief  home  visit,  John  Adams 
having  received  an  appointment  taking  him  to  Holland.  The 
son  then  pursued  his  studies  for  a  time  at  Amsterdam,  Leyden 
and  Paris,  when  he  received  the  appointment  of  private  secretary 


Presidents. 


48 


PRESIDENTS  —  ADAMS.  49 

to  Francis  Dana,  envoy  from  the  United  States  to  Russia,  and 
thus  entered  the  diplomatic  service  at  the  age  of  fourteen  years. 
Later,  he  joined  his  father  in  Paris,  and  became  his  secretary 
when  negotiations  were  pending  for  a  treaty  of  peace  between 
Great  Britain  and  her  American  colonies. 

In  1785  an  important  decision  was  made  which  indicated  the 
mettle  of  the  youthful  diplomat.  His  father  had  received  the 
appointment  of  Minister  to  St.  James,  and  the  son  would  thence- 
forth find  every  avenue  to  cultivated  society  and  court  life  open- 
ing before  him.  In  the  face  of  these  brilliant  prospects,  however, 
he  decided  upon  a  course  of  study  at  Harvard,  and,  returning  to 
his  native  land,  entered  the  junior  class  and  was  graduated  in 
1787.  •  Later  he  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at  the 
age  of  twenty-three,  entering  immediately  upon  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  Boston.  In  his  twenty-seventh  year  he  was 
commissioned  Minister  to  The  Hague,  where  he  arrived  October 
31,  1794.  The  condition  of  foreign  affairs,  at  this  time,  made  his 
position  one  requiring  much  discretion  in  its  management,  but 
he  is  credited  with  successfully  meeting  the  difficulties  of  the 
position,  and  by  diplomacy  avoiding  the  pitfalls  which  would 
have  engulfed  unwary  feet. 

In  London  he  met  Miss  Louise  Catherine  Johnson,  daughter 
of  the  American  Consul,  and  on  July  26,  1797,  their  marriage 
was  consummated,  and  proved  a  happy  and  congenial  union 
through  the  half  century  of  wedded  life  which  succeeded. 

Just  following  an  appointment  as  Minister  to  Portugal,  came 
the  announcement  of  his  father's  succession  to  the  Presidency  of 
the  United  States,  and,  with  his  characteristic  good  judgment, 
the  son  signified  his  decision  to  resign.  Washington  did  not 
concur  in  this  view  of  the  situation,  and  insisted  that  his  father 
should  retain  him  in  a  position  for  which  he  was  so  well  qualified. 
He  was  appointed  Minister  to  Berlin  and  finally  secured  a  treaty 
of  "  Amity  and  Commerce "  between  the  United  States  and 
Prussia.  He  then  asked  for  his  recall,  which  came  with  the 
closing  of  his  father's  administration. 


50  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

Ill  1802  John  Quincy  Adams  was  elected  by  the  Federal  party 
to  the  State  Senate,  and  the  following  year,  was  chosen  United 
States  Senator.  Here  his  position  was  made  extremely  unpleas- 
ant by  the_  opposition  of  the  Republicans,  then  in  power,  and  also 
by  the  Federalists,  who  attributed  their  defeat  to  the  elder 
Adams,  while  the  son  was  made  the  object  of  the  rancorous  sen- 
timents of  both  parties  for  the  four  succeeding  years. 

Then  came  issues  of  great  moment  to  the  United  States, 
among  them  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  in  which  John  Quincy 
Adams  favored  the  policy  of  Jefferson,  and  brought  down  upon 
himself  the  disapproval  of  the  Federalists,  who  were  English 
sympathizers  in  matters  of  policy.  He  supported  the  Presi- 
dent's "  non-importation  act,"  and  resented  the  blows i  aimed 
by  the  English  at  American  commerce.  The  act  of  "  British 
impressment"  was  the  crowning  injury  which  he  set  himself 
steadfastly  against,  and,  not  as  fully  covering  the  ground,  but  as 
a  "  step  in  the  right  direction,"  voted  for  the  bill  establishing  an 
embargo  against  England;  this  act  roused  his  party  to  such 
frenzy  against  him  that  they  nominated  his  successor. 

In  1809,  under  President  Madison,  John  Quincy  Adains  was 
appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  Russia,  and  spent  the 
four  and  a  half  years  following,  at  the  Court  of  the  Romanoffs. 
He  was  also  one  of  the  Commissioners  who  took  part  in  the  cel- 
ebrated "Treaty  of  Ghent,"  in  1814,  which  event  was  hailed  with 
much  rejoicing  by  America,  and  accepted  by  England  as  the 
lesser  of  threatened  ills. 

The  following  May,  Mr.  Adams  was  appointed  Envoy 
Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  England,  and  re- 
mained two  years  at  the  Court  of  St.  James,  returning  to  his 
native  land  on  June  15,  1817,  where  he  accepted  new  duties  as 
Secretary  of  State  under  President  Monroe. 

In  spite  of  the  bitter  opposition  of  political  rivals,  John 
Quincy  Adams  was  inaugurated  President,  March  4,  1825;  but. 
though  a  faithful  worker  in  the  interest  of  the  Nation,  he  seemed 
lacking  in  the  qualities  which  would  win  him  a  faithful  following. 


PRESIDENTS  —  ADAMS.  51 

He  was  unwilling  to  bend  to  popular  opinion,  and  was  often 
misunderstood,  although  greatly  admired  and  respected  by  those 
who  were  in  position  to  appreciate  his  sterling  qualities  of  heart 
and  mind. 

He  was  succeeded  in  the  Presidential  Chair  by  Andrew 
Jackson,  and  retired  to  his  home  at  Quincy,  but  not  to  remain 
long  the  private  citizen,  for  the  "  National  Republicans  "  (later 
known  as  "  Whigs")  elected  him  to  Congress,  where  he  took  his 
seat  in  December,  1831.  If  it  seemed  to  many  a  "descent  in 
official  life"  that  the  ex-President  should  consent  to  serve  his 
constituency  in  this  capacity,  it  was  at  no  time  so  regarded  by 
Mr.  Adams,  whose  own  words  emphatically  declare  his  senti- 
ments: "No  person  could  be  degraded  by  serving  the  people  in 
Congress.  Nor,  in  my  opinion,  would  an  ex-President  of  the 
United  States  be  degraded  by  serving  as  a  Selectman  of  his 
town,  if  thereto  elected." 

In  Congress  Mr.  Adams  at  all  times  stood  for  the  principles 
he  advocated,  regardless  of  the  frown  or  favor  of  his  colleagues. 
He  was  not  an  orator,  nor  did  he  possess  an  attractive  person- 
ality, and  age  was  now  adding  the  touches  which  are  never 
pleasing  to  the  eye,  but  there  was  no  lack  of  interest  in  his 
words,  which  were  the  powerful  expressions  of  earnest  convic- 
tion and  the  result  of  profound  thought  and  varied  experience. 

When  the  cause  of  slavery  became  a  prominent  subject  of 
consideration  in  Congress,  the  stand  of  John  Quincy  Adams,  as 
a  leader  of  that  "forlorn  hope,"  brought  upon  him  bitterest 
invective  and  unbounded  opposition,  but  instead  of  yielding  to 
the  demand  of  popular  sentiment,  he  was  not  to  be  moved  from 
the  position  which  he  had  taken,  when  he  believed  that  his 
opinions  were  based  upon  a  principle  to  be  maintained. 

The  final  summons  came  to  Mr.  Adams  while  at  his  post  of 
duty,  when  he  rose  to  address  Congress,  on  February  21,  1848. 
He  lingered  until  the  evening  of  the  23d,  however,  declaring  in 
his  latest  conscious  moment:  "This  is  the  end  of  earth.  I  am 
content." 


NDREW  JACKSON,  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
was  born  in  the  Waxhaw  settlement,  Union 
County,  North  Carolina,  on  March  15,  1767, 
and  under  conditions  as  discouraging  and  in- 
auspicious as  could  well  be  imagined.  His 
parents  (who  were  of  Scotch  descent)  had 
emigrated  from  the  north  of  Ireland  with  their  two  sons, 
Hugh  and  Robert,  two  years  previous,  not  as  well-to-do  people, 
but  as  honest  and  earnest  seekers  for  a  betterment  of  fortune. 
When  Andrew  Jackson  opened  his  eyes  upon  this  "theater  of 
action"  in  which  he  was  to  play  so  important  a  part,  it  was  to 
realize  a  mother's  love  only,  for  his  father's  death  had  come  as  a 
crushing  blow  upon  the  little  household  a  short  time  previous  to 
his  birth. 

His  early  years  were  passed  in  the  family  of  an  uncle,  and 
the  rudiments  of  an  education  were  gained  by  attending  the 
schools  in  the  neighborhood,  but  he  is  not  credited  with  an  un- 
usual earnestness  in  the  pursuit  of  book-lore,  his  disposition 
directing  his  energies  in  the  line  of  greater  activity. 

During  the  War  of  the  Revolution  the  Carolinas  were  the 
scenes  of  terrible  carnage  and  devastation,  and,  though  still,  in 
his  "teens,"  the  boy's  earnest  nature  was  stirred  to  bitterest  re- 
sentment by  the  indignities  sustained  at  the  hands  of  the 
British.  The  oldest  brother,  Hugh  Jackson,  had  joined  the 
militia,  and  lost  his  life  in  the  service  of  his  country.  Later, 
Andrew  and  his  brother  Robert  were  taken  prisoners  of  war  and 


Presidents.  52 


PRESIDENTS— JACKSON.  53 

both  were  wounded  by  an  officer  of  the  dragoons  whose  treat- 
ment they  had  dared  to  resent.  After  suffering  the  greatest 
hardships,  the  entreaties  of  Mrs.  Jackson  secured  an  exchange 
of  prisoners  of  war  and  she  started  with  her  two  sons  for  the 
home  at  Waxhaw,  but,  before  the  weary  journey  was  ended, 
Robert  had  closed  his  eyes  upon  the  scenes  of  mortal  existence, 
and  Andrew  was  battling  with  the  "grim  destroyer." 

The  sufferings  of  her  beloved  children  fired  the  heart  of  this 
noble  mother  in  behalf  of  other  sons,  and,  in  1781,  Mrs.  Jackson 
undertook  the  mission  of  ministering  to  the  needs  of  the  inmates 
of  the  prison-ships  at  Charleston  ;  but  when  Andrew  Jackson 
had  reached  his  fifteenth  year,  he  was  an  orphan,  for  the  mother's 
life  had  been  sacrificed  at  the  post  of  duty,  as  she  no  doubt  re- 
garded the  labor  she  had  undertaken. 

The  ensuing  years  are  eventful  ones  in  the  life  of  Andrew 
Jackson,  whose  strong  will  and  imperious  temper,  did  not  add 
to  his  popularity  either  among  his  relatives  or  companions.  He 
became  dissipated,  and,  for  a  time,  followed  the  bent  of  his  wild 
and  wayward  nature,  but  when  he  came  to  a  realization  of  the 
inevitable  result  of  such  living,  his  reform  was  as  genuine  as  his 
dissipation  had  been  reckless. 

He  undertook  the  study  of  the  law,  at  Salisbury,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  two  years  later.  Receiving  the  appointment  of 
Solicitor  for  Washington  County  (now  State  of  Tennessee),  in 
this  wild  region,  where  almost  every  known  danger  must  be 
encountered,  his  energies  found  ample  exercise,  and  the  sterling 
qualities  of  his  character  were  acknowledged  by  friends  and 
enemies  alike. 

In  personal  appearance  he  is  described  as  hardly  "prepos- 
sessing," being  "thin-faced,  reddish-haired,  tall  and  angular," 
but  his  blue  eyes  were  ablaze  with  excitement  at  the  slightest 
provocation,  and  his  earnestness,  together  with  a  certain  magnet- 
ism of  personality,  commanded  consideration  and  respect. 

In  1791  young  Jackson  was  married  to  Mrs.  Rachel  Robards, 
a  lady  of  _ noble  qualities,  but  whose  previous  marriage  had 


54  THE   WHITE   CITY — PRESIDENTS. 

proven  so  intolerable  as  to  compel  the  annulling  of  those  ties. 
The  new  relations,  though  assumed  under  these  trying  circum- 
stances, were  most  happy  to  both  parties. 

In  1 796  Andrew  Jackson  was  elected  to  Congress,  as  Rep- 
resentative of  the  new  State  of  Tennessee,  and  was  sent  to  the 
Senate  the  following  year.  He  was  also  chosen  Judge  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  thus  enjoyed  such  honors  as  have  fallen  to 
the  lot  of  few  men  at  the  age  of  thirty -two  years. 

About  this  time  he  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  which 
he  followed  in  connection  with  his  official  duties,  and  in  the 
ventures  met  with  considerable  success  until  the  Bank  of  Eng- 
land suspended  payment,  in  1797,  when,  through  the  business 
failure  of  a  friend,  whose  notes  he  had  endorsed,  he  found  him- 
self in  the  trying  position  of  a  heavy  debtor.  To  free  himself 
from  this  enibarassment  was  his  immediate  purpose,  so  he  re- 
signed his  Judgeship,  sold  his  plantation,  paid  his  debts  and  "set 
up  business"  at  "Clover  Bottom,"  near  Nashville,  where  he 
proved  himself  a  successful  financier. 

When  war  with  England  was  declared,  in  1812,  the  services 
of  Mr.  Jackson  (who  had  received  the  appointment  of  Major- 
General  of  the  Tennessee  Militia)  were  accepted,  and,  with 
twenty-five  hundred  volunteers,  he  set  out  for  Natchez,  only  to 
receive  an  order  to  disband  the  troops  on  his  arrival  at  that 
point.  Contrary  to  instructions,  however,  he  resolved  to  under- 
take the  return  march  with  the  little  company  who  had  shared 
with  him  the  hardships  of  the  journey,  since  they  were  "without 
pay,  without  means  of  transportation,  without  provision  for  the 
sick."  It  was  during  this  disheartening  march  that  he  was  given 
the  appellation  of  "Old  Hickory,"  which  clung  to  him  so  te- 
naciously during  all  his  after  life.  This  journey,  so  fraught  with 
trials  and  suffering,  likewise  drew  to  him  a  faithful  following,  and 
won  the  highest  regard  of  the  soldier}',  by  whom  he  had  hitherto 
been  misunderstood  and  feared. 

The  stirring  events  of  this  period  would  be  of  particular 
and  fascinating  interest,  but  it  is  impossible  to  enter  into  their 


PRESIDENTS  —  JACKSON.  55 

detailed  record.  Andrew  Jackson's  generalship  stands  ont  most 
prominently  in  the  defense  of  New  Orleans,  in  December,  1814, 
against  which  city  the  British  troops  were  marching  with  the 
firm  belief  that  they  were  "invincible,"  and  that  the  enemy  must 
speedily  surrender. 

January  8,  1815,  is  regarded  as  General  Jackson's  "day  of 
days,"  when  the  British  troops  were  so  signally  defeated  at  New 
Orleans,  and  the  battle-plain  strewn  with  their  dead  and  dying. 
It  was  a  sharp  and  decisive  encounter,  lasting  less  than  a  half 
hour,  but  the  militia  of  the  frontier  were  splendid  marksmen, 
and  met  the  advance  of  the  veterans  with  so  unexpected  a  re- 
sistance, and  with  such  devastating  fire,  that  the  astonished 
British  troops  were  unable  to  stand  before  the  foe.  This  was  the 
closing  chapter  of  hostilities,  and  the  central  figure  was  General 
Andrew  Jackson,  the  hero  of  that  memorable  day. 

During  the  Seminole  War,  Jackson  was  an  important  figure, 
and  the  course  he  took  during  this  campaign  was  both  applauded 
and  criticised.  In  1821  he  was  made  Governor  of  Florida,  but 
resigned  the  office  in  a  few  months  and  returned  to  his  home — 
The  Hermitage. 

Three  years  later  when  his  name  was  proposed  by  the  Leg- 
islature of  his  State,  for  President,  it  was  not  favorably  regarded 
by  his  party  leaders  throughout  the  country.  That  he  had  a 
"genius  for  fighting,"  was  admitted  by  all,  but  that  he  should 
succeed  men  of  such  scholarly  attainments,  as  were  his  prede- 
cessors, was  not  so  readily  conceded.  He  was  sent  to  the  United 
States  Senate,  however,  in  1823-4,  and  before  the  close  of  the 
latter  year,  having  received  the  nomination  to  the  Presidency, 
proved  that  his  name  was  so  popular  with  the  masses  that  he 
was  defeated  by  a  very  small  vote,  John  Quincy  Adams  being 
his  successful  rival. 

The  next  attempt  of  his  friends  to  place  Mr.  Jackson  in 
the  Presidential  chair  was  successful,  but  his  triumph  was  in- 
termingled with  trials — his  beloved  wife  dying  at  this  memorable 
period  of  his  career.  He  went  to  the  White  House  a  saddened 


56  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

man,  only  contemplating  one  term;  and  his  re-election  by  an 
overwhelming  majority  over  his  opponent  proved  the  popularity 
of  his  administration. 

On  retiring  to  the  Hermitage,  it  was  to  take  up  a  home  life 
which  forms  a  picture  in  strange  contrast  to  many  of  the  scenes 
of  his  earlier  days.  An  adopted  son  and  his  wife  with  their 
happy  family  were  his  household,  to  which  should  be  added  the 
small  army  of  slaves  on  the  plantation,  whom  he  treated  with 
the  greatest  consideration  and  indulgence,  though  always  main- 
taining, however,  the  right  and  justice  of  the  "institution." 

Andrew  Jackson's  death,  on  June  8,  1845,  was  deeply 
mourned.  His  nature  was,  in  some  respects,  a  dual  one,  with 
fierce  temper  and  vindictiveness  on  the  one  hand,  but  with  a 
heart  as  tender  as  a  woman's,  on  the  other. 

He  was  buried  by  the  side  of  his  wife,  whose  memory  he  so 
fondly  cherished,  and,  with  the  "dust  to  dust,"  the  curtain  falls 
upon  one  whose  life  was  a  succession  of  stirring  events  from  the 
cradle  to  the  grave. 


Bur>efi. 


ROM  Washington  to  Jackson,  the  Presidents  of 
the  United  States  had  been  sons  of  the  Revo- 
lution. But  now,  into  the  arena  of  public  life, 
there  came  a  new  generation,  and  younger 
hands  must  direct  the  ship  of  State  through  the 
great  river  of  Time.  Of  this  new  school  Martin 
Van  Buren  was  the  first  to  occupy  the  chair  of 
Chief  Magistrate.  Mr.  Van  Buren's  ancestors 
::ff  were  among  the  early  emigrants  from  Holland,  who  set- 
tled in  the  ancient  town  of  Kinderhook,  New  York.  His  father 
was  a  farmer,  of  moderate  means,  beloved  and  respected  by  all 
who  knew  him,  and  here  Martin  Van  Buren  was  born,  December 
5,  1782. 

He  attended  the  village  school  and  in  due  time  was  sent  to 
the  Kinderhook  Academy,  where  he  proved  to  be  a  very  diligent 
student  and  made  good  progress  in  his  studies.  At  an  early  age 
Van  Buren  displayed  a  decided  passion  for  composition  and  ex- 
tempore speaking,  and  was  a  close  student  of  human  nature. 

At  the  age  of  fourteen  Van  Buren  entered  the  law  office  of 
Francis  Sylvester,  in  his  native  town,  and  while  here  evinced 
much  interest  in  the  policy  of  government  and  the  claims  of  the 
great  political  parties  of  his  day.  The  last  year  of  his  prepara- 
tory law  study  was  passed  in  the  office  of  William  P.  Van  Ness, 
in  the  city  of  New  York.  In  1803  Van  Buren  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  and  at  once  returned  to  his  native  village  where  he  began 


I'ri'sidfiits. 


57 


58  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

the  practice  of  his  profession  in  partnership  with  his  half 
brother,  James  I.  Van  Allen. 

As  a  lawyer  Mr.  Van  Buren  was  so  successful  that,  among 
all  the  brilliant  and  learned  lawyers  of  his  day,  he  was,  in  1815, 
appointed  Attorney-General  of  the  State.  He  had  previously, 
in  1812,  been  elected  to  the  New  York  State  Senate  where  he 
served  with  distinguished  honor. 

Mr.  Van  Buren  was  married  in  1806  to  Miss  Hannah  Hoes, 
a  most  estimable  lady,  who  died  in  1818,  of  consumption. 

In  1821  Mr.  Van  Buren  entered  the  United  States  Senate 
and  was  re-elected  in  1827,  but  resigned  his  seat  in  1828  and  was 
elected  Governor  of  the  Empire  State.  When  President  Jackson 
formed  his  cabinet,  in  1829,  he  offered  the  portfolio  of  State  to 
Mr.  Van  Buren,  which  was  accepted.  He  served  as  Secretary  of 
State  until  1831,  when  he  was  appointed  minister  to  the  Court 
of  St.  James,  but,  in  the  succeeding  year,  was  elected  Vice- 
President  on  the  same  ticket  with  General  Jackson.  On  the 
fourth  of  March,  1837,  ^r-  Van  Buren  was  inaugurated  eighth 
President  of  the  United  States.  His  administration  was  begun 
under  much  financial  depression.  The  country  was  flooded  with 
bank  notes  which  gave  a  fictitious  value  to  almost  every  article 
of  merchandise,  and  speculation  in  the  public  lands  became 
enormous.  President  Jackson,  in  order  to  restrain  this  undue 
sale  of  lands,  issued  an  order  requiring  the  collectors,  at  the 
various  Land  Offices,  to  receive  only  gold  and  silver  in  pa\anent 
for  land ;  and,  shortly  after,  Congress  passed  an  act  distributing 
the  Government  funds  on  deposit  in  the  banks,  among  the  States. 
These  two  acts  of  the  Executive  and  Congress,  during  the  last 
administration,  precipitated  a  financial  panic  and  unparalleled 
embarrassments  were  experienced  in  monetary  circles.  The 
whole  business  of  the  country  was  prostrated.  In  a  short  time 
the  banks  of  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  and  many  other 
cities  suspended  specie  payments.  A  special  session  of  Congress 
was  called,  which  continued  in  session  over  forty  days,  but  as  the 
majority  were  opposed  to  the  policy  of  the  President,  the  ineas- 


PRESIDENTS  —  VAN  BUREN.  59 

tires  proposed  by  the  administration  were  defeated.  Many  of  the 
States  issued  State  bonds  in  order  to  secure  loans  for  internal  im- 
provements and  eight  of  the  States  failed  to  pay  the  interest  on 
these  loans.  They  all  rallied  in  time  and  paid  their  obligations 
except  two — Mississippi  and  the  territory  of  Florida.  These 
stocks  were  mainly  held  by  English  capitalists  and  great  indig- 
nation was  felt  throughout  Europe  at  the  failure  of  the  States  to 
pay  their  obligation. 

In  1840  Mr.  Van  Buren  was  again  the  nominee  of  his 
party  for  the  office  of  President,  but  was  defeated  by  General 
Harrison. 

In  appearance  Mr.  Van  Buren  was  of  about  medium  size, 
with  an  erect  form,  light  hair  and  eyes,  and  a  broad,  high 
forehead. 

At  the  close  of  his  administration,  Mr.  Van  Buren  retired 
to  his  home  at  Kinderhook,  where  he  resided  at  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  July,  1862. 


Iai^-  , 


N  the  little  town  of  Berkeley,  Charles  City  County, 
Virginia,  William  Henry  Harrison  was  born,  on  the 
ninth  day  of  February,  1773.  His  ancestry  were 
among  the  early  settlers  of  the  "Old  Dominion,"  and 
their  name  has  always  been  the  synonym  for  integ- 
rity, honesty  and  patriotism.  His  father,  Benjamin 
Harrison,  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  Continental 
Congress  during  the  years  1774—5—6,  and  was  one  of 
the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He 
was  elected  Governor  of  Virginia  in  1782,  and  was  one  of  the 
most  efficient  officers  that  ever  occupied  that  responsible  position. 
Young  Harrison  graduated  from  Hampton  Sidney  College, 
and  began  the  study  of  medicine;  but  the  atrocities  of  the  In- 
dians upon  the  western  frontiers  so  stirred  the  spirit  within  him, 
that  he  resolved  on  joining  the  army.  He  communicated  his 
desire  to  General  Washington  and  received  from  him  an  Ensign's 
commission  in  the  First  regiment  of  United  States  Artillery. 
He  joined  his  regiment  at  Fort  Washington,  on  the  Ohio  Ri^er, 
near  the  present  site  of  Cincinnati,  in  1791.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Lieutenant,  and  participated 
in  the  battle  of  the  "Fallen  Timbers,"  where  his  gallant  and 
faithful  services  won  for  him  the  hearty  commendation  of  Gen- 
eral Wayne.  Harrison,  at  this  time  little  more  than  a  boy,  was 
slender  in  build  and  almost  effeminate  in  appearance.  One  of  his 
old  soldiers  in  speaking  of  him,  said:  "I  would  as  soon  have 
thought  of  putting  my  wife  in  the  service  as  this  boy;  but  I 


President*. 


CO 


PRESIDENTS — HARRISON.  6 1 

have  been  out  with  him,  and  I  find  those  smooth  cheeks  are  on 
a  wise  head,  and  that  slight  frame  is  almost  as  tough  as  my  own 
weather-beaten  carcass." 

When  this  campaign  came  to  a  close  Lieutenant  Harrison 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Captain,  and  assigned  to  the  com- 
mand of  Fort  Washington.  While  stationed  at  this  fort  he  was 
married  to  the  daughter  of  John  Cleves  Symmes,  who  founded 
the  Miami  settlements.  In  1798  Captain  Harrison  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Northwestern  Territory,  to  succeed 
Winthrop  Sargent,  and  the  following  year  was  chosen  its  first 
Congressional  delegate.  When  Mr.  Harrison  entered  Congress 
the  public  lands  of  the  United  States  could  not  be  purchased  in 
less  amount  than  four  thousand  acres ;  this  made  it  impossible 
for  men  of  small  means  to  acquire  a  free-hold,  and  capitalists 
and  land-agents  secured  large  tracts  of  land  and  compelled  the 
poor  man  to  pay  enormous  rentals,  or  much  more  than  their 
value  if  divided  into  smaller  parcels.  Mr.  Harrison  succeeded 
in  amending  this  obnoxious  law,  although  he  was  strenuously 
opposed  by  the  speculators. 

About  this  time  the  Northwestern  Territory  was  divided, 
Ohio  being  set  off  by  itself,  and  the  remaining  territory,  com- 
prising all  the  country  beyond  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers, 
received  the  name  of  Indiana,  over  which  Mr.  Harrison  was  ap- 
pointed Governor.  He  was  also  Indian  Commissioner  at  this 
time  and  secured  for  the  government  millions  of  acres  of  the 
richest  country  in  the  West  by  treaty  with  the  Aborigines.  In 
1810  the  Indian  tribes,  who  had  from  time  to  time  ceded  their 
lands  to  the  settlers  and  moved  westward,  became  jealous  and 
rebellious ;  their  hunting  grounds  were  broken  up,  and  the  white 
man  continually  advanced  upon  their  settlements.  Under  the 
leadership  of  the  celebrated  Shawnee  chief,  Tecumseh,  and  his 
twin  brother,  Elskwatawa,  the  Prophet,  the  Indians  became  more 
and  more  aggressive  until  hostilities  were  commenced  at  a  town 
at  the  junction  of  the  Wabash  and'Tippecanoe  rivers,  where  the 
prophet  had  established  himself.  Governor  Harrison  had  become 


62  THE  WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

fearful  that  the  Indians  would  begin  a  war,  and  marched  his 
troops  to  this  place  to  try  and  prevent  bloodshed  if  possible. 
About  four  o'clock  on  the  morning  of  the  fourth  of  November, 
1811,  the  Indians  began  the  attack,  but  by  the  excellent  general- 
ship and  undaunted  courage  of  Harrison  they  were  repelled  and 
the  battle  of  Tippecanoe  was  won.  The  Indians  now  joined  the 
British  forces  in  what  is  known  as  the  war  of  1812.  In  1813 
Governor  Harrison  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  that  por- 
tion of  the  army  at  the  head  of  Lake  Erie,  with  the  commission 
of  Major-General.  His  distinguished  services  in  this  war  won 
for  him  heart}-  recognition  from  the  people,  with  whom  he  was  a 
great  favorite,  and  Congress  voted  him  a  gold  medal  for  "gallant 
and  good  services." 

In  1816  General  Harrison  was  elected  to  the  National  House 
of  Representatives,  and  re-elected  for  the  following  term.  In 
1819  he  was  chosen  to  the  Ohio  State  Senate  and  in  1824  was 
sent  by  that  State  to  the  United  States  Senate.  In  1828  he  was 
appointed  United  States  Minister  to  the  Republic  of  Columbia, 
from  which  he  was  recalled  by  President  Jackson. 

General  Harrison  received  the  nomination  for  President  of 
the  United  States,  by  the  Whig  party,  in  1840.  The  campaign 
was  one  of  the  most  spirited  the  Republic  has  ever  known. 
There  were  public  meetings  and  processions  and  barbecues,  in 
which  log  cabins,  coons  and  hard  cider  figured  conspicuously, 
and  in  which  the  cry  "Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too"  became  house- 
hold words.  It  resulted  in  the  election  of  Harrison,  and  he  was 
inaugurated  on  the  fourth  of  March,  1841,  with  great  enthusi- 
asm. In  his  cabinet  were  such  well-known  men  as  Daniel  Web- 
ster, Thomas  Ewing,  John  Bell  and  John  J.  Crittenden,  and 
much  was  expected  of  this  administration. 

But  death  stood  at  the  nation's  door  and,  in  one  month  after 
his  inauguration,  President  Harrison  passed  beyond  the  vale 
into  the  great  beyond.  His  death  occurred  on  the  twenty- 
seventh  of  March,  1841.  He  was  the  first  President  to  die  in 
office  and  was  sincerely  mourned  by  the  whole  people. 


OHX  TYLER,  the  tenth   President  of  the  United 
-   State,  was  born  in  Charles  City  County,  Virginia, 
March  29,  1890.     The  "  Old  Dominion  "  had  already 
given    the    Republic    five    Chief  Magistrates,  viz.: 
Washington,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Monroe,  and  Har- 
rison, and  was  well  entitled  to  the  appellation  she 
had  received  as  the  "Mother  of  Presidents;"   but 
she    now    adds    a    sixth    to    the     illustrious    list, 
proving  that  she  still  had  more  "such  seed  within  her  breast." 

The  ancestors  of  John  Tyler  were  among  the  early  English 
settlers  of  Virginia ;  his  grandfather,  John  Tyler,  was  marshal 
of  the  colony  under  the  English  government ;  and  his  father, 
also  named  John,  was  a  distinguished  patriot,  occupying  the  im- 
portant offices  of  Governor,  and  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Unlike  many  of  his  illustrious  successors  in  office,  Mr.  Ty- 
ler was  the  son  of  wealthy  parents,  and  every  advantage  which 
wealth  could  procure  was  his.  At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  grad- 
uated from  William  and  Mary  College,  and,  two  years  later,  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  began  the  practice  of  law.  His  success 
as  a  lawyer  was  phenomenal,  for  one  so  young,  and,  when  only 
twenty-one,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  State  Legislature,  re- 
taining his  seat  for  six  consecutive  years.  There  are  few  men 
whose  political  advancement  has  been  so  rapid  and  so  constant  as 
was  that  of  Mr.  Tyler.  In  1816  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
Congress,  re-elected  in  1818,  and  again  in  1820.  In  1825  ne  was 
chosen  Governor  of  the  State  of  Virginia,  and  re-elected  in  1826. 

I'rt.'.-idt'nt*.  C3 


64  THE   WHITE    CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

In  1827  we  find  him  a  Senator  of  the  United  States.  In  1840  he 
was  chosen  Vice-President,  and,  in  one  month  after  his  inaugu- 
ration, succeeded  to  the  Presidency,  through  the  untimely  death 
of  President  William  Henry  Harrison. 

President  Tyler  was  not  long  in  finding  himself  in  strong 
opposition  to  the  Whig  party,  which  elected  him.  This  rupture 
was  caused  by  the  President's  veto  of  the  Bill  establishing  a 
United  States  Bank,  a  measure  to  which  the  Whigs  were  com- 
mitted, and  this  action  was  denounced  by  them  in  strong  terms. 
The  entire  cabinet,  except  Mr.  Webster,  resigned,  in  September, 
1841,  declaring  that  all  confidence  between  the  President  and 
themselves  was  gone. 

Some  of  the  more  important  events  of  the  administration  of 
President  Tyler  were  the  annexation  of  Iowa  and  Florida,  the 
bills  for  which  he  signed  on  the  last  day  of  his  term  of  office ; 
the  completion  of  the  Bunker  Hill  monument ;  the  establish- 
ment of  the  electric  telegraph,  and  the  banishment  of  the  Mor- 
mons from  the  territory  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

President  Tyler  retired  from  office  without  the  regret  of 
either  political  party.  He  was  freely  accused  by  the  Whigs  not 
only  of  a  want  of  judgment,  but  of  a  want  of  good  faith. 

Personally  Mr.  Tyler  was  tall  and  slim,  with  a  light  com- 
plexion, blue  eyes,  high  forehead,  and  a  prominent  nose.  He  was 
married  to  Miss  Letitia  Christian,  in  1813,  who  died  in  1842.  In 
1844  he  married  Miss  Julia  Gardner,  a  young  and  beautiful  lady 
of  New  York. 

Mr.  Tyler  was  a  member  of  the  Confederate  Congress,  and 
died  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  January  18,  1862. 


K. 


N  the  earlier  history  of  the  Republic  men  were  se 
lected  for  the  Presidential  office  who  had  been  Ion, 
and  prominently  connected  with  public  affairs,  and 
who  were  well  known,  by  reputation  at  least,  to  the 
great  body  politic.     But  there  came  a  time,  later  on 
when  principles  and  policy  of  government  overshad- 
owed the  genius  of  the  man,  and  the  public  learned 
that  what  shall  be  done  is  of  more  consequence  than 
who  shall  do  it. 

The  nomination  of  James  K.  Polk  was  among  the  earlier 

St  74  f  "  rdida'e  ^  the  °ffiCe  °f  CUrf  Ex«Mi-  °f  tl* 
Umted  States  who  represented  principles  of  government  rather 

than  mere  personality.     Although  his  political  opponents  took 
de.,gh,  in  the  inauiry,  "Who  is  PolkP ,  stil,  the  eteion" 
that  the  people  were  awake  to  the  principles  of  good  govern- 
ment, and  that   h,s  party    COu,d  ral,y  lo  their  ,*        f        " 
though  the,r  standard-bearer  might  be  comparatively'  unknoln 

PoU  Jk     °Th8'nf     Tme  Pft   "  UDdMbted'y  -  -"traction  of 
The  fannly  ,s  of  Scotch  origin,  bu,  the  ancestors  of 
that  branch  of  the  family  to  which  the  snbject  of  this  sketch 
belongs,  were  residents  of  Jreland,  and  emigrated  to  ,,,is   o  ,„ t 
etthng  first  ,n  Maryland,  atout  z;38.     Samuel  Folk,  fathe   of 
James  K.,  was  a  resident  of  Mechlenburg  County  North  C», 
In.a  and  there  James  K.  Polk  was  born,  N^ovembe, *',         *  °      " 
mother  was  a  daughter  of  James  Knox,  an  officer  in  the 

"or' and  i 


65 


66  THE   WHITE   CITY  — PRESIDENTS. 

The  boyhood  of  the  eleventh  President  of  the  United  States 
was  passed  on  his  father's  farm,  where  he  assisted  in  its  manage- 
ment and  where  was  laid  the  foundation  of  that  industrious, 
honest  and  virtuous  life  which  characterized  his  maturer  years. 
He  early  evinced  a  strong  desire  for  an  education  and  was  always 
an  earnest  student.  About  the  year  1813  he  was  sent  to  an 
Academy  at  Alurfreesborough,  Tennessee,  and  in  the  fall  of  1815 
entered  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  where  he  graduated, 
with  the  highest  honors,  in  iSiS,  delivering  the  Latin  Salutatory 
Oration.  In  1847  his  Alma  Mater  conferred  upon  him  the  hon- 
orary degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws. 

The  year  following  his  graduation  he  entered  the  law  office 
of  Felix  Grundy,  at  Nashville,  Tennessee,  and  in  1820  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  While  a  law  student  in  Mr.  Grundy's  office, 
he  met  Andrew  Jackson,  whose  friendship  he  won  and  ever 
after  retained. 

As  a  lawyer,  Mr.  Polk  was  a  close  reasoner  and  a  brilliant 
speaker,  and  he  soon  stood  in  the  front  rank  of  his  chosen  pro- 
fession. He  entered  public  life  as  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives of  Tennessee,  became  a  member  of  that  body  in 
1823  and  again  in  1824,  and  was  regarded  as  one  of  its  most 
talented  and  promising  members. 

On  New  Year's  day,  1824,  Mr-  Polk  was  united  in  marriage 
to  Miss  Sarah  Childress,  daughter  of  Joel  Childress,  a  prominent 
merchant  of  Rutherford  County,  Tennessee.  To  a  remarkable 
beauty  of  person,  Mrs.  Polk  united  the  charms  of  a  high  order 
of  intellectual  accomplishment  and  a  sweetness  of  disposition 
that  rendered  her  well  fitted  to  adorn  the  high  station  in  life  she 
was  called  upon  to  fill. 

In  1825  Air.  Polk  was  elected  a  member  of  the  lower  House 
of  Congress,  which  position  he  retained  for  fourteen  years,  the 
last  two  years  of  which  he  was  Speaker,  and  was  then  elected 
Governor  of  Tennessee  by  an  overwhelming  majority. 

In  1844  Mr.  Polk  was  elected  President  of  the  United 
States.  The  most  important  event  of  his  administration  was 


PRESIDENTS — POLK.  67 

the  annexation  of  Texas,  which  precipitated  the  Mexican  war. 
Other  incidents  of  national  significance  was  the  discovery  of 
gold  in  California ;  the  establishment  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tute at  Washington ;  the  admission  of  Wisconsin  into  the  Union, 
and  the  organization  of  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  or,  as  it 
was  at  first  called,  the  Home  Department. 
His  death  occurred  June  15,  1849. 


assertion  has  been  made  that  modesty,  though 
coupled  with  real  merit,  always  fails  in  competi- 
tion with  audacity ;  but  we  believe  that  the  real 
facts  prove  quite  the  contrary.  True,  modesty 
may,  for  a  season,  obscure  the  merit  of  a  man, 
but  time,  the  great  revealer,  as  well  as  leveler, 
of  the  race,  will  shortly  discover  the  genuine  and 
unmask  the  counterfeit.  The  race  to-day  cast  the  crown  of  their 
highest  regard  before  those  truly  commendable  virtues — integrity 
and  intelligence ;  it  was  for  these  estimable  characteristics  that 
Zachary  Taylor  became  the  chief  Executive  of  this  great 
Nation. 

Colonel  Richard  Taylor,  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
was  a  descendant  of  the  earliest  settlers  of  the  "  Old  Dominion," 
whose  home  was  in  Orange  County,  Virginia ;  it  was  here  that 
Zachary  was  born,  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  November,  1784.  He 
inherited  from  his  father  a  sturdy  and  courageous  disposition 
which  marked  his  career  from  childhood  to  the  grave.  When 
young  Taylor  was  a  mere  lad  the  family  moved  to  Kentucky  and 
settled  near  Louisville.  Kentucky  in  that  day  was  sparsely  popu- 
lated, and  the  advantages  for  securing  an  education  were  exceed- 
ingly limited.  At  an  early  age,  in  company  with  his  brother, 
Zachary  was  placed  under  the  care  of  a  private  tutor,  Mr.  Elisha 
Ayres,  of  Connecticut,  who  seems  to  have  been  peculiarly  well* 
fitted  to  undertake  the  education  of  youth.  He  describes  his 
illustrious  pupil  as  a  boy  of  good  natural  abilities,  studious, 

Presidents.  68 


PRESIDENTS  —  TAYLOR.  69 

persevering,  and  of  an  ardent  temperament.  Even  from  child- 
hood young  Taylor  looked  forward  to  the  army  as  the  arena  of 
his  future  labors.  When  only  eighteen,  his  father  secured  him 
a  commission  as  lieutenant  in  the  Seventh  regiment  of  United 
States  Infantry,  and  he  was  under  the  command  of  General 
Wilkinson,  at  New  Orleans. 

In  1810  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Margaret  Smith, 
of  Maryland,  a  most  worthy  and  beautiful  woman. 

Having  been  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Captain,  soon  after  his 
marriage,  in  1812,  he  was  given  command  of  Fort  Harrison,  a 
military  post  on  the  Wabash  River,  fifty  miles  beyond  the  fron- 
tier settlements ;  this  was  an  important  trust  for  a  young  man  of 
twenty-eight,  but  subsequent  events  proved  the  worth  of  the 
young  commander.  This  fort  was  nothing  but  a  rude  stockade 
which  had  been  hastily  built  by  General  Harrison,  in  1811, 
while  on  his  march  to  Tippecanoe.  During  the  night  of  Septem- 
ber 3,  1812,  this  fort  was  attacked  by  a  large  body  of  Indians, 
and  set  on  fire,  but  Captain  Taylor,  by  the  most  heroic  efforts,  de- 
fended it  and  drove  off  the  Indians,  with  the  loss  of  only  one 
man,  while  that  of  the  Indians  was  heavy.  For  his  valiant 
defense  of  Fort  Harrison,  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brevet 
Major. 

From  this  time  until  the  Indian  war  in  Florida,  Major  Tay-*- 
lor  continued  in  command  of  various  western  posts.  In  1832  he 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Colonel,  and  was  in  command  at  the 
terrible  battle  of  the  Wisconsin,  where  Black  Hawk  was  captured 
and  the  war  was  terminated. 

Colonel  Taylor  was  ordered  to  Florida  in  1836,  where  the 
Seminole,  and  other  tribes  of  southern  Indians,  were  making  war 
on  the  United  States.  This  Indian  war  in  Florida  was  the  most 
troublesome  and  protracted  of  any  of  the  Indian  wars  in  which 
the  government  has  been  engaged.  On  the  twenty-third  of  De- 
cember, 1837,  he  fought  the  famous  battle  of  Okachobee,  which 
practically  finished  this  war.  In  recognition  of  his  services  he 
was  promoted  to  the  brevet  rank  of  Brigadier-General,  and  given 


70  THE   WHITE    CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

the  command  of  the  Florida  forces,  a  position  he  retained  until 
1840,  when  he  was  relieved,  at  his  own  request,  and  transferred  to 
the  command  of  the  army  in  the  States  of  Louisiana,  Missis- 
sippi, Alabama  and  Georgia.  The  Mexican  question,  having,  in 
1845,  reached  a  crisis,  General  Taylor  was  ordered  to  march  into 
Texas  and  to  repel  any  invasion  which  might  be  made  upon  the 
territory  by  Mexican  forces.  He  established  headquarters  at 
Corpus  Christi,  but  early  in  1846  advanced  his  army,  which  now 
numbered  about  five  thousand,  to  the  Rio  Grande,  upon  the 
opposite  side  of  which  was  the  Mexican  Army  under  the  com- 
mand of  General  Ampudia.  Then  followed  the  battles  of  Palo 
Alto,  and  Reseca  de  la  Palma,  in  which  General  Taylor  dis- 
tinguished himself  by  his  splendid  generalship  and  undaunted 
courage,  which  gave  the  victory,  in  these  remarkable  engage- 
ments, to  the  United  States  forces,  and  the  enemy  were  driven 
across  the  Rio  Grande. 

In  February,  1847,  with  an  army  of  but  six  thousand  men, 
he  met  General  Santa  Ana,  with  an  army  of  twenty  thousand, 
at  Buena  Vista,  and,  after  a  terrific  struggle,  won  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  victories  in  the  history  of  the  United  States.  This  was 
General  Taylor's  last  battle.  While  yet  in  the  field  he  was 
nominated  for  the  Presidency,  and  was  elected  to  that  high  office 
in  November,  1848.  The  application  of  California  for  admission 
into  the  Union,  early  in  President  Taylor's  administration,  was 
the  origin  of  a  prolonged  and  bitter  controversy  in  Congress  on 
the  question  of  slavery.  At  this  time,  and  for  many  years  pre- 
vious, the  slave-holding  and  non-slave-holding  States,  possessed 
an  equal  representation  in  the  United  States  Senate.  If  Cali- 
fornia was  admitted  as  a  free  State,  it  was  claimed  by  the  South, 
that  this  equilibrium  would  be  destroyed  and  the  rights  and 
interests  of  the  South  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  North.  The 
controversy  waxed  warm  and  furious,  the  debates  growing  more 
and  more  exciting,  until,  at  their  height,  the  illustrious  Henry 
Clay  introduced  his  famous  compromise  scheme,  which  was 
sneeringly  termed,  by  those  who  opposed  it, the  "Omnibus  Bill." 


PRESIDENTS— TAYLOR.  _ 

Seven  months  were  passed  in  discussing  the  slavery  question 
and  it  du rf       thfs  dme  that  ^.^^  ™       J; 

Place,  on  the  nmth  of  July,  I85o.    His  last  words  were  •     "Ian 
ready  to  die.     I  have  always  done  my  duty;  my  only  regret  is 
for   he  fnends  I  leave  behind  me."     In  the  eulogv  pronounced 
in  the  House  by  Humphrey  Marshall,  appear  these  words 

' Great,  without  pride;  cautious,  without  fear;  brave,  with- 
outrashness;    stern;  without    harshness;  •        h_ 

fulness  ^sagacious,  without  cunning;  benevolent,  without  osten- 
on;  sincere  and  honest  as  the  sun,  the  'noble  old  Roman'  has 
at  last  laid  down  Ins  earthly  harness-his  task  is  done.  He  has 
fallen  as  falls  the  summer.tree  in  the  bloom  of  its  honors,  ere  the 
blight  of  autumn  has  seared  a  leaf  that  adorns  it  " 


life  of  Millar4  Fillmore,  the  thirteenth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  is  one  filled  with  lessons 
of  profit  to  every  young  American ;  teaching,  as 
it  does,  the  power  of  resolution  and  energy  over 
opposing  circumstances.  His  ancestors,  for  four 
generations,  were  forest  pioneers,  whose  lives  of 
honesty  and  sturdy  manhood  were  a  magnificent 
inheritance  for  their  descendants.  His  father, 
Nathaniel  Fillinore,  who  participated  in  the  battle  of  Bennington, 
early  in  life  removed  from  his  Vermont  home  to  Summer  Hill, 
Cayuga  County,  New  York,  where  Millard  was  born,  January  7, 
1800.  Young  Fillmore's  early  education  was  acquired  in  the 
common  schools  of  the  neighborhood,  and,  at  the  age  of  fifteen, 
he  went  to  Livingston  County  to  learn  the  fuller's  trade.  A 
small  village  library  furnished  his  only  means  for  acquiring  a 
knowledge  of  books,  and  the  young  man  improved  every  moment 
of  his  spare  time  in  reading  the  works  thus  placed  within  his 
reach.  Four  years  were  thus  passed.  At  the  age  of  nineteen  he 
entered  the  law  office  of  Judge  Walter  Wood,  where  he  remained 
two  years,  closely  applying  himself  to  his  studies,  and  teaching 
school  during  the  winter  to  assist  in  paying  his  expenses.  In 
the  fall  of  1821  he  removed  to  Erie  County,  and,  in  the  spring 
of  1822,  entered  a  law  office  in  Buffalo,  where  he  remained  one 
year.  At  the  expiration  of  this  time  he  was  admitted  to  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  opened  an  office  in  the  village  of 


Presidents. 


72 


PRESIDENTS  —  FILLMORE. 

Aurora,  where  he  remained  until   l83o,  when  he  returned  to 
Buffalo,  which  remained  his  home  until  his  death 

.While  residing  in  Aurora,  he  met  a  daughter  of  the  Rev 
Lemuel  Powers,  who  was  a  lady  of  rare  intelligence      d 

A  tender  attachment  sprang  up  between  the" 
they  were  married  in  1826. 


101"65  Cntry   nt°  PUbHc  Hfe  Was  made  »  January 
he  entered  the  New  York  Legislature  as  a  Repre' 
sentat,  ve  from  Erie  County.     He  soon  won  the  confident 
esteem  of  hlS  associates  and  was  re-elected  the  two  succeed^ 
years.     He  was  elected  to  Congress  in  ,832  and  was 


,  now  became  the  majority,  and       was  made 


his  political  opponents,  were  able  to  find 


"  Mr.  Fillmore,  in  person,  is  stont  and  finely  formed      He 
has  an  erect  and  easy  walk,  a  well-developed  chest    IWu 
p.exion  lively  blue  eyes,  a  smooth  forehead'  mart'  bfb  re  dtT 
rather  than  he.gh,,  ,nd  thin  grayish  hair.     His  face  is  broad 


" 


financial  affairs  of  the  nation 
While  fi,,illg  this  office,  he  ™ 


74  THE    WHITE    CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

Convention  as  a  candidate  for  the  Vice-Presidency,  and,  in  the 
following  November  was  elected,  Zachary  Taylor  being  at  the 
head  of  the  ticket. 

President  Taylor  s  death  occurred  on  the  ninth  of  July, 
1850,  and  Mr.  Fillmore  succeeded  to  the  office  of  President. 
The  administration  of  President  Fillmore  demanded  great  wis- 
dom and  calm  judgment.  The  North  was  agitating  the  anti- 
slavery  question,  and  the  South  threatened  secession.  California 
was  impatient  to  be  admitted  into  the  Union,  and  war  was  im- 
minent between  Texas  and  New  Mexico.  President  Fillmore 
urged  upon  Congress  the  necessity  for  immediate  action  regard- 
ing these  important  issues,  and  renewed  efforts  were  made  to 
settle  these  vexing  questions.  California  was  admitted  into  the 
Union ;  the  boundary  line  of  Texas  and  New  Mexico  was  estab- 
lished; the  slave  trade  in  the  District  of  Columbia  was  abolished, 
and  Congress  passed  an  act  making  more  effectual  provisions  for 
the  apprehension  of  fugitive  slaves.  All  these,  except  the  last, 
received  the  President's  approval.  Concerning  this  latter,  he 
asked  the  opinion  of  the  Attorney-General  whether  it  would  not 
conflict  with  the  Constitution  relating  to  the  writ  of  habeas  cor- 
pus; the  Attorney-General  rendered  an  opioion  that  it  would  not, 
and  President  Fillmore  signed  the  bill.  The  signing  of  this  bill 
precipitated  the  hostility  of  the  anti-slavery  party  of  the  North, 
and  all  the  attacks  upon  the  character  of  President  Fillmore  date 
from  this  time  forward. 

Among  the  more  important  events  which  occurred  during 
Mr.  Fillmore's  administration,  may  be  mentioned  the  serious 
trouble  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  regarding 
the  coast  fisheries  off  the  Banks  of  New  Foundland,  which, 
however,  was  settled  by  England  conceding  the  rights  claimed 
by  the  United  States;  the  completion  of  the  New  York  and 
Erie  Railroad;  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of  the  enlarge- 
ment to  the  new  Capitol  building,  and  the  Cuban  expedition. 

During  this  administration,  begun  by  President  Taylor  and 
completed  by  President  Fillmore,  a  number  of  distinguished 


PRESIDENTS  —  FILLMORE. 


75 


men  passed  away,  among  whom  may  be  named  John  C.  Calhoun, 
Henry  Clay  and  Daniel  Webster. 

At  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office,  Mr.  Fillmore  retired 
to  his  home  in  Buffalo,  New  York,  where,  March  8,  1874,  he 
passed  out  into  "that  undiscovered  country,  from  whose  bourn 
no  traveller  e'er  returns." 


fierce. 


.HE  fourteenth  President  of  the  United  States, 
Franklin  Pierce,  was  the  son  of  Gen.  Benjamin 
Pierce,  a  distinguished  soldier  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  subsequently  Governor  of  New  Hamp- 
shire. Franklin,  the  sixth  of  a  family  of 
eight  children,  was  born  at  Hillsborough,  New 
Hampshire,  November  23,  1804.  He  attended  school  at 
Hancock  Academy,  and  prepared  for  college  at  Francetown; 
entered  Bowdoin  College  in  1820,  when  only  sixteen  years  old, 
and  graduated  in  1824.  His  warm,  personal  friend,  Nathaniel 
Hawthorne,  writes  of  him:  "At  this  early  period  of  his  life,  he 
was  distinguished  by  the  same  fascination  of  manner  that  has 
since  proved  so  magical  in  winning  him  an  unbounded  personal 
popularity.  It  is  wronging  him,  however,  to  call  this  peculiarity 
a  mere  effect  of  manner;  its  source  lies  deep  in  the  kindliness 
of  his  nature,  and  in  the  liberal,  generous,  catholic  sympathy 
that  embraces  all  who  are  worthy  of  it.  Few  men  possess  any- 
thing like  it." 

Young  Pierce  oegan  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Judge 
Woodbury,  at  Portsmouth,  spending  the  last  two  years  of  law 
study  at  the  Northampton,  Massachusetts,  law  school,  and  in  the 
office  of  Judge  Parker,  at  Amherst.  In  1827  he  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Hillsborough, 
his  native  town.  Although  his  early  practice  was  far  from  being 
successful,  still  the  young  man  persistently  pushed  forward,  de- 
termined to  win.  In  1829,  at  the  age  of  twenty-five,  Mr.  Pierce 


Presidents. 


PRESIDENTS  —  PIERCE.  77 

was  elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the  State  Legislature.  He 
served  in  this  body  four  years,  the  last  two  of  which  he  was 
speaker  of  the  House.  At  the  age  of  twenty-nine,  he  was  elected 
to  Congress,  where  he  served  faithfully  for  years,  at  the  end  of 
which  time  he  entered  the  senate  of  the  United  States,  its 
youngest  member.  Here  he  found  himself  in  the  company  of 
those  eminent  statesmen,  John  C.  Calhoun,  Daniel  Webster, 
Henry  Clay,  Silas  Wright,  James  Buchanan,  and  many  others, 
whose  names  are  written  on  the  scroll  of  famous  Americans.  In 
1842  Mr.  Pierce  retired  from  the  United  States  Senate  and  re- 
sumed his  law  practice  at  Concord,  the  capital  city  of  his  native 
State.  Notwithstanding  his  early  failures  in  the  legal  profession, 
he  now  rapidly  acquired  fame  and  distinction  and  soon  was  the 
leading  member  of  the  New  Hampshire  bar. 

Mr.  Pierce  was  married,  in  1834,  to  Miss  Jane,  daughter 
of  Rev.  Dr.  Appleton,  ex-president  of  Bowdoin  College,  and 
three  children,  all  sons,  were  the  fruit  of  this  union. 

•  In  1846  Mr.  Pierce  declined  the  offer  of  the  United  States 
Senatorship ,  also  the  position  of  Attorney-General  of  the  United 
States  which  was  tendered  him  by  President  Polk.  He  also  de- 
clined the  nomination  of  the  Democratic  State  Convention  for 
Governor.  Mr.  Pierce  seemed  unwilling  to  receive  public  politi- 
cal honors,  but  when  the  Mexican  war  broke  out,  in  1846,  he 
was  the  first  volunteer  in  Concord  and  raised  a  company  of  men 
for  his  country's  service.  He  was  early  commissioned  Colonel  of 
the  Ninth  Regiment  and  in  March,  1847,  was  made  Brigadier- 
General.  He  rendered  his  country  most  efficient  service  and,  at 
the  close  of  the  war,  returned  to  Concord  and  resumed  his  law  prac- 
tice. In  1850  General  Pierce  was  made  president  of  a  convention 
called  to  revise  the  Constitution  of  the  State,  in  the  deliberations 
of  which  he  exercised  great  influence. 

At  the  National  Democratic  Convention  held  in  Baltimore, 
in  June,  1852,  General  Pierce,  though  not  a  candidate,  received 
an  almost  unanimous  nomination  to  the  office  of  President  of  the 
United  States,  and  defeated  General  Winfield  Scott,  nominee  of 


78  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

the  Whig  party,  by  an  unprecedented  majority.  On  the  fourth  of 
March,  1853,  he  was  inaugurated  fourteenth  President  of  this 
Republic. 

Among  the  important  events  which  occurred  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  President  Pierce  was  the  beginning  of  the  Pacific 
Railroad ;  the  settlement  of  the  disputed  boundary  between  New 
Mexico  and  Chahuahua,  and  the  commercial  treaty  with  Japan. 
In  January,  1854,  Senator  Stephen  A.  Douglas  introduced  his 
famous  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill,  which  proposed  the  organization 
of  these  two  territories,  and  contained  a  provision  that  the  new 
States,  which  should  be  formed  from  them,  should  decide  for 
themselves  whether  they  should  be  slaveholding  or  not.  As 
both  these  Territories  were  north  of  the  parallel  of  thirty-six  de- 
grees and  thirty  minutes,  the  passage  of  this  bill  practically 
repealed  the  Missouri  Compromise,  by  virtue  of  which  the  old 
slavery  question  had  been  settled. 

For  nearly  four  months  this  bill  was  the  subject  of  the 
most  impassioned  debate  in  Congress,  but  on  March  3,  1854,  the 
bill  passed  the  Senate,  on  the  twenty-fourth  of  the .  following 
May  it  passed  the  House,  and  on  the  thirtieth  of  May  it 
received  the  signature  of  President  Pierce  and  thus  became 
the  law.  The  result  of  this  legislation  was  the  destruction 
of  the  Whig  party;  the  division  of  the  Democrat  party  into 
sections,  North  and  South;  and  the  formation  of  the  Repub- 
lican party,  with  anti-slavery  as  the  principal  plank  of  its  plat- 
form. Kansas,  after  an  exciting  struggle,  was  carried  by  the 
pro-slavery  party  and  this  was  followed  by  a  civil  strife  which 
continued  for  nearly  a  year.  Finally  peace  was  restored  in  Kan- 
sas, but  the  agitation  of  the  slavery  question  had  become  a 
national  issue  and  continued  to  be  the  central  subject  of  discus- 
sion, throughout  the  administration  of  President  Buchanan,  and 
until  its  culmination  in  civil  war,  in  1861. 

At  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office,  Mr.  Pierce  returned 
to  his  home  at  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  where  he  answered 
the  summons  of  the  death  angel,  October  8,  1869, 


AMES  BUCHANAN  was  born  in  a  wild,  romantic 
valley,  surrounded  by  the  towering  peaks  of  the 

IP 

Alleghany  Mountains,  in  the  town  of  Stony  Batter, 
Franklin  County,  Pennsylvania;  he  used  to  say: 
"I  lacked  but  a  broad  limestone  valley  of  being 
born  in  Maryland."  The  date  of  his  birth  was  April 
23,  1791.  His  father  was  a  native  of  County  Don- 
egal, Ireland,  and  came  to  this  country  in  1783, 
where  he  married  an  estimable  Pennsylvania  girl,  and  the  young 
couple  were  among  the  pioneer  settlers  of  the  section  where  their 
son  James  was  born. 

The  family  removed  to  Mercersburg  in  1798,  where  James 
was  sent  to  school,  and  proved  a  bright  and  industrious  student. 
At  the  early  age  of  fourteen  he  entered  Dickson  College,  at 
Carlisle,  where  he  was  graduated  with  the  highest  honors  at  the 
age  of  eighteen.  He  soon  began  the  study  of  law,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1812;  rising  rapidly  in  his  profession,  he 
soon  became  one  of  the  most  distinguished  lawyers  of  the  State, 
and  his  name  appears  more  frequently  in  the  Pennsylvania  Re- 
ports than  that  of  any  other  lawyer  of  his  day. 

In  October,  1814,  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  lower 
House  of  the  Legislature  of  his  native  State,  and  was  re-elected 
in  1815.  When  only  twenty-nine  years  of  age,  in  1820,  he  was 
elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives,  where  he  soon  acquired 
prominence  as  an  impressive  speaker  and  a  clear  and  vigorous 
reasoner.  He  remained  a  member  of  Congress  for  ten  consecu- 


Presidents. 


79 


8O  THE  WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

tive  years,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time  he  was  charged  by 
President  Jackson  with  the  duty  of  negotiating  a  commercial 
treaty  with  Russia ;  he  was  successful  in  his  efforts  and  returned 
to  the  United  States  in  1833.  The  following  year  he  was 
chosen,  by  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  United  States  Sena- 
tor. Perhaps  the  most  important  subject  which  came  before  the 
Senate  at  this  time  was  the  slavery  question.  While  Mr. 
Buchanan  was  heartily  opposed  to  slavery  in  the  abstract,  he 
strongly  defended  the  Southern  States  in  the  rights  which  the 
Constitution  accorded  them. 

In  1845  he  resigned  the  Senatorship  of  Pennsylvania,  which 
position  he  had  held  for  ten  years,  and  accepted  the  office  of  Sec- 
retary of  State  in  the  cabinet  of  President  Polk.  From  1853  to 
1856,  under  the  administration  of  President  Pierce,  Mr.  Buch- 
anan ably  represented  the  United  States  at  the  Court  of  St. 
James.  Soon  after  his  return  from  England  he  was  nominated 
by  the  National  Democratic  Convention  as  their  candidate  for  the 
Presidency.  In  this  election  the  Republican  party  entered  the 
field  for  the  first  time,  with  any  apparent  show  of  success, 
with  Gen.  John  C.  Fremont  as  its  candidate.  The  issue  between 
'these  two  political  parties  was  the  question  of  Slavery  in  the 
Territories.  The  election  resulted  in  the  choice  of  Mr.  Buch- 
anan, which  was  accomplished  by  the  votes  of  California,  Ind- 
iana, Illinois,  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey,  united  with  those  of 
the  slave-holding  States. 

Beside  the  vexatious  questions  connected  with  the  extension 
of  slavery,  was  the  disturbed  relations  with  Great  Britain.  The 
British  had  flagrantly  violated  the  conditions  of  the  Monroe 
Doctrine,  and  had  not  relinquished  the  right  of  search,  which 
had  caused  the  war  of  1812.  President  Buchanan 'resolved  to 
deal  peremptorily  with  this  matter,  and  England  awoke  to  the 
truth  that  the  United  States  was  not  to  be  trifled  with.  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  two  governments  met  and  the  demands  of  this 
Nation  were  accorded  her. 

The  laying  of  the  first  Atlantic  Cable,  and  the  quelling  of 


PRESIDENTS — BUCHANAN.  8 1 

the  Mormon  rebellion  were  among  the  chief  events,  not  con- 
nected with  the  Slavery  question,  which  distinguished  the  ad- 
ministration of  President  Buchanan. 

In  1859  occurred  John  Brown's  famous  raid  at  Harper's 
Ferry.  This  was  the  climax  of  the  Kansas  warfare,  the  Dred- 
Scott  Decision,  and  the  suspected  plot  of  insurrection  among  the 
slaves,  and  while  its  success  was  an  impossibility  from  the  start, 
still  its  influence  was  important.  The  closing  year  of  President 
Buchanan's  administration  was  one  of  intense  political  excite- 
ment. The  breach  between  the  North  and  the  South  was  con- 
stantly widening,  and  it  was  evident  that  the  country  was  fast 
approaching  a  critical  period  in  its  history.  The  question  of 
slavery  divided  the  Democratic  party  and  the  work  of  secession 
began  in  South  Carolina  in  December,  1860,  after  the  election  of 
Lincoln,  and  spread  so  rapidly  that  by  the  first  of  February, 
1861,  the  States  of  Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,  Miss- 
issippi and  Texas  had  all  passed  resolutions  of  secession  and  de- 
clared themselves  out  of  the  Union.  A  .convention  of  these 
States,  held  at  Montgomery,  Alabama,  February  4,  1861,  formed 
the  Confederate  States  of  America,  and  selected  Jefferson  Davis, 
of  Mississippi,  as  President,  and  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  of 
Georgia,  as  Vice-President.  Such  was  the  condition  of  affairs 
when  Mr.  Buchanan  retired  from  the  office  of  President. 

After  the  inauguration  of  his  successor,  Mr.  Buchanan  re- 
turned to  his  home  in  Wheatland,  Pennsylvania,  where  he  died 
June  i,  1868. 


HE  life  of  this  great  and  good  man  is  a  true  type 
of  American  manhood.  Born  in  obscurity,  start- 
ing life  with  nothing,  but  utilizing  every  oppor- 
tunity within  his  reach,  he  honestly  earned  the 
right  to  live  forever  enshrined  in  the  hearts  of  his 
countrymen.  In  a  rough  log  cabin  on  the  banks 
of  Nolin  Creek,  in  Larue  County,  Kentucky,  on 
the  twelfth  of  February,  1808,  Abraham  Lincoln 
was  born.  His  father,  Thomas  Lincoln,  born  and  reared  in  the 
wilds  of  Kentucky,  where,  at  that  early  period,  there  were  no 
schools,  was  an  uneducated  but  strictly  honest  man,  who  was  not 
able  even  to  read  when  he  was  married.  His  mother,  Nancy 
Lincoln,  nee  Hanks,  was  a  loving,  gentle  woman,  almost  wor- 
shipped by  her  children.  Speaking  of  his  early  life,  on  an 
occasion  when  fame  and  success  had  laid  their  crowns  at  his  feet, 
Mr.  Lincoln  said,  while  tears  filled  his  eyes:  "All  that  I  am,  or 
hope  to  be,  I  owe  to  my  angel  mother;  blessings  on  her 
memory." 

In  1816  the  family  removed  to  Indiana  and  settled  in  the 
forest,  about  eighteen  miles  from  Thompson's  Ferry.  A  rude 
cabin,  one  side  open  to  the  elements,  except  as  it  was  sheltered 
by  the  hides  of  the  animals  that  were  killed  for  food,  constituted 
their  home  during  the  first  winter.  Thorns  took  the  place  of 
pins  ;  bits  of  bone,  covered  with  cloth,  were  their  buttons;  while 
burned  rye  bread  served  as  coffee,  and  dried  herb  leaves  as  tea. 
Stricken  down  by  hard  work,  exposure  and  anxiety,  the  mother 


Presidents. 


82 


84  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS, 

the  Presidency  in  1860.  The  slavery  question  was  at  this  time 
just  beginning  to  be  agitated,  and  Mr.  Lincoln's  anti-slavery 
record  begins  with  this  session  of  the  Legislature  where  he 
caused  his  protest  against  an  extreme  pro-slavey  resolution  to 
be  recorded  in  the  journal  of  the  House. 

In  1836  Mr.  Lincoln  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  in  the 
autumn  of  that  year  went  to  Springfield,  and  opened  a  law  office. 
Concerning  this  venture,  a  friend  w.ites:  "He  rode  into  town 
on  a  borrowed  horse,  all  his  earthly  possessions  packed  in  a  pair 
of  saddle-bags  fastened  to  the  crupper  of  his  saddle.  He  wanted 
to  hire  a  room  and  furnish  it  with  the  barest  necessities,  but  found 
that  the  aggregate  cost  of  these  was  seventeen  dollars.  To  the 
storekeeper  Mr.  Lincoln  said  sadly,  '  It  is  cheap  enough,  but, 
cheap  as  it  is,  I  have  not  the  money  to  pay  for  it.  If  you  will 
give  me  credit  until  Christmas,  and  my  experiment  here  is  a 
success,  I  will  pay  }rou  then ;  if  I  fail,  I  shall  probably  never  be 
able  to  pay  you."  His  request  was  granted,  and  in  April,  1837, 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  Maj.  John  T.  Stuart  which  con- 
tinued four  years.  In  1843  he  became  associated  with  William 
H.  Herndon,  and  the  co-partnership  ended  only  with  the  death  of 
Lincoln,  in  1865. 

As  a  lawyer,  Mr.  Lincoln  soon  won  distinction  and  was  re- 
tained in  nearly  every  important  case  in  his  circuit,  but  he 
was  so  thoroughly  conscientious  that  he  positively  refused  to 
take  any  case  unless  convinced  that  his  client  was  in  the  right, 
and  once,  when  he  learned  that,  in  a  case  which  he  had  won,  his 
client  was  in  the  wrong,  he  refused  to  accept  a  fee  for  his 
services. 

In  1838  he  was  re-elected  to  the  Legislature.  During  a  de- 
bate, in  which  some  of  the  most  noted  men  of  the  time  were  en- 
gaged, one  of  his  opponents  sneeringly  referred  to  the  few  who 
supported  the  other  side,  and  the  hopelessness  of  the  cause  they 
were  defending.  Mr.  Lincoln  said,  in  reply:  "Address  that 
argument  to  cowards  and  knaves.  It  may  be  true,  if  it  must, 
let  it.  Many  free  countries  have  lost  their  liberty,  and  ours  may 


PRESIDENTS  —  LINCOLN.  85 

lose  hers.  But  if  she  shall,  let  it  be  my  proudest  plume,  not 
that  I  was  the  last  to  desert  her,  but  that  I  never  deserted  her." 

Mr.  Lincoln  was  married  to  Miss  Mary  Todd,  daughter  of 
Hon.  Robert  S.  Todd,  of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  in  1842,  and 
they  took  lodgings  at  the  Globe  Tavern,  a  modest  boarding- 
house  near  the  State  House. 

In  1846  Lincoln  was  elected  a  Member  of  the  House  of 
Representatives,  and  took  his  seat  December  6,  1847,  the  only 
Whig  member  from  Illinois.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  of 
office  he  came  back  to  his  home  in  Illinois  and  did  not  return 
again  to  Washington  until  he  went  to  emancipate  the  slave  in  all 
the  length  and  breadth  of  the  Union.  He  now  became  actively  en- 
gaged in  political  discussions,  notably  in  joint  debates  with 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  upon  the  Dred-Scott  decision  and  the  Kan- 
sas-Nebraska bill.  Of  their  debate  in  Springfield,  on  the  latter 
question,  the  Springfield  Journal  speaks  of  Mr.  Lincoln's  argu- 
ment as  follows:  "He  quivered  with  feeling  and  emotion;  the 
whole  house  was  as  still  as  death.  He  attacked  the  bill  (Kansas- 
Nebraska)  with  unusual  warmth  and  energy,  and  all  felt  that  a 
man  of  strength  was  its  enemy,  and  that  he  intended  to  blast  it 
if  he  could  by  strong  and  jnanly  efforts.  He  was  most  success- 
ful, and  the  long  continued  huzzas  of  the  house  approved  the 
glorious  triumph  of  truth.  Women  waved  their  handkerchiefs 
in  token  of  woman's  silent  but  heartfelt  consent.  At  the  con- 
clusion of  the  speech  every  man  felt  that  it  was  unanswerable; 
that  no  human  power  could  overthrow  it  or  trample  it  under  foot , 
and  every  mind  present  did  homage  to  the  man  who  took  captive 
the  heart,  and  broke  like  a  sun  over  the  understanding." 

After  one  of  the  most  exciting  political  contests  ever  known, 
Mr.  Lincoln  was  elected  President  of  the  United  States,  in  No- 
vember 1860,  and  was  inaugurated  on  the  fourth  of  the  following 
March,  and  the  affairs  of  government  were  turned  over  to  Repub- 
lican administration  by  the  Democratic  hands  which  had  so  long 
controlled  it,  together  with  the  momentous  questions  which  at 
this  critical  period  agitated  the  Nation  as  never  before. 


86  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

Then  followed  the  call  for  troops,  and  the  terrible  issues  of 
civil  war  were  joined.  Mr.  Lincoln  was  re-elected  President  in 
1864,  and  closely  following  upon  his  second  inaugural  came  the 
surrender  of  Lee  and  the  fall  of  Richmond.  The  North  was  in 
a  tumult  of  rejoicing.  The  war  was  over;  white-robed  peace 
again  reigned  triumphant,  and  every  heart  sang  the  praises 
of  Abraham  Lincoln.  But  in  the  midst  of  these  scenes  of  re- 
joicing came  that  terrible  assassination  at  the  hands  of  John 
Wilkes  Booth,  and,  on  the  fifteenth  of  April,  1865,  the  great  soul 
of  Lincoln  went  back  to  God  who  gave  it,  and  the  earthly  career 
of  one  of  earth's  greatest  and  noblest  men  was  ended.  Living, 
he  was  loved  as  man  is  rarely  loved ;  dying,  he  bequeathed  to  this 
Nation  a  legacy  of  patriotic  devotion  which  will  last  as  long  as 
time  shall  endure. 


early  life  of  this  man,  so  suddenly  called  upon 
to  fill  the  office  of  chief  magistrate  of  the  United 
States,  in  the  overwhelming  grief  which  bore  the 
nation  to  the  earth  in  the  sad  death  of  Abraham 
Lincoln,  was  one  of  poverty  and  friendlessness. 
He  was  born  in  Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  Decem- 
ber 29,  1808.  His  parents,  who  were  among  the 
" poor  whites"  of  the  South,  were  unable  to  give  the  boy  the 
slightest  advantages  of  an  education,  and,  until  the  age  of  ten 
years,  he  was  a  ragged  urchin  about  the  streets  of  his  native 
city,  unable  either  to  read  or  write.  He  was  at  this  age  appren- 
ticed to  a  tailor  and  while  he  was  learning  his  trade  he  learned  to 
read,  but  he  never  attended  school  a  day  in  his  life.  In  1826  he 
removed  to  Greenville,  Tennessee,  where  he  was  married  to  a 
young  lady  of  estimable  character  who  became  his  teacher  in 
the  common  English  branches,  reading  to  him  while  he  worked 
at  his  trade  of  tailor,  and  teaching  him  in  the  evening.  In  1828 
he  was  elected  one  of  the  aldermen  of  Greenville,  by  the  labor- 
ing classes,  among  whom  he  was  a  recognized  leader,  and  in 
1830  was  made  Mayor. 

Mr.  Johnson  now  became  thoroughly  identified  with  polit- 
ical life,  being  a  Jacksonian  Democrat,  and  as  such,  was  elected 
to  the  State  Legislature  in  1835,  and  again  in  1839.  In  1841 
Mr.  Johnson  was  elected  a  State  Senator,  and  in  1843  represented 
his  district  in  the  lower  house  of  Congress,  which  latter  position 
he  retained  for  ten  years.  At  the  expiration  of  this  period,  in 

Presidents.  87 


88  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

1853,  he  was  elected  Governor  of  Tennessee,  and  re-elected  in 
1855.  In  the  gubernatorial  office,  as  in  those  positions  of  trust 
with  which  he  had  been  heretofore  honored,  Mr.  Johnson  was  a 
zealous  defender  of  the  rights  of  the  sons  of  toil,  and  an  active 
champion  of  their  wants. 

In  1857  Mr.  Johnson  was  elected  United  States  Senator  for 
the  term  of  six  years,  and  here,  as  he  had  done  in  the  House, 
he  adopted,  in  general,  the  Democratic  policy,  which  opposed  a 
protective  tariff,  the  United  States  Bank,  and  all  plans  for  in- 
ternal improvement  by  the  National  Government. 

Mr.  Johnson  was  born  of  the  people,  and  grew  up  among 
the  people;  he  never  permitted  a  sneer  at  the  workingman  to 
pass  unrebuked.  Replying  to  one  of  the  finest  speakers  in  the 
United  States  Senate  he  said :  "  I  do  not  forget  that  I  am  a  me- 
chanic; nor  do  I  forget  that  Adam  was  a  tailor  and  sewed  fig- 
leaves,  and  that  our  Saviour  was  the  son  of  a  carpenter."  On 
the  question  of  slavery  Mr.  Johnson  defined  his  position  in  the 
following  words:  "My  position  is,  that  Congress  has  no  power 
to  interfere  with  the  subject  of  slavery;  that  it  is  an  institution 
local  in  its  character,  and  peculiar  to  the  States  where  it  exists, 
and  no  other  power  has  the  right  to  control  it."  He  was  a 
staunch  Union  man  and  opposed  the  ideas  of  secession  in  strong- 
est terms.  So  pronounced  was  his  opposition  to  the  position 
taken  by  nearly  every  Southern  Senator  and  Representative, 
that  they  finally  denounced  him  as  a  traitor  to  the  South.  So 
bitter  was  the  feeling  against  him  that  in  1861  he  was  burned  in 
effigy  in  Memphis,  Tennessee,  and  subsequently  hooted  at  by 
the  mobs,  and  even  threatened  with  lynching.  His  home  was 
invaded,  his  sick  wife,  with  her  child  in  her  arms,  was  ruthlessly 
driven  into  the  street,  his  slaves  confiscated,  and  his  house  turned 
into  a  hospital  and  barracks  by  the  Confederates. 

In  February,  1862,  Mr.  Johnson,  was  appointed,  by  Pres- 
ident Lincoln,  Military  Governor  of  Tennessee  and,  in  the 
mouth  following,  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  with 
headquarters  at  Nashville. 


PRESIDENTS — JOHNSON.  89 

One  of  the  first  official  acts,  when  the  Mayor  and  city  coun- 
cil of  Nashville  refused  to  obey  his  order  to  take  the  oath  of  al- 
legiance to  the  United  States  government,  was  to  send  them  all 
to  the  penitentiary ;  and  the  editor  of  the  Nashville  Banner,  for 
uttering  treasonable  sentiments,  was  sent  to  keep  them  company, 
and  his  paper  suppressed.  He  imprisoned  five  clergymen  for 
preaching  treason  from  their  pulpits. 

Shortly  after  the  Confederate  armies  placed  Nashville  in  a 
state  of  siege  and  General  Buell,  who  was  in  command,  deter- 
mined to  evacuate  the  city,  Mr.  Johnson  said:  "I  am  not  a 
religious  man,  and  have  never  pretended  to  be  religious;  but 
there  is  one  thing  about  it,  I  do  believe  in  Almighty  God,  and  I 

believe  also  in  the  Bible,  but  I  say  d n  me  if-  Nashville  shall 

be  surrendered." 

The  circumstances  surrounding  Mr.  Johnson  seem  to  have 
led  him  into  sympathy  with  the  Republican  party,  and  he  was 
elected  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  in  November,  1864, 
with  Abraham  Lincoln  as  President.  They  were  inaugurated 
on  the  fourth  of  March  following,  and  soon  the  clouds  of  gloom 
which  had  so  long  hung  over  the  land  began  to  break,  and  on 
the  ninth  of  April,  1865,  the  Rebel  army,  under  General  Lee, 
surrendered  and  joy  reigned  in  the  nation's  heart.  Five  days 
later  the  bullet  of  the  assassin  ended  the  earthly  life  of  Pres- 
ident Lincoln,  and  in  less  than  three  hours  after  his  death  An- 
drew Johnson  became  President  of  the  United  States.  • 

Very  soon  after  the  accession  of  Mr.  Johnson  to  the  Presi- 
dency it  became  apparent  that  the  Executive  and  Congress  were 
decidedly  antagonistic  on  the  question  of  the  reorganization  of 
the  Southern  States.  The  President  held  that  the  seceding 
States  had  never  been  out  of  the  Union,  and  that  their  acts  of 
secession  were  absolutely  void,  while  Congress  maintained  that, 
while  the  acts  of  secession  were  unconstitutional,  yet  these 
States  had  actually  been  out  of  the  Union,  and  that  to  enable 
them  to  again  resume  their  former  status  would  require  special 
legislation.  Various  other  subjects  arose  from  time  to  time 


90  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

which  served  to  increase  the  spirit  of  discord  between  the  Presi- 
dent and  Congress,  until  the  impeachment  of  the  President  was 
decided  upon.  The  trial  continued  over  two  months  and  finally 
resulted  in  the  President's  acquittal,  it  requiring  a  two-thirds 
vote  to  convict  and  the  vote  standing  thirty-four  for  impeach- 
ment and  nineteen  against. 

His  death  occurred  at  the  residence  of  his  daughter,  at  Car- 
ter Station,  Tennessee,  July  27,  1875. 


life  of  Ulysses  S.  Grant  is  one  of  develop- 
ment, rather  than  of  original  prominence  or 
promise.  He  was  an  energetic,  honest,  modest 
boy  whose  latent  virtues  and  heroism  the  war  de- 
veloped. Point  Pleasant,  Ohio,  was  his  birth- 
place, on  April  29,  1822.  He  received  a  common 
school  education  at  Georgetown,  and  at  the  age  of 
seventeen  entered  the  Military  Academy,  at  West 
Point,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1843.  He  then  spent  two 
years  as  a  Lieutenant  of  Infantry  at  a  military  post  in  Missouri ; 
afterwards  participating  in  the  Mexican  war,  where  he  earned  the 
commission  of  Captain.  In  1854  Captain  Grant  resigned  his 
commission,  married,  and  settled  on  a  small  farm  near  St.  Louis, 
Missouri.  In  1859  he  entered  into  a  partnership  with  his  father 
in  the  leather  business,  which  proved  a  paying  venture. 

When  the  Civil  War  broke  out  Captain  Grant  said  to  those 
about  him  in  his  home:  "Uncle  Sam.  educated  me  for  the  army; 
and  though  I  have  served  him  through  one  war,  I  do  not  feel 
that  I  have  yet  repaid  the  debt.  I  am  still  ready  to  discharge 
my  obligations ;  I  shall  buckle  on  the  sword,  and  see  Uncle  Sam 
through  this  war  too."  Ten  days  after  the  fall  of  Sumter  he 
presented  himself  to  Governor  Yates  at  the  head  of  a  company 
of  volunteers  which  he  had  organized.  June  15,  1861,  he  re- 
ceived a  commission  as  Colonel  of  the  Twenty-first  Regiment  of 
Illinois  Volunteers.  In  August,  1861,  he  was  promoted  by  Presi- 
dent Lincoln  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier-General,  and  assigned  to 


Presidents. 


92  THE  WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

the  command  of  the  district  of  Southeastern  Missouri,  with  head- 
quarters at  Cairo.  In  February,  1862,  while  General  Grant  was 
preparing  to  storm  the  intrenchments  at  Fort  Donaldson,  Gen- 
eral Buckner,  who  was  in  command  of  the  Rebel  forces,  sent  a 
note  asking  for  terms  of  surrender.  General  Grant's  reply  was 
characteristic  :  "No  terms  can  be  accepted  but  unconditional  sur- 
render. I  propose  to  move  immediately  upon  your  works." 
Stringent  as  they  were  the  terms  were  accepted  and  fifteen 
thousand  men,  seventy-five  guns  and  a  large  amount  of  military 
stores  fell  into  the  victor's  hands. 

General  Grant  had  introduced  a  new  feature  of  persistent 
and  aggressive  action  on  the  part  of  the  army  under  his  leader- 
ship, the  results  of  which  were  manifest  at  Fort  Donaldson,  and 
that  brilliant  victory,  which  was  really  the  first  important  success 
the  Northern  armies  had  achieved,  aroused  the  Nation,  and  Sec- 
retary Stanton  recommended  General  Grant  as  Maj  or-General  of 
Volunteers.  President  Lincoln  immediately  sent  the  nomination 
to  the  Senate  where  it  was  at  once  confirmed.  General  Grant 
thus  won  for  himself  a  National  reputation;  he  was  now  given 
command  of  the  military  district  of  Tennessee. 

Following  this  the  battle  of  Shiloh  was  fought  and  General 
Grant  again  won  an  important  victory.  Then  came  the  famous 
siege  of  Vicksburg,  where,  for  weeks  and  even  months,  there  was 
almost  continual  fighting.  Some  one  asked  General  Grant  if  he 
really  expected  to  take  Vicksburg.  "  Certainly,"  he  replied,  "  I 
cannot  tell  exactly  when  I  shall  take  the  town,  but  I  mean  to 
stay  here  until  I  do,  if  it  takes  me  thirty  years."  At  length  on 
the  fourth  of  July,  1863,  the  white  flags  along  the  Rebel  lines  an- 
nounced the  unconditional  surrender  of  Vicksburg.  It  was  one 
of  the  most  notable  conquests  of  the  war ;  nearly  forty  thousand 
prisoners  were  taken  and  the  Mississippi  River  was  opened  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  On  the  twenty-fifth  of  October,  1863, 
occurred  the  memorable  battle  of  Chattanooga,  which  pierced 
the  heart  of  the  Rebellion,  saved  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and 
opened  the  door  for  that  wonderful  march  to  the  sea.  Congress 


PRESIDENTS  —  GRANT.  93 

now  ordered  a  gold  medal,  with  appropriate  emblems,  to  be  pre- 
sented to  General  Grant,  together  with  a  vote  of  thanks,  in  which 
several  of  the  States  joined. 

Wherever  he  went  he  was  received  with  the  warmest  en- 
thusiam ;  but  nothing  could  flatter,  persuade  nor  provoke  him 
into  making  a  speech,  with  one  single  exception.  One  evening 
it  was  learned  that  Grant  was  stopping  at  a  certain  hotel  in  St. 
Louis.  An  immense  crowd  gathered  and  commenced  shouting 
for  a  speech.  After  a  long  delay  he  appeared  upon  the  balcony 
and  said,  slowly  and  deliberately,  to  the  breathless  audience : 
"Gentlemen,  making  speeches  is  not  my  business;  I  never  did 
it  in  my  life,  and  I  never  will.  I  thank  you,  however,  for  your 
attendance  here." 

In  February,  1864,  Congress  conferred  upon  General  Grant 
the  distinguished  rank  of  Lieutenant-General  and  in  March  fol- 
lowing he  was  summoned  to  Washington  to  receive  his  creden- 
tials. Crowds  gathered  at  every  station,  eager  to  catch  a  glimpse 
of  his  face.  He  reached  Washington  and,  going  to  Willard's 
Hotel,  slipped  into  the  dining  room  and  secured  a  seat  at  the 
table  without  being  recognized.  While  at  the  table  some  one 
entered  the  room  who  knew  the  General,  and  at  once  said  to  the 
guests,  "Gen.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  is  present."  Instantly  the  en- 
tire company  arose  to  its  feet  and  cheer  after  cheer  echoed 
through  the  room.  A  brilliant  reception  was  given  the  same 
evening  in  his  honor,  by  President  Lincoln,  but  General  Grant 
had  no  taste  for  public  parade  and  populai  applause  and  said  to 
a  friend  that  night:  "I  hope  to  get  away  from  Washington  as 
soon  as  possible,  for  I  am  tired  of  this  show  business  already." 

General  Grant  now  gave  himself  unreservedly  to  the  one 
purpose  of  bringing  the  war  to  a  close.  The  only  means  he  be- 
lieved possible  was  a  destruction  of  the  Rebel  forces,  and  to  this 
end  he  labored.  At  length  on  the  ninth  of  April,  1865,  General 
Lee  surrendered  and  the  War  of  the  Rebellion  was  over. 

General  Grant  was  elected  President  of  the  United  States 
in  November,  1868,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  new 


94 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 


office  in  March  following.  The  Southern  States  were  in  a  sadly 
chaotic  condition,  and  he  was  called  upon  to  deal  with  many  per- 
plexing political  problems.  During  this  term  of  office  the  Fif- 
teenth Amendment  to  the.  Constitution  was  ratified  by  the 
requisite  number  of  States;  government  bonds  reached  a  par 
value;  a  new  Indian  policy  was  adopted,  and  the  question  of  the 
Alabama  claims  was  settled  by  a  treaty  with  Great  Britain.  He 
was  re-elected  President  in  1872.  During  this  term  occurred  the 
Centennial  Exposition  in  Philadelphia,  which  was  opened  by 
the  President. 

At  the  conclusion  of  his  second  term  he  made  that  memor- 
able tour  of  the  world,  and  was  the  recipient  of  more  unbounded 
honor  than  has  ever  been  accorded  any  other  American  citizen, 
every  nation  vieing  with  its  neighbor  to  do  him  homage 

After  an  extended  illness,  he  died,  at  Mount  McGregor, 
New  York,  July  23,  1885,  and  his  remains  lie  in  Riverside  Park 
on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  River,  in  New  York  City. 


.HE  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  in  the  town 
of  Delaware,  Ohio,  October  4,  1822.  His  edu- 
cation began  in  the  common  schools  of  his 
native  town.  Subsequently  he  attended  the 
academy  at  Norwalk,  Ohio,  and  entered  Ken- 
yon  College,  at  Gambier,  Ohio,  in  1838,  gradu- 
ting  therefrom,  in  1832,  as  valedictorian  of  his  class. 
He  at  once  began  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of  Thomas  Spar- 
row, at  Columbus,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1845.  ^n  T85O 
he  opened  a  law  office  in  Cincinnati,  where,  in  1854,  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  R.  W.  Corwine  and  W.  K.  Rogers,  under 
the  firm  name  of  Corwine,  Hayes  &  Rogers. 

He  was  married  to  Miss  Lucy  W.   Webb,  daughter  of  Dr. 
James  Webb,  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  December  30,  1852. 

Directly  after  the  bombardment  "of  Fort  Sumter,  Mr.  Hayes 
entered  the  United  States  service  and  was  commissioned  Major 
of  the  Twenty-third  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry.  Of  this  regi- 
ment W.  S.  Rosecrans  was  Colonel,  and  Stanley  Matthews 
Lieutenant-Colonel.  Major  Hayes  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of 
Lieutenant-Colonel,  September  19,1861,  and  was  raised  to  the 
rank  of  Colonel,  October  24,  1862.  At  the  battle  of  Cedar 
Creek,  so  great  was  the  gallantry  of  Colonel  Hayes,  that  Gen- 
eral Sheridan  graped  his  hand  on  the  battlefield  and  said: 
''Colonel,  from  this  day  forward  you  will  be  a  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral!" March  13,  1865,  he  was  <  ommissioned  brevet  Major-Gen- 
eral for  distinguished  services  during  the  campaign  in  West 
Virginia. 

I'rc.-iilcnts  95 


96  THE    WHITE    CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

In  December,  1865,  General  Hayes  took  his  seat  as  a  Mem- 
ber of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Thirty-Ninth  Con- 
gress, and  was  re-elected  in  1866.  He  was  elected  Governor  of 
Ohio  in  1867,  and  again  in  1869.  In  1871  he  declined  a  re-nom- 
ination, but  in  1875,  was  a  third  time  elected  to  the  guberna- 
torial office  of  that  State. 

In  1876,  occurred  the  memorable  struggle  for  the  Presi- 
dency, Mr.  Hayes  being  the  nominee  of  the  Republican  party 
and  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  of  the  Democrat.  After  a  vigorous  cam- 
paign, which  was  ably  conducted  on  both  sides,  the  result  of  the 
election  was  in  doubt.  Both  parties  claimed  to  have  carried  the 
States  of  South  Carolina,  Florida  and  Louisiana.  The  anxiety 
and  excitement  throughout  the  country  was  intense.  Concern- 
ing the  grave  questions  of  counting  the  electoral  votes  and  the 
settlement  of  the  contests  in  the  disputed  States,  Congress  held 
protracted  and  anxious  sessions  without  reaching  a  satisfactory 
conclusion.  At  last  both  agreed  to  refer  the  question  to  a  com- 
mission, known  as  the  Electoral  Commission,  which  was  com- 
posed of  fifteen  members,  five  from  the  House  of  Representatives, 
five  from  the  Senate,  and  the  remaining  five  were  Judges  of  the 
Siipreme  Court  of  the  United  States.  The  Commission  was  as 
follows :  ,  . 

From  the  Senate,  George  F.  Edmonds,  of  Vermont;  Oliver 
P.  Morton,  of  Indiana,  and  Fredrick  T.  Frelinghuysen,  of  New 
Jersey,  Republicans;  and  Allen  G.  Thurman,  of  Ohio,  and 
Thomas  F.  Bayard,  of  Delaware,  Democrats. 

From  the  House,  Henry  W.  Paine,  of  Ohio;  Josiah  B.  Abbot, 
of  Massachusetts,  and  Eppa  Hunton,  of  Virginia,  Democrats; 
and  George  F.  Hoar,  of  Massachusetts,  and  James  A.  Garfield, 
of  Ohio,  Republicans. 

From  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  William  Strong,  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  Samuel  F.  Miller,  of  Iowa,  Republicans ;  and 
Nathan  Clifford,  of  Maine,  and  S.  J.  Field,  of  California,  Demo- 
crats. These  four  Judges  were  to  select  the  fifth.  Their  choice 
fell  upon  Judge  Joseph  P.  Bradley,  of  New  Jersey,  who  was  a 


PRESIDENTS  —  HA  YES. 

Republican,  and  as  the  Republicans  thus  had  a  majority  of  one 
chair6  miSS1°n;  thiS  SCated  Mr'  Ha^  in  the  Presidential 

He  gave  the  country  a  conservative  and  dignified  administra- 
tion, notwithstanding  the  criticisms  that  were  made  by  his  politi- 
1  opponents,  and  even  by  members  of  his  own  party,  that  he 
was  not  elected  to  the  office. 


17, 


James  M. 


AMES  A.  GARFIELD,  youngest  son  of  Abram  and 
Eliza  Ballon  Garfield,  was  born  in  Bedford,  Orange 
Township,  Cuyahoga  County,  Ohio,  November   19, 
1831.       His    father    died   when    James    was    only 
eighteen  months  old,  and  the  care  of  the  farm  and 
the  four  children  devolved  on  the  mother.     As  soon 
as  the  lad  could  handle  a  hoe  or  hold  a  plow  he  was 
called  into  service,  and  as  he  grew  older  he  shoul- 
dered his  full  share  of  the  farm  labor.      When  about  sixteen 
years  of  age  he  obtained  a  position  on  the  canal  boat  "  Evening 
Star,"  as  driver  at  twelve  dollars  a  month.     One  dark,  stormy 
night  he   accidently  fell   overboard  and  was   rescued  by,  what 
seemed  to  him,  little  less  than  a  miracle.     This  proved  to  be  an 
important  event  in  the  life  of  Garfield,  and  arguing  that,  since 
Providence  thought  his  life  worth  saving,  he  would  not  throw  it 
away  on  a  canal  boat,  he  resolved  to  return  home,  secure  an 
education  and  become  a  man.     He  at  once  acted  upon  this  reso- 
lution and  went  home,  where  he  attended  school  and  fitted  him- 
self for  teaching.     In  the  spring  of  1850  he  began  to  prepare 
himself  for  college.     In  March  of  this  year  he  joined  the  Church 
of  the  Disciples.     Three  years  later  he  entered  the  junior  class 
at  Williams  College.     In  the  winter  of  1855,  during  a  vacation, 
he  taught  a  writing  class  at  North  Pownal,  Vermont,  in  the  same 
school-house  where,  a  year  before,  Chester  A.  Arthur  was  princi- 
pal.    He  graduated  from  Williams  College  with  high  honors  in 
1856,  and  entered  Hiram  College  as  a  teacher  of  ancient 


PRESIDENTS  —  GARFIELD.  99. 

guages  and  literature.  The  next  year  he  became  president  of 
Hiram  College,  which  position  he  held  until  1861,  when  he  re- 
signed to  enter  the  army. 

While  Garfield  was  preparing  for  college  he  became  ac- 
quainted with  Miss  Lucretia  Rudolph,  who  was  also  a  student  at 
the  academy.  They  became  engaged  and  in  1858,  when  he  be- 
came president  of  Hiram  College,  they  were  married. 

Mr.  Garfield  now  began  to  interest  himself  in  politics  and 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Republican  party.  In  1859  he  was 
elected  to  the  Ohio  Senate,  and  at  once  took  high  rank,  and 
proved  to  be  an  eloquent  and  powerful  debater. 

When  the  war  broke  out  Mr.  Garfield  dedicated  his  life  to 
his  country.  Addressing  a  friend,  he  writes :  "I  regard  my  life 
as  given  to  my  country.  I  am  only  anxious  to  make  as  much 
of  it  as  possible  before  the  mortgage  on  it  is  foreclosed."  He 
entered  the  service  as  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  Forty-second 
Ohio  regiment  and  soon  became  its  Colonel.  He  was  made  a 
Brigadier-General  in  January,  1862,  and  a  Major-General  in 
1863,  resigning  his  commission  in  December  of  that  year  to 
enter  Congress,  where  he  served  with  distinguished  honor  until 
1880,  when  he  was  elected  United  States  Senator  from  Ohio. 

The  following  incident  will  illustrate  the  rare  oratorical 
power  of  General  Garfield: 

The  day  after  the  assassination  of  President  Lincoln  50,000 
people  were  assembled  around  the  Exchange  building  in  New 
York  City.  The  cry  of  this  vast  crowd  was  Vengeance !  Two 
men,  one  dead,  and  the  other  dying,  lay  on  the  .pavement  of  one 
of  the  side  streets,  who,  a  moment  before,  had  said  that  Lincoln 
ought  to  have  been  shot  long  ago.  It  was  a  critical  moment. 
There  was  no  telling  what  that  crowd  of  excited  men  would 
do.  Just  then  a  man  stepped  forward  on  the  balcony  of  the  Ex- 
change building,  waving  a  small  flag  and  beckoning  to  the  crowd. 
There  was  a  momentary  silence  as  every  eye  was  turned  toward 
him.  Raising  his  right  arm  heavenward,  and  in  a  clear,  steady 
voice  he  said :  "  Fellow  citizens :  Clouds  and  darkness  are  round 


IOO  THE   WHITE  CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

about  Him !  His  pavilion  is  dark  waters  and  thick  clouds  of  the 
skies!  Justice  and  judgment  are  the  establishment  of  His 
throne !  Mercy  and  truth  shall  go  before  His  face !  Fellow  citi- 
zens, God  reigns  and  the  Government  at  Washington  still 
lives!" 

As  if  by  magic  the  fierce  passions  of  that  angry  host  were 
quelled,  and  those  men  stood  as  though  rooted  to  the  ground, 
gazing  with  awe  into  the  face  of  that  inspired  man.  It  was  a 
triumph  of  eloquence  unsurpassed  in  the  annals  of  American 
history.  The  crisis  was  passed,  and  the  hero  of  that  wonderful 
hour  stood  there  in  the  person  of  James  A.  Garfield. 

After  a  most  vigorous  campaign,  General  Garfield  was 
elected  President  of  the  United  States  in  November  1880,  and 
inaugurated  on  the  fourth  of  March  following.  The  military  dis- 
play on  that  occasion  was  one  of  the  most  imposing  ever  wit- 
nessed in  Washington,  upon  any  similar  occasion. 

July  2,  1 88 1,  will  be  memorable  in  the  history  of  the  Na- 
tion as  the  day  when  President  Garfield  was  stricken  down  by 
the  bullet  of  the  assassin,  Charles  J.  Giteau.  For  eighty  days 
hope  and  fear  struggled  in  the  Nation's  heart.  Would  the 
President  recover?  Almost  the  first  question  that  was  asked,  as 
morning  after  morning  came,  was:  "How  is  the  President?" 
and  hopes  rose  or  fell  with  the  answer.  At  last,  on  the 
nineteenth  of  September,  death  claimed  him  for  its  own  and  the 
brave  heart  of  Garfield  ceased  to  beat — the  mortgage  was  fore- 
closed and  his  country's  service  was  finished.  In  twenty-four 
hours  the  President's  death  was  known  all  over  the  civilized 
world,  and  from  every  hamlet  and  village  in  this  great  land  there 
arose  such  a  cry  of  sorrow  as  heaven's  arches  have  rarely  echoed. 

"The  stars  on  our  banners  grow  suddenly  dim  ; 
Let  us  weep  in  our  sadness,  but  weep  not  for  him — 
Not  for  him  who,  in  dying,  left  millions  in  tears ; 
Not  for  him  who  has  died  full  of  honors  and  years ; 
Not  for  him  who  ascended  fame's  ladder  so  high, 
From  the  round  at  the  top  he  has  stepped  to  the  sky." 


JI. 


K^xasis,**'^ 
H£?»^SB 

gynian,  and  a  man  of  fine  literary  attainments 

Attending  school,  first  at  Union  Village 

ington  Counts'  AT —  "lr    "          - 

tady,    he   ente 

graduated  with  distinction  iu  ^ 

school  at  Ballston  Springs,  for  a  th  '  ^  ^^  a   kw 
1  -'  the  North  - 


* 


he 

of  the  firm  of  Cn,ver,  Parker  &  Arth 
yer  was  early  devebped,  and  his  personal 
stmggle  over  slavery  was  indicated 

—of  the  u  cekybrated  Lt::nd 

In  1852  Jonathan  Lemmon,  a 
eight  slaves  from  Norfolk  to  N  w 
to  Texas.      A  writ  of 
of  «ne  Superior 


and 


COmmg 

manage- 


d  ^ 

ending  to  ship  them 


h 


102  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

• 
tive  slave  law  did  not  apply  to  them,  and  that,  under  none  other 

than  that  National  law  could  any  human    creature  be  held  in 
bondage  in  the  Empire  State. 

Judge  Paine's  decision  created  intense  excitement  in  the 
slave  States,  affirming,  as  it  practically  did,  that  every  slave,  not 
a  fugitive,  being  brought  by  his  master  into  a  free  State,  was 
thereby  made  free.  This  decision  was  sustained  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  New  York,  where  Mr.  Arthur  appeared  as  State's  At- 
torney, and  later  by  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

Mr.  Arthur  took  an  active  interest  in  politics  at  a  very  early 
age,  but  it  was  not  until  1865  that  he  became  prominently  con- 
nected with  politics  in  New  York  City. 

The  day  following  the  bombardment  of  Fort  Sumter,  Mr. 
Arthur  was  appointed  Quartermaster-General  at  New  York,  and 
at  once  began  the  Herculean  task  of  quartering,  uniforming, 
equipping  and  arming  the  soldiers  of  New  York  for  the  war. 
This  was  a  task  of  enormous  proportions,  but  General  Arthur 
was  equal  to  the  occasion,  and  had  the  satisfaction  of  forwarding 
nearly  700,000  men,  whom  he  had  equipped  with  uniforms  and 
muskets.  This  great  force  constituted  nearly  one-fifth  of  the 
Northern  army. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  General  Arthur  resumed  his  law 
practice,  being  now  the  senior  member  of  the  well-known  firm  of 
Arthur,  Phelps,  Knevals  &  Ransom.  In  November,  1871,  he 
was  appointed,  by  President  Grant,  Collector  of  the  Port  of  New 
York,  and  re-appointed  in  1875,  being  the  first  Collector  of  the 
Port  ever  receiving  a  re-appointment. 

In  1859  General  Arthur  was  married  to  Ellen  L.  Herndon, 
daughter  of  Capt.  William  L.  Herndon,  of  Fredericksburg, 
Virginia.  Mrs.  Arthur  died  suddenly,  in  January,  1880,  leaving 
a  son  and  daughter. 

General  Arthur  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States,  in  November,  1880,  General  Garfield  being  President. 

When  those  terrible  days  of  suffering  were  over,  and  the 
spirit  of  the  assassinated  Garfield  passed  into  the  great  beyond, 


PRESIDENTS  —  ARTHUR.  103 

General  Arthur  took  the  oath  of  office  and  became  the  fourth  of 
our  Nation's  Executives  who  were  called  to  the  chair  of  State  by 
the  death  of  their  predecessors,  rather  than  by  the  suffrages  of 
the  people. 

President  Arthur's  administration  was  uniformly  able,  digni- 
fied and  excellent,  During  his  term  of  office  occurred  the 
dedication  of  that  greatest  scientific  achievement  and  most 
marvellous  triumph  of  engineering  skill,  of  this  or  any  other 
century,  the  New  York  and  Brooklyn  Bridge;  designed  by 
American  genius,  made  in  American  workshops,  and  built  by 
American  skill. 

November  29,  1883,  occurred  the  centennial  celebration  of 
the  evacuation  of  the  city  of  New  York  by  the  British.  At  the 
date  of  the  evacuation,  in  1783,  New  York  had  a  population  of 
twenty-three  thousand,  but  on  this  centennial  day  its  population 
exceeded  one  million  two  hundred  thousand;  on  this  day  also 
was  unveiled  the  bronze  statue  of  Washington,  in  front  of  the 
Sub-Treasury  building  on  Wall  Street. 

On  Saturday,  February  21,  1885  (the  22nd  falling  on  Sun- 
day), occurred  the  celebration  of  the  dedication  of  the  Memorial 
Monument  to  George  Washington.  Robert  C.  Winthrop  deliv- 
ered the  oration,  and  the  formal  delivery  of  the  monument  to  the 
President  of  the  United  States  was  by  Col.  Thomas  L.  Casey,  to 
which  the  closing  sentence  of  President  Arthur's  reply  was  as 
follows : 

"Other  and  more  eloquent  lips  than  mine  will  to-day  re- 
hearse to  you  the  story  of  his  noble  life  and  its  glorious  achieve- 
ments. To  myself  has  been  assigned  a  simpler  and  more  formal 
duty,  in  fulfillment  of  which  I  do  now,  as  President  of  the 
United  States,  and  in  behalf  of  the  people,  receive  this  monu- 
ment from  the  hands  of  its  builder,  and  declare  it  dedicated  from 
this  time  to  the  immortal  name  and  memory  of  George  Wash- 
ington." 

Mr.  Arthur's  death  occurred  in  the  city  of  New  York, 
November  18,  1886. 


• 

Cleveland. 


LTHOUGH   distinctively    American,   the 
Clevelands  are  of  English  origin,  having 
first  settled  in  Connecticut  more  than  two 
centuries  ago.    Richard  Falley  Cleveland, 
father  of  Grover  Cleveland,  was  born  at 
Norwich,  Conn.,  in  1804.     The  elder  Mr. 
Cleveland  and  his  cousin,  the  late  William  E.  Dodge, 
were  factory  boys   together.     He  graduated  from 
Yale  College  in  1824;  from  thence  he  went  to  Princeton 
Theological  Seminary,  and  after  his  theological  course,  became 
a  Presbyterian  clergyman.     In  1839  he  married  Miss  Anna  Neal, 
of  Baltimore.     His  third  charge  was  at  Caldwell,  New  Jersey, 
where  Grover  Cleveland  was  born,   March   18,   1837.      Young 
Cleveland  was  named  in  honor  of  his  father's  predecessor  in  the 
pastorate  of  the  church  at  Caldwell,  Stephen  Grover;   but  from 
childhood  he  has  been  called  Grover,  and  has  always  written  his 
name  simply  Grover  Cleveland.     In  1840  the  family  removed  to 
Fayetteville,  near  Syracuse,  New  York,  where  his  father  had  re- 
ceived a  call  to  preach,  and  in   1851    they  settled  at   Clinton, 
Oneida  County,  New  York.     Here  young  Grover  prepared  him- 
self for  college ;  but  his  father's  death,  in    1853,  caused  a  great 
change  in  his  life-plans.     For  a  time  he  abandoned  all  hope  of  a 
college  education,  and  set  to  work  to  assist  in  supporting  the 
family.     In  the  spring  of   1855,  in  company  with  a  friend,  he 
started'for  Cleveland,  Ohio,  then  a  rising  city,  to  seek  his  fortune. 
He  stopped  at  Buffalo  to  visit  an  uncle — Mr.  Lewis  F.  Allen, — 


Presidents. 


104 


PRESIDENTS  —  CLEVELAND.  105 

who,  finding  him  desirous  of  becoming  a  lawyer,  proposed  to  him 
to  remain  with  him  for  a  time,  and  endeavor  to  secure  a  place  in 
some  law  office  in  Buffalo.  This  offer  was  accepted  and,  in 
a  few  months,  through  the  influence  of  his  uncle,  he  entered  the 
law  office  of  Messrs.  Rogers,  Bowen  &  Rogers.  He  was  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  in  1859,  and  in  1863  received  the  appointment  of 
Assistant  District  Attorney  for  Erie  County.  In  1866  he  entered 
into  partnership  with  the  late  I.  K.  Vanderpoel,  and  was  after- 
wards associated  with  the  late  A.  P.  Lansing,  and  the  late  Oscar 
Folsom.  He  was  elected  sheriff  of  Erie  County  in  1870,  and  in 
1874  resumed  the  practice  of  law,  forming  a  partnership  with  W. 
S.  Bissell ;  the  firm  remaining  Cleveland  &  Bissell  until  George 
J.  Sicard  joined  the  partnership  in  1881. 

Mr.  Cleveland  was  a  successful  lawyer,  and  a  fluent  and  forci- 
ble speaker.  He  had  a  clear  apprehension  of  legal  principles 
and  was  terse  and  logical  in  his  statement  of  them.  Personally 
Mr.  Cleveland  is  genial  and  unassuming ;  always  self-possessed, 
rarely  demonstrative  and  never  loses  his  head  under  excitement. 
A  very  intimate  friend  of  Mr.  Cleveland  wrote,  just  after  his  first 
nomination  for  the  presidency:  "He  is  very  deliberate,  even 
somewhat  slow  in  forming  decisions,  but  after  he  has  settled  a 
matter  nobody  in  the  world  can  change  him.  He  has  taken 
many  positions  that  his  friends  thought  wrong  and  sometimes 
ruinous,  but  we  were  never  able  to  change  him,  and  it  has  often 
turned  out  that  he  was  right. "  The  subsequent  official  life  of 
Mr.  Cleveland  has  demonstrated  the  accuracy  of  his  friend's  esti- 
mate. 

Mr.  Cleveland  was  elected  Mayor  of  Buffalo,  New  York,  in 
1 88 1,  and  is  said  to  have  saved  the  city  nearly  $1,000,000  in  con- 
siderably less  than  a  year  by  vetoing  the  resolutions  of  the  Com- 
mon Council  in  awarding  contracts  for  street  cleaning,  etc. 

In  1882  Mr.  Cleveland  was  elected  Governor  of  the  State  of 
New  York  by  the  largest  majority  ever  received  by  anybody  in 
any  State  of  the  Union,  viz.,  192,854.  The  issue  was  one  of  re- 
form and,  while  this  vote  was  flattering  in  its  indications  of  the 


106  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

t 

great  confidence  the  people  placed  in  him,  still  it  was  well  calcu- 
lated to  increase  his  sense  of  responsibility,  because  it  clearly 
showed  that  high  expectations  had  been  formed  as  to  what  he 
would  do. 

On  the  day  before  his  inauguration  as  Governor  he  came  to 
Albany  and  spent  the  night  at  the  executive  mansion,  and  the 
following  day  walked  through  the  throngs  of  people  in  the  streets 
to  the  Capitol  and  entered  the  building  unrecognized.  As  soon 
as  the  simple  ceremony  of  inauguration  was  over  he  entered  the 
office  of  the  executive  and  went  quietly  to  work.  Here  may  be 
seen  both  his  dislike  for  public  ostentation  and  his  simple,  in- 
dustrious habits.  His  management  of  the  executive  office  so 
commended  him  to  the  people  of  the  State  and  Nation  that  a 
movement  to  place  him  in  nomination  for  the  Presidency  was  a 
natural  consequence. 

He  was  inaugurated  President  on  the  fourth  of  March,  1885. 
His  administration  was  marked  by  those  independent  qualities 
which  distinguish  the  man.  On  the  second  of  June,  1886,  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  was  married  to  Miss  Frances  Fcjlsom,  daughter 
of  his  friend  and  former  partner,  Oscar  Folsom.  Mrs.  Cleveland 
possesses  many  personal  attractions  and  is  sincerely  beloved  by 
all  who  know  her. 

Mr.  Cleveland  was  nominated  for  a  second  term  in  June 
1888,  but  was  defeated  by  Benjamin  Harrison,  the  nominee  of 
the  Republican  party ;  he  then  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion in  the  city  of  New  York.  Again  in  1892,  Mr.  Cleveland  was 
honored  by  the  nomination  of  his  party  for  the  presidency,  again 
running  against  Mr.  Harrison,  whom  he  defeated,  and  was  a 
second  time  inaugurated,  March  4,  1893. 


OR  the  second  time  within  the  century  the  office 
of  Chief  Magistrate  of  this  great  Republic  has 
been  given,  by  the  suffrages  of  the  people,  to 
members  of  the  same  family.  Shortly  after 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  first  saw  the  light,  his 
grandfather,  beneath  whpse  roof  the  lad  was  born, 
became  the  ninth  President  of  the  United  States, 
and  in  the  year  of  grace  1888  Benjamin  Harrison 
was  elected  to  that  distinguished  position. 
The  Harrisons  were  a  staunch  and  sturdy  race,  whose  an- 
cestors were  among  the  early  settlers  of  Virginia,  and  the  name 
figures  prominently  among  the  heroes  of  the  Revolution.  Ben- 
jamin was  born  on  the  old  Harrison  farm  at  North  Bend,  Ohio, 
August  20,  1833.  He  was  named  for  his  great-grandfather,  who 
was  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  American  Independence,  and, 
at  one  time,  Governor  of  Virginia.  His  father,  John  Scott  Har- 
rison, although  twice  a  member  of  Congress,  was  a  domestic  man 
who  loved  his  home  and  his  simple  farm  life  far  better  than  the 
fleeting  honors  of  political  life  and,  as  has  been  well  said, 
"will  always  stand  a  quiet,  unpretentious  figure  between  his 
famous  father  and  his  distinguished  son."  His  mother  was  a 
devoted,  Christian  woman,  and  much  of  President  Harrison's 
reverence  for  religion  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  early  influences 
of  this  noble  mother.  His  rudimentary  education  was  received 
in  a  log  school  house,  near  his  early  home.  He  afterward  at- 
tended Farmer's  College,  which  was  located  a  short  distance 

Presidents.  107 


IO8  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  PRESIDENTS. 

from  Cincinnati,  for  a  period  of  two  years,  and  then  entered 
Miami  University  from  which  he  was  graduated  in  1851,  stand- 
ing fourth  in  his  class. 

When  the  young  man  left  college  he  found  himself  face  to 
face  with  his  own  fortune.  His  father  had  been  unfortunate  in 
financial  matters  and  lost  everything  he  was  worth  except  the 
farm,  which  he  managed  to  retain  through  the  assistance  of  some 
friends.  Without  any  repining  or  time  spent  in  mourning  over 
his  hard  lot,  the  young  man  secured  a  place  in  a  law-office  in  the 
city  of  Cincinnati,  and  with  an  earnestness  which  has  been  a 
distinguishing  characteristic  of  his  life,  began  to  prepare  for  the 
legal  profession. 

In  1853,  a  year  before  reaching  his  majority,  he  was  married 
to  Miss  Caroline  W.  Scott,  a  beautiful  and  intelligent  young  lady 
whose  life  so  sadly  ended  at  the  White  House.  Sincere  love  and 
true  courage  sustained  this  young  couple  in  the  battle  with  iron- 
handed  fortune.  They  removed  to  Indianapolis  and  there  Mr. 
Harrison  began  the  practice  of  his  profession.  The  battle  was  a 
severe  one;  there  were  no  influential  friends  to  send  the  young 
lawyer  wealthy  clients ;  there  were  no  wealthy  relatives  to  pro- 
vide the  money  necessary  for  the  purchase  of  a  home  and  the 
comforts  of  life ;  but  there  was  a  manly  purpose,  there  was  a  clear 
mind  and  an  honest  heart  in  that  slender  young  lawyer  and  he 
toiled  on,  unwavering,  undaunted  until  the  victory  was  won  and 
success  perched  upon  his  banners. 

In  1860  he  was  elected  Supreme  Court  Reporter  and  per- 
formed the  duties  of  that  office  with  marked  ability.  He  was 
only  twenty-seven  years  old  when  the  war  of  the  Rebellion  broke 
out,  but  he  believed  that  his  country  had  a  claim  superior  to  all 
others  and  began  raising  a  company  of  men  for  the  war.  He 
was  shortly  commissioned  Colonel  of  the  Seventieth  Regiment, 
Indiana  Volunteers,  and  remained  with  this  regiment  until  it 
was  mustered  out  of  the  service  after  the  fall  of  Richmond. 

Colonel  Harrison's  military  service  was  as  earnest  and  active 
as  had  been  his  strife  with  poverty  and  fame,  and  in  every  place, 


PRESIDENTS  —  HARRISON. 


1  v-'Q 


among  the  many  trying  scenes   „,         h  whi  h 

proved  h,n,se,f  the  true  soldier,  connuander,  ' 


campa.gns,  and  also  gave  „ 

£±r±fid'  wh°  °ffered  « 

-son  declmed,  to  occupy  a  seat  in  the  United  State    Senate 
where  he  served  with  conspicuous  abi.ity  for  six  years     I^g 

"aUaLe  :r  *;f  T  r-  United  s^  ^  ^ 

4,  His  admimstration  was  an   able   and 

bearer  oTh          T  ?*  ^  ™  ^^  DOminated  °*  the  ^ 
h.s  party,  but  was  defeated  by  Grover  Cleveland.     At 

he  dose  Of  h,s  tern,  of  office  Mr.  Harrison  retired  to  his  honte 
a«  rnd.anapol.s,  Indiana,  where  he  now  resides  Wed  aid 
respected  by  all  who  know  him. 


GRAND   ARMY   OF  THE   REPUBLIC. 

,  as  a  Nation,  still  continue  to  mark 
0;  periods  of  time  as  antedating  or  follow- 
ing that  historic  struggle  known  as  the 
"War  of  the  Rebellion"  or  the  "Civil 
War;"  and  yet  so  many  years  have  in- 
tervened that  there  is  now  less  distinct- 
ness in  the  outline  of  that  event  which,  for  a  time 
so  completely  separated  the  present  from  the  nearer 
or  more  remote  past.  As  the  years  go  by  "before 
the  war"  is  heard  with  less  and  less  frequency,  and  silver  hairs 
now  crown  the  head  of  him  who  relates  personal  experiences  of 
that  fast  receding  period. 

The  story  of  the  Civil  strife  is  not  unfamiliar  to  the  citizen 
of  to-day.  It  has  been  handed  down  from  father  to  son,  and  the 
details  of  its  hardships,  its  defeats  and  glorious  achievements, 
have  been  made  the  theme  of  earnest  recital.  It  has  been  written 
on  the  pages  of  history,  and  children  have  traced  with  eager 
fingers  the  battle-plains  made  sacred  by  the  sacrificed  lives  of 
father  and  brother.  It  has  been  pictured  in  realistic  detail,  vividly 
setting  forth  scenes  that  are  already  indelibly  stamped  upon  the 
canvas  of  the  mind. 

The  period  of  the  War  dates  from  the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter, 
April  12,  1 86 1,  during  which  year  156  engagements  took  place; 
it  may  be  said  to  have  closed  with  the  thrilling  scenes  at  Appo- 
mattox  when  General  Lee  surrendered  to  the  Union  forces  on 


Societies. 


110 


SOCIETIES  — G.   \    R 

III 


Is  it  the  WaS  the  Peri°d  of  "the  War." 


should  seek  perpetuitv)     \v     •  "  common  cause, 

rath;r  the  natural 
of  fratemity 


of 


steps  t 


other  posts 

Stepheusou,  "  "eing  rendered  D, 


112  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

Maj.  R.  M.  Woods,  J.  T.  Bishop  and  John  S.  Phelps.  Later,  in 
the  Eastern  States,  Philadelphia  took  the  lead  in  the  establish- 
ment of  Posts  No.  i  and  No.  2,  Pittsburg  following  soon  after. 

The  first  Department  Convention  was  held  at  Springfield, 
Illinois,  July  12,  1866,  Gen.  John  W.  Palmer  being  elected  first 
Department  Commander.  Resolutions  were  at  this  time  adopted, 
in  recognition  of  the  services  of  Dr.  Stephenson,  and  were  as 
follows : 

"  Whereas,  The  members  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic recognize  in  Maj.  B.  F.  Stephenson,  of  Springfield,  Illinois, 
the  head  and  front  of  this  organization,  be  it  therefore, 

"Resolved,  That  for  energy,  loyalty  and  perseverance  mani- 
fested in  organizing  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  he  is 
entitled  to  the  gratitude  of  all  loyal  men ;  and  we,  as  soldiers, 
tender  him  our  thanks,  and  pledge  him  our  friendship  at  all 
times  and  under  all  circumstances." 

The  interest  manifested  in  the  organization  showed  no 
abatement  when  six  months  of  its  existence  had  passed  away. 
It  was  a  child  of  vigorous  growth,  and  had  been  formally 
adopted  in  many  of  the  States.  At  the  date  of  the  first  National 
Convention,  held  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  November  20,  1866, 
Posts  from  the  following  States  were  represented  :  Illinois,  Iowa, 
Kentucky,  Kansas,  New  York,  Missouri,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania, 
Wisconsin  and  the  District  of  Columbia.  Gen.  John  W. 
Palmer  presided  at  this  assembly,  and  Gen.  Stephen  A.  Hurlbut, 
of  Illinois,  was  elected  Commander-in-Chief. 

Briefly  stated,  the  Objects  of  the  Order  are  comprehended  in 
the  following  regulations : 

First. — To  preserve  and  strengthen  those  kind  and  frater- 
nal feelings  which  bind  together  the  soldiers,  sailors  and  mariners 
who  united  to  suppress  the  late  Rebellion,  and  to  perpetuate  the 
memory  and  history  of  the  dead. 

Second. — To  assist  such  former  comrades  in  arms  as  need 
help  and  protection,  and  to  extend  neeedful  aid  to  the  widows 
and  orphans  of  those  who  have  fallen. 


SOCIETIES — G.  A.  R.  113 

Third. — To  maintain  true  allegiance  to  the  United  States  of 
America,  based  upon  a  paramount  respect  for,  and  fidelity  to,  its 
Constitution  and  laws;  to  discountenance  whatever  tends  to 
weaken  loyalty,  incites  to  insurrection,  treason  or  rebellion  or  in 
any  manner  impairs  the  efficiency  and  permanency  of  our  free 
institutions;  and  to  encourage  the  spread  of  imiversal  liberty, 
equal  rights  and  justice  to  all  men. 

A  preamble,  twenty-three  articles,  and  a  ritual  originally 
constituted  the  "rules  and  regulations"  of  the  Order.  These 
have  been  changed  from  time  to  time  in  compliance  with  the 
necessities  of  the  organization,  although  its  spirit  has  been  faith- 
fully maintained — qualifications  for  membership  being  service  in 
the  Civil  War,  included  between  the  dates,  April  12,  1861,  and 
April  29,  1865,  and  an  honorable  discharge  therefrom,  at  the 
close  of  such  service;  while  it  debars  from  membership  any  per- 
son "who  has  at  any  time  borne  arms  against  the  United  States." 

Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia,  was  the  scene  of  the  sec- 
ond National  Encampment,  which  was  held  on  January  15, 
1868,  and  was  a  distinctively  important  occasion  in  the  history  of 
the  organization.  Twenty-one  departments  were  here  repre- 
sented, and  its  National  scope  proven  beyond  the  shadow  of  a 
doubt;  while  a  comparison  of  views  of  delegates  from  the  sev- 
eral localities  aided  in  strengthening  the  Order.  Headquarters 
of  the  Grand  Army  was  at  this  time  established  at  Washington 
City,  and  a  resolution  also  adopted  in  reference  to  the  title  by 
which  members  should  be  addressed,  when  in  attendance  upon 
Post  meetings  or  in  official  reports — the  appelation  "Comrade" 
being  selected,  with  the  exception  of  officers,  to  whom  were 
accorded  their  Grand  Army  titles. 

Gen.  John  A.  Logan,  of  Illinois,  was  elected  Comrnander-in- 
Chief,  and,  owing  to  superior  qualifications  as  an  organizer,  as 
well  as  zeal  and  earnestness  in  a  cause  so  dear  to  his  heart, 
carried  into  execution  such  regulations  as  proved  of  lasting 
benefit  to  the  Grand  Army.  His  order  "Number  n,"  issued, 
May  5,  1868,  was  characteristic  of  the  patriotic  spirit  which 


114  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

animated  this  noble  citizen  and  soldier,  in  designating  the 
thirtieth  day  of  May,  1868,  for  strewing  flowers  and  otherwise 
decorating  the  graves  of  comrades  who  died  in  defense  of  the 
Nation  during  the  War  of  the  Rebellion. 

The  third  National  Encampment  was  held  at  Cincinnati, 
May  12,  1869,  and  General  Logan  re-elected  Commander-in- 
Chief.  Some  serious  complications  had  arisen,  owing  to  mis- 
understanding of  the  nature  of  the  Order,  some  regarding  it  as 
a  "  Secret  political  party,"  and  steps  were  taken  at  this  meeting 
to  dissipate  this  illusion.  A  new  plan  of  "ranking"  the  mem- 
bers was  adopted,  but,  proving  unsatisfactory,  was  abandoned 
after  a  two  years'  trial. 

The  fourth  National  Encampment  convened  at  Washington 
City,  on  May  n,  1870,  and  re-elected  General  Logan  as  Com- 
mander-in-Chief.  One  of  the  important  matters  of  business 
transacted  at  this  meeting  was  the  amendment  of  rules  gov- 
erning the  design  of  a  membership  badge,  which  had  been 
selected  at  a  special  session  October  27,  1869,  at  New  York  City. 
The  Convention  also  adopted  an  Article,  as  a  part  of  its  regula- 
tions, establishing  May  3Oth  as  the  day  to  be  set  apart  for 
annually  commemorating  the  deeds  of  fallen  heroes  of  the  War. 

Boston  was  selected  as  the  rendezvous  for  the  fifth  annual 
Encampment,  commencing  May  10,  1871,  and  Gen.  Ambrose  E. 
Burnside,  of  Rhode  Island,  was  chosen  Couimander-in-Chief, 
and  re-elected  at  the  sixth  Encampment,  held  at  Cleveland,  May 
8,  1872. 

It  would  be  a  pleasure  to  follow  these  National  gatherings, 
and  note  the  growth  of  the  organization  from  year  to  year,  but 
space  forbids  more  than  a  mention  of  the  simplest  data  connected 
therewith. 

At  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  the  seventh  Encampment  was 
held  on  May  14,  1873,  and  Gen.  Charles  Devens,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, elected  to  the  chief  office  of  the  Order,  who  succeeded 
himself  at  the  eight  Encampment  convening  at  Harrisburg, 
Pennsylvania,  the  following  year. 


SOCIETIES—  G.  A.  R. 


The  ninth,  tenth,  eleventh  and  twelfth  Encampments  were 
held  respectively  at  Chicago,  011  May  12,  1875;  Philadelphia, 
June  30,  1876;  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  June  26,  1877;  Spring- 
field, Massachusetts,  June  4,  1878;  Gen.  John  F.  Hartranft  of 
Pennsylvania,  holding  the  office  of  Comander-in-Chief  during  the 
years  1875  and  1876,  to  be  succeeded  by  Gen.  John  C.  Robinson, 
of  New  York,  for  the  two  following  years. 

The  organization  known  as  The  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic had  long  since  grown  to  important  proportions,  and  all  the 
cities  honored  by  the  National  Encampments,  were  now  vicing 
with  each  other  to  do  honor  to  the  assembly.  .  Albany,  New  York, 
entertained  the  thirteenth  Encampment,  June  17,  1879,  which 
elected  William  Earnshaw,  Commander-in-Chief.  He  was  suc- 
ceeded June  8,  1880,  by  Gen.  Louis  Wagner,  who  was  the  choice 
of  the  fourteenth  Encampment,  which  convened  at  Dayton,  Ohio; 
he,  in  turn,  being  followed  by  Maj.  George  S.  Merrill,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, who  was  elected  Cornmander-in-Chief  by  the  fifteenth 
Encampment,  held  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  June  15,  1881. 

When  Baltimore,  Maryland,  invited  the  Comrades  to  the  hos- 
pitalities of  her  beautiful  city,  on  June  16,  1882,  President  Arthur 
and  General  Sherman  reviewed  the  procession.  Paul  Van  Der 
Voort  was  elected  Commander-in-Chief;  and  at  this  meeting  was 
inaugurated  a  movement  toward  the  organization  of  the  Woman's 
Relief  Corps. 

On  July  23,  1883,  Denver  extended  a  hearty  welcome  to  the 
veterans,  the  Legislature  having  appropriated  $21,000  toward 
their  entertainment,  which  was  largely  augmented  by  pri- 
vate contributions.  A  camp  to  accommodate  15,000  men  was 
provided,  while  numerous  excursions  to  places  of  note  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  city  afforded  a  treat  of  the  most  enjoyable  charac- 
ter. At  this  encampment,  Col.  Robert  B.  Beath,  of  Pennsylvania, 
was  elected  Commander-in-Chief,  and  the  organization  of  the 
Woman's  Relief  Corps—  auxiliary  to  the  G.  A.  R.  —  completed. 

The  following  year,  on  July  23,  1884,  Minneapolis  enter- 
tained the  delegates  with  free-handed  hospitality,  and  John  S. 


Il6  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

Kountz,  of  Ohio,  was  elected  Commander-in-Chief.  At  this 
meeting,  the  total  membership  of  the  organization  was  shown  to 
be  253,895,  with  Posts,  to  date,  4,325. 

On  June  24,  1885,  Portland,  Maine,  welcomed  the  comrades, 
the  State  appropriating  $10,000,  the  city,  $5,000  and  citizens  con- 
tributing $5,000  more,  to  entertain  the  honored  guests.  Over 
30,000  veterans  were  present  and  the  occasion  was  made  memor- 
able by  inai'ked  features  of  the  parade,  among  them  being  a 
throng  of  more  than  a  thousand  little  children,  whose  voices 
blended  in  song  as  the  comrades  proceeded  on  their  way. 
Samuel  S.  Burdett,  of  Washington  City,  was  elected  Comman- 
der-in-Chief. 

San  Francisco,  California,  next  became  the  hostess  of  the 
Grand  Army,  which  partook  of  her  generous  hospitality,  begin- 
ning August  4,  1886.  Here  entertainer  and  entertained  entered 
into  the  enjoyment  of  the  occasion  with  sincere  good-feeling,  and 
when  the  adieus  were  spoken,  a  wave  of  sadness  mingled  with 
the  heartiness  of  the  "  God  bless  you  all."  The  city  was  dressed 
in  gala  attire.  Flowers,  flags  and  sumptuous  decorations  of . 
every  kind  greeted  the  "boys  in  blue."  The  procession  of 
August  3d,  was  one  not  soon  to  be  forgotten,  while  the  reception 
at  the  Mechanic's  Pavilion,  during  the  evening  of  the  same  day, 
was  marked  by  enthusiastic  demonstrations  from  both  citizens 
and  guests,  which  reached  its  climax  at  the  appearance  of  such 
honored  veterans  of  the  War  as  Generals  Logan  and  Sherman. 
Ex-Gov.  Lucius  Fairchild  was  declared  the  choice  of  the  Grand 
Army  for  the  office  of  Commander-in-Chief. 

The  Twenty-first  National  -Encampment  convened  at  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  September  28,  1887,  and  transacted  business  of 
much  importance  to  the  Order.  The  Adjutant-General  reported 
membership  in  good  standing  on  March  31,  1887,  320,946;  net 
gain  of  Posts  during  the  year,  540 ;  amount  dispensed  for  charity 
by  Posts,  $253,934.43.  The  encampment  unanimously  adopted 
resolutions  of  respect,  deploring  the  death  of  their  former 
comrade,  leader  and  Commander-in  Chief,  Maj.  Gen.  John  A. 


SOCIETIES  —  G.  A.  R.  117 

Logan,  which  was  one  of  the  sad  events  of  the  year,  and  plans 
were  discussed  and  resolutions  adopted  for  a  monument  to  be 
erected  to  his  memory  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

The  entertainment  provided  for  the  Grand  Army,  at  this 
assembly,  was  one  of  unsurpassed  liberality,  and  the  illumina- 
tions, decorations,  etc.,  were  on  a  scale  of  magnificence  never 
before  approached,  $100,000  being  contributed  by  the  business 
men  of  the  city  for  the  purpose.  For  the  most  part  the  excur- 
sions planned  for  this  occasion  were  abandoned,  owing  to  unusu- 
ally unfavorable  weather,  but  Lincoln's  tomb,  at  Springfield,  was 
visited,  and  banquets  and  other  entertainments  were  made  mem- 
orable features  of  the  event.  John  P.  Rea,  of  Minneapolis,  Min- 
nesota, was  elected  Cornniaiider-in-Chief  for  the  ensuing  year, 
and  Columbus,  Ohio,  chosen  as  the  rendezvous  for  the  Twenty- 
second  National  Encampment. 

This  meeting  occurred  on  September  12,  1888,  and  the 
Departments  were  represented  in  great  numbers.  The  parade 
was  by  far  the  largest  which  had  been  witnessed  since  the  Grand 
Review  at  Washington,  in  1865,  occupying  nearly  five  hours  in 
passing  a  given  point,  and  was  witnessed  by  General  Sherman, 
Ex-President  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  and  other  prominent  mem- 
bers of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  Maj.  William  War- 
ner, of  Kansas  City,  Missouri,  was  elected  Commander-in-Chief, 
by  a  unanimous  vote,  and  Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  selected  for  the 
National  Encampment  of  1889.  Here  the  "boys  in  blue"  were 
royally  entertained  by  the  citizens,  as  well  as  comrades.  Every 
possible  attention  was  lavished  upon  the  visitors  and  the  event 
was  a  most  memorable  one  among  the  yearly  gatherings  of  the 
Order.  Gen.  Russell  A.  Alger>  of  Michigan,  was  elected  Com- 
mander-in-Chief,  and  Boston,  Massachusetts,  chosen  for  the 
Twenty-fourth  Encampment. 

On  August  13,  1890,  the  Massachusetts  veterans  welcomed 
their  comrades  to  the  hospitalities  of  Boston,  and  nothing  was 
lacking  in  cordiality  or  attention  to  the  comfort  and  pleasure  of 
their  guests.  Col.  Wheelock  G.  Veazey,  of  Rutland,  Vermont, 


Il8  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

was  chosen  Couimander-in-Chief,  and  Detroit,  Michigan,  selected 
as  the  meeting  place  of  the  Twenty-fifth  National  Encampment. 
To  this  beautiful  city  the  veterans  repaired  in  August,  1891, 
and  enjoyed  a  most  harmonious  reunion,  interspersed  with 
excursions  and  other  attentions  which  were  thoroughly  appreci- 
ated. John  Palmer,  of  Albany,  New  York,  was  elected  Com- 
inander-in-Chief,  and  Washington,  D.  C.,  selected  for  the 
Twenty-sixth  National  Encampment,  which  convened  Septem- 
ber 21,  1892.  The  members  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic 
in  good  standing,  as  reported  at  this  assembly,  up  to  December 
31,  1891,  were  407,781;  number  of  Posts  at  same  date,  7,568; 
amount  expended  in  charity,  as  reported,  from  July  i,  1871  to 
December  31,  1891,  $2,317,715.38,  although  these  figures  are 
regarded  as  far  short  of  the  actual  assistance  rendered. 

The  parade  of  September  2Oth,  was  one  of  unusual  magni- 
tude, but  every  effort  was  made  to  relieve  the  veterans  of  all 
possible  fatigue,  while  the  entire  occasion  was  regarded  as  a  most 
memorable  one  to  all  who  partook  of  the  hospitality  of  the 
Nation's  Capital. 

Of  the  officers  whom  we  have  mentioned  as  Past  Commanders- 
in-Chief  of  the  National  Encampment,  several  have  responded 
to  the  "final  summons."  They  are  B.  F.  Stephenson,  died 
August  30,  1871;  S.  A.  Hurlbut,  March  27,  1882;  John  A. 
Logan,  December  26,  1886;  Ambrose  E.  Burnside,  September 
13,  iSSi ;  Charles  Devens,  January  7,  1891;  John  F.  Hartranft, 
October  17,  1889;  and  William  Earnshaw,  July  17,  1885. 

WOMAN'S  RELIEF  CORPS. 

The  first  organization  of  .the  Woman's  Relief  Corps  was 
formed  in  1869,  at  Portland,  Maine,  and  was  entitled  the  Bos- 
worth  Relief  Corps,  Auxiliary  to  Bosworth  Post.  The  first 
State  organization  was  perfected  at  Fitchburg,  Massachusetts,  in 
April,  1879. 

In  1 88 1,  the  National  Encampment  adopted  a  resolution, 
approving  the  work  of  the  Woman's  Relief  Corps,  and  author- 


SOCIETIES — WOMEN'S  RELIEF  CORPS.  09 

izing  it  to  add  to  its  title  "  Auxiliary  to  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic."  In  1883,  all  the  Auxiliaries  were  invited  to  send 
representatives  to  Denver,  which  invitation  was  accepted,  and  the 
work  accomplished  by  the  Order  was  approved  by  the  National 
Encampment,  which  adopted  the  following  resolution : 

** Resolved,  That  we  cordially  hail  the  organization  of  the 
Woman's  Relief  Corps  and  extend  our  greeting  to  them.  We 
return  our  warmest  thanks  to  the  loyal  women  of  the  land  for 
their  earnest  work,  support  and  encouragement,  and  bid  them 
God  speed  in  their  patriotic  work." 

The  plan  of  organization  of  the  Grand  Army  was  followed 
in  constituting  the  Woman's  Relief  Corps.  Local  associations 
were  designated  Corps  ;  State  associations  were  called  Depart- 
ments; and  the  National  Organization  entitled  the  "National 
Convention,  Woman's  Relief  Corps,  Auxiliary  to  the  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic." 

The  objects  of  this  Order  are: 

'  To  specially  aid  and  assist  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic and  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  their  heroic  dead.  To 
assist  such  Union  veterans  as  need  our  help  and  protection,  and 
to  extend  needful  aid  to  their  widows  aird  orphans.  To  find 
them  homes  and  employment,  and  assure  them  of  sympathy  and 
friends.  To  cherish  and  emulate  the  deeds  of  our  army  nurses, 
and  of  all  loyal  women  who  rendered  loving  service  to  their 
country  in  her  hour  of  peril.  To  inculcate  lessons  of  patriotism 
and  love  of  country  among  our  children,  and  in  the  communities 
in  which  we  live.  To  maintain  true  allegiance  to  the  United 
States  of  America.  To  discoutenance  whatever  tends  to  weaken 
loyalty  and  to  encourage  the  spread  of  universal  liberty  and 
equal  rights  to  all  men." 

The  growth  of  this  organization  has  been  remarkable,  and 
the  work  accomplished,  something  phenomenal.  Though  a  silent 
minister,  unheralded  by  the  sound  of  trumpets,  its  benefactions 
have  been  wide-spread,  reaching  where  its  co-laborer,  the  Grand 


120  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

Army  of  the  Republic,  might  often  have  failed  to  accomplish 
desired  results. 

All  honor  to  the  noble  women  whose  names  are  enrolled 
upon  the  Roster  of  the  Woman's  Relief  Corps. 

THE  SONS  OF  VETERANS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

This  Order  dates  from  the  year  1878,  and  to  Post  No.  94, 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  Philadelphia,  belongs  the  honor 
of  taking  initiatory  steps  in  its  organization;  the  records  of 
August  27,  1878,  showing  that  "on  motion  of  Com.  James  P. 
Holt,  a  committee  of  five  was  appointed  to  devise  means  of  form- 
ing a  G.  A.  R.  Cadet  Corps,  to  be  attached  to  that  Post." 

On  September  29,  1878,  Anna  M.  Ross,  Corps  Number  i, 
of  Philadelphia,  Order  of  Sons  of  Veterans,  was  organized. 
Later,  other  Posts  of  the  State  followed,  and  the  Order  spread 
into  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Delaware.  Maj.  A.  P.  Davis,  of 
Pittsburgh,  formed  an  organization  in  that  city,  November  12, 
1 88 1,  giving  it  the  title  of  "  Sons  of  Veterans  of  the  United 
States  of  America."  He  prepared  a  Constitution,  Rules  and 
Ritual,  and  arranged  for  local  and  State  Associations  and  a 
National  organization.  Permanent  organization  for  Pennsyl- 
vania was  effected  February  23,  1882. 

This  Order  has  been  one  of  rapid  growth  and  numbers  over 
sixty  thousand  members,  with  Camps  in  nearly  all  the  States  and 
Territories. 

The  objects  of  the  Order  are  as  follows: 

"To  keep  green  the  memories  of  our  fathers  and  their  sacri- 
fices for  the  maintenance  of  the  Union. 

"  To  aid  the  members  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  in 
caring  for  their  helpless  and  disabled  veterans ;  to  extend  aid  and 
protection  to  the  widows  and  orphans ;  to  perpetuate  the  memory 
and  history  of  their  heroic  dead,  and  the  proper  observation  of 
Memorial  Day. 

"To  aid  and  assist  worthy  and  needy  members  of  the  Order. 

"To  inculcate  patriotism  and  love  of  country,  not  alone  among 


SOCIETIES-SOXS   OF   VETERANS. 


and  work,  and  officered  „  "ary  m  <*aracter 

corres  "8  *  "^          ^tion- 


hereby  gives  ,o  the  Order  the  offici  "'  °'  &  A" 

of  tne  Reptlblic,  and  rec 

11]stitation  of  Camps  of  ^  Sons 

THE  DAUGHTERS  OF  VETERANS. 


t 

Sons  of  Veterans  does   1   h    Gr  T?"  "  C<>rpS  "S 

is  a  flonrishing  Order  eo*   ot7  f    Tf 

wonld  keep  alive  the  Sres  of  Dat     ?  "  , 

in  tne  oreasts  of  «ne*  ^T^ 

that  in  the  home  are  ineulca.ed  those     [™  ,         *"*' 

heroes  and  martyrs  of  the  »orld      u'  ™  ^"  S  "^  "* 

burn  less  brightly  than  now.  *  CWf  6ns 


YOUNG  MEN'S  CHAN  ASSOCIATION 

»£*;  r:sent  movemeiit  da-  -*  •» 

,  ren      ed  to  ^  ^JT"^  d"'  BridgVVato' 
n.ent  of  Hitchcoek  &  Co     St    P  n      *  g°°ds  establish- 

assistant.  '          PaU'  S   Ch«rch-yard,  as  junior 


122  THE  WHITE   CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

of  Christ,  here  gathered,  when  the  day  was  over,  in  one  of  the 
sleeping  apartments  with  which  business  houses  were  provided  in 
those  days  for  the  accommodation  of  their  employes,  and  held 
meetings  for  Bible  study  and  prayer.  One  by  one  their  indiffer- 
ent and,  in  many  cases,  profligate  comrades  were  induced  to  join 
them  in  these  meetings,  and  it  was  not  long  before  the  necessity 
arose  for  larger  quarters  to  accommodate  the  many  who  desired 
to  be  present. 

It  was  with  some  trepidation  that  the  young  men  appealed 
to  their  principal — whose  acquiescence  was  needed  in  order  to 
secure  a  quiet  and  more  commodious  location — but  the  improve- 
ment was  already  so  apparent  to  the  employer,  that  he  not  only 
extended  his  sympathy  with  the  movement  and  provided  the 
desired  apartment,  but  from  that  time  inaugurated  reforms  in  his 
establishment  looking  to  the  highest  welfare  as  well  as  the  per- 
sonal comfort  of  his  employes. 

On  June  6,  1844,  it  was  decided  to  organize  a  "Young  Men's 
Christian  Association,"  the  object  contemplated  being  "  to 
improve  the  spiritual  condition  of  young  men  engaged  in  the 
drapery  and  other  trades."  In  1845  T.  H.  Tarleton  was  em- 
ployed as  secretary  and  missionary  of  the  Society,  and  in  1851 
Wm.  Edwyn  Shipton  was  chosen  corresponding  secretary,  who, 
during  his  service  of  twenty-eight  years,  was  able  to  greatly  aid 
the  cause  both  in  Europe  and  America.  Mr.  Williams  was  made 
President  of  the  London  Association,  in  1885,  on  the  death  of 
the  Earl  of  Shaftsbury. 

An  attempt  was  made  in  1849  to  carry  out  the  plans  of 
the  London  Association,  at  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  but  the  first 
organization  on  the  London  basis  was  effected  at  Montreal, 
December  9,  1851,  and  the  first  in  the  United  States  was  organ- 
ized on  December  2  9th  of  the  same  year.  During  the  next  two 
years,  twenty-six  Societies  had  been  formed,  and  to  Win. 
Chauncey  Langdon,  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  is  due  much  credit 
for  bringing  into  existence  a  general  organization,  the  first  As- 
sociation of  all  lands  convening  at  Paris,  August  19-24,  1855. 


SOCIETIES  —  Y.  M.  C.  A.  123 

The  first  international  conference  of  the  Association  was 
held  at  Buffalo,  New  York,  June  7,  1854,  and  yearly  meetings 
followed  thereafter  until  1861,  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War, 
at  which  time  203  Associations  were  in  existence  in  America. 

The  New  York  Association  took  the  initiatory  in  the  work  of 
relief  at  this  trying  period,  and,  in  October  1861,  called  a  Con- 
vention of  the  Associations  of  the  North,  which  met  November 
1 4th  and  formed  the  United  States  Christian  Commission,  which 
co-operated  with  the  Sanitary  Commission,  and,  during  the  years 
of  the  War,  sent  about  5,000  Christian  men  and  women  as  help- 
ers, and  distributed  nearly  $3,000,000  of  store  and  $2,500,000  in 
money  to  those  in  need  of  assistance ;  while  the  Associations  in 
the  South  also  did  good  service  among  the  Confederate  soldiers, 
although  not  generally  organized.  At  the  close  of  the  War, 
home  work  was  resumed,  yearly  conventions  being  held  in  the 
larger  cities  of  the  Union. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  is  loyal  to  the 
Church,  though  entirely  xinrestricted  by  denominational  lines, 
and  is  a  power  for  good  which  is  everywhere  recognized,  its 
benefits  being  felt  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  land. 


WOMAN'S   CHRISTIAN   TEMPERANCE    UNION. 

The  officers  of  the  National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union  are:  President,  Frances  E.  Willard,  Evanston,  Illinois; 
Corresponding  Secretary,  Caroline  Buell,  Woman's  Christian 
Union  Temple,  Chicago,  Illinois ;  Recording  Secretary,  Mary  A. 
Woodbridge,  Ravenna,  Ohio;  Treasurer,  Esther  Pugh,  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  Temple,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Officers  of  the  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union:  President,  Frances  E.  Willard,  Evanston,  Illinois;  Vice- 
President-at-Large,  Lady  Henry  Somerset,  London,  England; 
Secretary,  Mary  A.  Woodbridge,  Ravenna,  Ohio;  Assistant  Sec- 
retary, Anna  A.  Gordon,  Evanston,  Illinois. 

The  object  of  the  organization   is  to  unify  throughout  the 


124  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

world  the  work  of  women  in  temperance  and  social  reform,  and 
to  circulate  a  petition  addressed  to  all  the  Governments  of  the 
world  for  the  overthrow  of  the  alcohol  and  opium  trades.  ,  Its 
methods  are  Preventive,  Educational,  Evangelistic,  Social  and 
Legal.  Time  of  prayer  :  Noontide.  Badge  :  A  knot  of  white 
ribbon.  Watchwords:  Agitate!  Organize!  Motto :  For  God  and 
Home  and  Every  Land. 

The  National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  was 
organized  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1874,  and  is  the  sober  second 
thought  of  the  great  Women's  Crusade.  It  is  now  regularly 
organized  in  the  forty-four  States  of  the  Union  and  in  every 
Territory  except  Alaska.  Its  headquarters  are  in  Chicago,  where 
it  has  a  Woman's  Temperance  Publishing  House  that  sends  out 
about  135,000,000  pages  annually,  and  has  seven  editors  and  one 
hundred  and  fifty  employes.  This  publishing  house  is  a  stock 
company  and  all  its  directors  and  stock-holders  are  women,  as  is 
its  business  manager.  The  Union  Signal  is  the  organ  of  the 
Society  and  has  an  average  circulation  of  80,000.  The  cash  re- 
ceipts of  the  publishing  house  in  1891-2  were,  in  round  numbers, 
$230,000. 

The  Woman's  Lecture  Bureau  sends  speakers  to  all  parts 
of  this  country  and  Canada.  The  Woman's  National  Temper- 
ance Hospital  demonstrates  the  value  of  non-alcoholic  medication. 
The  Woman's  Temperance  Temple,  costing  over  $1,000,000,  has 
been  built  in  Chicago. 

There  are  about  10,000  local  unions  with  a  membership  and 
following,  including  the  Children's  Societies,  of  about  half  a  mil- 
lion. The  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  has  forty-four 
distinct  departments  of  work  presided  over  by  as  many  women 
experts  in  the  National  Society,  and  in  nearly  every  State.  All 
the  States  in  the  Republic,  except  eight,  have  laws  requiring  the 
study  of  scientific  temperance  in  the  public  schools,  and  all  these 
laws  were  secured  by  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union ; 
also  the  laws  forbidding  the  sale  of  tobacco  to  minors.  Most  of 
the  Industrial  Homes  for  Girls,  established  in  the  various  States, 


FRANCES  E.  WILLARD. 


SOCIETIES — W.  C.  T.  U.  125 

were  secured  through  the  efforts  of  this  society,  as  were  the 
Refuges  for  Erring  Women.  Laws  raising*  the  age  of  consent 
and  providing  for  better  protection  for  women  and  girls  have 
been  enacted  by  many  legislatures  through  the  influence  of  the 
Department  for  the  Promotion  of  Social  Purity,  of  which  the 
president  of  the  society  has,  until  the  present  year,  been  super- 
intendent. 

The  World's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union  was 
founded  through  the  influence  of  the  National  Society  in  1883, 
and  already  has  auxiliaries  in  more  than  forty  countries  and 
provinces.  The  White  Ribbon  is  the  badge  of  all  the  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union  members  and  is  now  a  familiar  em- 
blem in  every  civilized  country.  A  great  petition  is  being  cir- 
culated in  all  parts  of  the  world  against  legalizing  the  sale  of 
opium  and  alcoholics.  When  two  millions  of  names  have 
been  secured  this  petition  is  to  be  presented  to  all  the  Govern- 
ments of  the  world  by  a  committee  of  women  appointed  for  that 
purpose. 

FRANCES   E.    WILLARD. 

Miss  Frances  E.  Willard,  founder,  and  for  five  years  presi- 
dent, of  theWorld's  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  and 
now  for  thirteen  years  president  of  the  National  Woman's 
Christian  Temperance  Union,  was  born  September  28,  1839,  at 
Churchville,  New  York.  She  is  a  graduate  of  the  Northwestern 
University  of  Chicago.  She  took  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from  Syra- 
cuse University.  In  1862  she  was  professor  of  natural  science 
in  the  Northwestern  Female  College,  Evanston,  Illinois;  1864, 
professor  of  Belles-lettres  in  Pittsburgh  Female  College;  1866-7, 
she  was  preceptress  of  the  Wesleyan  Seminary,  Lima,  New  York ; 
1868-70,  she  traveled  abroad,  studying  French,  German,  Italian 
and  the  history  of  the  fine  arts — visited  nearly  every  European 
Capital,  and  went  to  Greece,  Egypt  and  Palestine;  in  1871  she 
was  president  of  the  Woman's  College  of  Northwestern  Univer- 
sity, and  professor  of  aesthetics;  in  1874,  Corresponding  Secre- 


126  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

tary  of  the  National  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union;  in 
1877  was  associated  with  D.  L-  Moody  in  revival  work  in  Boston; 
in  1878,  President  of  the  Illinois  Woman's  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union,  and  editor  of  the  Chicago  Daily  Post;  in  1879 
(and  since),  President  of  the  National  Woman's  Christian 
Temperance  Union. 

Miss  Willard  is  an  author  of  considerable  distinction,  and 
has  written  many  books ;  is  associate  editor  of  Our  Day,  and 
has,  in  the  past  year,  been  made  editor-in-chief  of  The  Union 
Signal,  the  organ  of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union. 


SOCIETY    OF   CHRISTIAN    ENDEAVOR. 

One  of  the  organizations  connected  with  Christian  denomi- 
nations which  is  of  comparatively  recent  origin,  but  a  power  for 
good  among  the  young  people  of  the  churches,  is'  the  Society  of 
Christian  Endeavor,  which  dates  from  the  winter  of  1880— 81,  and 
followed  a  revival  season  which  visited  the  Williston  Church  of 
Portland,  Maine,  at  which  time  and  place  a  number  of  young 
people  were  converted  to  Christ. 

The  pastor,  Rev.  Francis  E.  Clark,  together  with  many  of 
the  older  church  members,  realizing  the  necessity  for  great 
wisdom  in  guiding  the  young  converts  through  the  most  critical 
period  of  their  discipleship,  gave  much  thought  to  the  subject  of 
their  spiritual  welfare  and,  as  an  outcome  of  these  deliberations, 
the  pastor  invited  the  young  church  members  to  his  home  on 
February  2,  iSSi,  and  presented  a  constitution  of  the  "Williston 
Young  Peoples'  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor,"  which  is,  in  all 
essential  points,  the  one  adopted  by  the  majority  of  Societies  of 

the  present  day. 

An  article  published  in  a  religious  paper  of  Boston,  in  1881, 

entitled,  "How  one  church  cares  for  its  young  people,"  brought 
many  letters  to  the  pastor,  from  Christian  ministers  and  others 
interested  in  the  work.  The  second  society  established  was  in 
Newbiiryport,  Massachusetts,  and  closely  followed  the  first  organ- 
ization. 


SOCIETIES  —  CHRISTIAN  ENDEAVOR.  I2J 

The  first  president  of  the  United  Society  was  Mr.  W.  ]. 
Van  Patten,  of  Burlington,  Vermont,  whose  suggestions  and 
plans  for  growth  and  advancement  have  proven  of  great  ben- 
efit to  the  organization.  The  first  signature  to  the  original 
constitution  was  that  of  W.  H.  Pennell,  a  teacher  of  a  class  of 
young  men  in  the  Williston  Sunday  school,  and  whose  earnest 
support  has  been  given  to  the  cause  from  the  beginning.  He 
was  chosen,  for  three  successive  years,  president  of  the  National 
Convention. 

Other  sources  have  been  credited  with  the  inception  of  the 
organization  known  as  the  Society  of  Christian  Endeavor,  but 
the  distinctive  features,  such  as  the  strict  prayer-meeting  pledge, 
the  consecration  meeting,  roll-call,  duties  of  committees,  etc., 
originated  with  the  pastor  of  the  Williston  Church,  and  was  the 
outgrowth  of  the  meeting  of  Februay  2,  1881. 

The  first  conference  was  held  June  2,  1882,  in  Portland, 
Maine,  and  was  one  of  great  enthusiasm.  Six  Societies  were 
represented,  with  a  membership  aggregating  481,  the  Williston 
Society  leading  all  others  with  168  signers  to  the  constitution. 
On  June  7,  1883,  the  conference  again  assembled  at  Portland,  and 
reported  an  organization  of  fifty-three  societies  with  2,630  mem- 
bers. The  next  convention  was  held  at  Lowell,  Massachusetts, 
on  October  22,  1884,  and  151  societies,  of  6,414  members,  were 
represented  by  their  delegates.  On  July  9,  1885,  at  Ocean  Park, 
near  Old  Orchard  Beach,  the  "  United  Society  of  Christian  En- 
deavor" was  founded  and  incorporated  under  the  laws  of  Maine. 
Societies,  numbering  253,  with  an  aggregate  membership  of 
14,892,  were  now  established  in  all  parts  of  the  United  States, 
and  several  foreign  Nations  reported  flourishing  organizations. 
At  this  meeting,  headquarters  of  the  United  Society  were  located 
in  Boston.  The  Fifth  and  Sixth  Conventions  assembled  at 
Saratoga,  and  at  the  latter,  in  1887,  Rev.  F.  'E.  Clark  was  chosen 
president  of  the  United  Society  and  editor  of  Christian  En- 
deavor literature,  resigning  his  pastorate  in  order  to  iindertake 
the  duties  of  the  position. 


128  THE  WHITE   CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

The  Seventh  Annual  Convention  was  held  at  Chicago,  July 
5,  1888;  the  Eighth,  at  Philadelphia,  July  9,  1889;  the  Ninth, 
at  St.  Louis,  June  12,  1890,  and  the  Tenth  at  Minneapolis,  July 
9,  1891,  at  which  meeting  over  fourteen  thousand  delegates  were 
in  attendance  from  nearly  every  State  and  Territory  in  the 
Union.  The  Convention  of  1892  was  held  in  New  York,  and 
was  a  most  harmonious  and  enthusiastic  gathering. 

State  Unions  have  become  a  prominent  feature  of  recent 
years,  Connecticut  leading  all  others  in  State  organization. 
The  official  organ  of  the  Societies  is  The  Golden  Rule,  a  weekly 
religious  paper,  carefully  edited  and  replete  with  valuable  infor- 
mation. 

At  the  beginning  of  ths  present  year  (1893)  there  were  recor- 
ded 18,500  Societies  of  Christian  Endeavor,  with  1,100,000  mem-' 
bers.  Thirty  evangelical  denominations  are  represented,  the 
Presbyterians  leading  with  4,  500  Societies,  the  Congregational- 
ists,  Baptists,  Methodists  and  Christians  being  next  in  numbers, 
in  the  order  named. 

"Junior  Unions"  are  being  formed  everywhere,  and  their 
organizations  are  earnestly  promulgating  the  good  work  among 
the  children  of  the  land. 

"Christian  Endeavor  Day,"  February  2d  (or  as  near  that 
date  as  possible) ,  is  generally  observed,  many  societies  making  it 
the  occasion  for  replenishing  the  missionary  treasury  by  a  free- 
will offering  to  a  cause  which  is  near  to  the  heart  of  every 
"Christian  Endeavorer." 

THE    EPWORTH    LEAGUE. 

Among  Christian  people  are  a  number  of  organizations, 
some  of  which  have  become  household  words  owing  to  our 
familiarity  with  their  objects  or  the  length  of  time  they  have 
occupied  their  various  fields.  Some  are  general  in  their  nature, 
and  not  encompassed  by  denominational  lines ;  others  are  work- 


SOCIETIES—  EPWORTH   LEAGUE.  129 

ing  in  special  channels,  and,  being  of  comparatively  recent  de- 
velopment, are  possibly  not  as  familiar  to  the  general  public  as 
their  most  worthy  work  deserves. 

Of  these  may  be  mentioned  the  Epworth  League,  which  is 
an  organization  subordinate  to  the  Quarterly  Conference  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  was  constituted  at  Cleveland, 
Ohio,  May  15,  1889.  Its  central  office  is  in  Chicago,  Illinois, 
and  its  General  Officers  are  as  follows :  President,  Bishop  James 
N.  Fitzgerald,  New  Orleans,  Louisiana ;  First  Vice-President, 
Willis  W.  Cooper,  St.  Joseph,  Michigan  ;  Second  Vice-President, 
Rev.  W.  I.  Haven,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  Third  Vice-Presi- 
dent, R.  R.  Doherty,  Ph.  D.,  New  York  City,  New  York; 
Fourth  Vice-President,  Rev.  H.  C.  Jennings,  Red  Wing,  Minne- 
sota ;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Rev.  Edwin  A.  Schell,  Chicago ; 
Treasurer,  Chas.  E.  Piper,  Chicago;  German  Assistant  Secretary, 
Rev.  Henry  Leibhart,  D.  D.;  Editor  Epworth  Herald,  Rev.  F. 
Berry,  D.  D. 

The  object  of  this  organization  is  "to  promote  intelligent 
and  vital  piety  among  the  young  people  of  our  churches  and  con- 
gregations, and  to  train  them  in  works  of  mercy  and  help." 
The  State  Leagues  are  composed  of  Local  Chapters,  their  officers 
corresponding  with  those  of  the  General  League.  The  work  of 
the  Chapters  is  distributed  under  Departments  of  Spiritual 
Work,  Mercy  and  Help,  Literary  Work,  Social  Work,  Corres- 
Dondence  and  Finance. 

The  League  Covenant  to  which  its  members  subscribe  is  as 
follows : 

"  I  will  earnestly  seek  for  myself  and  do  \vhat  I  can  to  help 
others  attain  the  highest  New  Testament  standard  of  experience 
and  life.  I  will  abstain  from  all  those  forms  of  worldly  amuse- 
ment forbidden  by  the  Discipline  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church.  I  will  attend,  so  far  as  possible,  the  religious  meetings 
of  the  Chapter  and  the  Church,  and  take  some  active  part  in 
them." 

Since  the  organization  of  this  Society,  its  membership  has 


130  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

grown  with  wonderful  rapidity.  Each  Chapter  is  under  the  con- 
trol of  the  Quarterly  Conference  and  Pastor,  whose  duty  it  shall 
be  "  to  organize,  if  possible,  and  to  maintain,  if  practicable, 
Chapters  of  the  Epworth  League."  The  President  of  a  Chapter 
must  be  a  member  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  and  shall 
be  elected  by  the  Chapter  and  confirmed  by  the  Quarterly  Con- 
ference, of  which  body  he  then  becomes  a  member.  Members 
are  constituted  by  election  of  the  Chapter,  on  nomination  of  the 
President,  after  approval  by  the  Cabinet. 

The  Junior  Epworth  League  is  an  organization,  carried  on 
under  the  same  general  plan,  but  composed  of  boys  and  girls  un- 
der fourteen  years  of  age.  This  awakens  an  interest  in  the 
Church  in  early  years,  and  builds  about  the  lives  of  the  mem- 
bers a  defense  of  strength  by  which  they  may  resist  later  attacks 
of  the  "wily  adversary." 

The  motto  of  the  League  Badge,  "  Look  up — Lift  up,"  is 
most  suggestive  of  the  object  of  the  organization,  and  when 
made  the  purpose  of  the  daily  life  must  be  a  power  for  good  felt 
through  the  ages  of  eternity. 


BAPTIST   YOUNG    PEOPLE'S    UNION   OF    AMERICA. 

In  1891  a  call  was  issued  for  a  convention  of  the  young 
people  of  the  Baptist  church  in  America  to  meet  in  Chicago  for 
the  purpose  of  forming  an  international  organization.  The  call 
was  responded  to  by  2,900  Christian  workers  of  that  denomina- 
tion and  an  organization  was  formed  under  the  name  of  the  Bap- 
tist Young  People's  Union  of  America. 

A  second  convention  was  held  at  Detroit,  in  1892,  where 
there  was  an  attendance  of  over  4,100,  and  the  plans  for  work 
were  broadened  and  elaborated. 

The  third  international  convention  was  held  in  Indianapolis 
in  July,  1893,  where  the  attendance  was  fully  equal  to  the  meet- 
ing of  the  previous  year  at  Detroit,  and  the  reports  of  the  Board 
of  Managers  and  officers  showed  a  year  of  successful  work. 


SOCIETIES — BAPTIST   YOUNG   PEOPLE'S   UNION.  131 

As  stated  in  the  International  Constitution,  the  object  of  the 
organization  is  "for  the  unification  of  Baptist  young  people; 
their  increased  spirituality ;  their  stimulation  in  Christian  service ; 
their  edification  in  Scripture  knowledge;  their  instruction  in 
Baptist  doctrine  and  history,  and  their  enlistment  in  all  mission- 
ary activity  through  existing  denominational  organizations." 

The  membership  of  the  Union  consists  of  accredited  dele- 
gates from  Young  People's  Societies  in  Baptist  churches,  and 
from  Baptist  churches  having  no  Young  People's  organization. 
The  officers  consist  of  a  President,  three  Vice-Presidents,  a  Re- 
cording Secretary,  and  a  Treasurer.  The  Board  of  Managers  is 
made  up  of  the  officers  of  the  Union  and  one  additional  member 
for  each  State,  Province,  Territory  and  country  represented  in 
the  annual  meeting. 

Beside  the  International  Organization,  the  States,  Provinces, 
Territories,  etc.,  are  organized,  and  these,  in  turn,  are  supple- 
mented by  Associational  organizations  to  which  the  Local  organi- 
zations or  Unions  are  tributary.  The  plan  is  representative  and 
has  proved  an  abundant  success. 

Of  course  the  local  Unions  are  where  the  work  is  done. 
These  are  thoroughly  systematic  and  labor  largely  through  com- 
mittees, though  individual  Christian  work  is  not  neglected. 
They  provide  for  eight  distinct  lines  of  work,  each  being  in 
charge  of  a  committee.  These  are  as  follows :  Committee  on 
Membership,  who  has  charge  of  the  distribution  of  invitation 
cards ;  bringing  in  new  members,  and  encouraging  and  interest- 
ing them  in  the  work.  Devotional  Committee,  which  arranges  for 
devotional  meetings ;  provides  topics,  singing  books,  leaders  and 
organist,  and  seeks  to  promote  the  interest  of  these  meetings ; 
the  Committee  on  Instruction,  which  is  charged  with  the  ar- 
rangement of  Bible  study,  lectures  on  religious  topics,  and 
courses  of  general,  denominational,  and  missionary  reading  and 
instruction.  Social  Committee,  whose  duties  are  to  call  upon 
and  welcome  strangers;  provide  for  sociables,  and  extend  the 
acquaintance  of  the  membership.  The  committee  on  Tracts  and 


132  THE   WHITE  CITY  —  SOCIETIES. 

Publications  provides  for  the  circulation  of  the  Scriptures,  tracts 
and  other  current  denominational  literatui'e.  The  Missionary 
Committee  divides  the  territory  of  the  church  into  districts ;  se- 
cures visitors ;  seeks  new  scholars  for  the  Sunday  school ;  visits 
absent  scholars ;  assists  the  pastor  in  securing  contributions  for 
missions  and  other  objects,  and  seeks  to  inspire  the  young  with 
a  true  Christian  spirit.  The  Committee  on  Temperance,  distrib- 
utes literature  on  the  subject;  arranges  for  meetings,  and  seeks 
to  diffuse  a  spirit  of  temperance  in  the  community.  The  Ex- 
ecutive Committee,  consisting  of  the  pastor  and  officers  of  the 
Union,  considers  all  matters  of  business  and  reports  to  the  church 
the  progress  of  the  work. 

There  is  a  course  of  Daily  Bible  Reading  prescribed  and  a 
Weekly  Bible  Study.  The  meetings  of  the  Unions  comprise  the 
Prayer  Meeting,  the  Conquest  Meeting  and  the  Monthly  Sym- 
posium. 

Different  portions  of  the  country  are  designated  by  different 
colors:  The  Convention  color  is  White;  the  color  for  Canada 
is  Scarlet;  for  the  Northern  States,  east  of  the  Mississippi,  Gold; 
for  the  Northern  States,  west  of  the  Mississippi,  Blue;  and  for 
the  Southern  States,  Olive  Green. 

While  the  Union  is  only  two  years  old,  it  has  now  not  less 
than  4,500  local  Unions,  in  thirty  different  States  and  Provinces, 
and  about  300  Associate  Unions. 

An  official  organ  called  the  Voting  Peoples  Union  is  a  bright, 
newsy  paper  published  at  Chicago. 


MRS.     POTTER,     PALMER. 


Gelumbian   Bxpos'ifei©^. 


Pursuant  to  "An  act  to  provide  for  celebrating  the  four  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Christopher 
Columbus,  by  holding  an  international  exhibition  of  arts,  indus- 
tries, manufactures,  and  the  products  of  the  soil,  mine  and  sea,  in 
the  City  of  Chicago,  in  the  State  of  Illinois,"  a  National  World's 
Columbian  Commission  was  appointed,  consisting  of  two  Com- 
missioners from  each  State  and  Territory  of  the  Union  and  the 
District   of   Columbia,    with    eight    Commissioners-at-large,    to- 
gether  with    the  same  number   of  Alternates.     These  appoint- 
ments were  to  be  made  by  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
the  Governors  of  the  respective  Commonwealths  to  recommend 
these  Commissioners  in  the  case  of  the  States  and  Territories, 
and  honors  to  be  equally  divided  from  a  political  point  of  view.' 
The  date  of  the   Exposition   was   fixed  as  May  i,    1893,   to  be 
continued  until- October  26th,  of  the  same  year. 

The  first  session  of  the  World's  Columbian  Commission  was 
held  June  26,  1890,  at  Chicago,  with  the  following  officers 
chosen : 

President,  Thomas  W.  Palmer  of  Michigan ;  First  Vice- 
President,  Thomas  M.  Waller  of  Connecticut;  Second  Yice-Pres- 
ident,  M.  H.  De  Young  of  California;  Third  Vice-President, 
Davidson  B.  Penn  of  Louisiana;  Fourth  Vice-President,  Gorton 
W.  Allen  of  New  York ;  Fifth  Vice-President,  Alexander  B. 
Andrews  of  North  Carolina ;  Secretary,  John  T.  Dickinson  of 
Texas;  Vice-Chairman  Executive  Committee,  James  A.  Mc- 
Kenzie  of  Kentucky. 

On  the  fifteenth  of  September  the  Commission  met  a  sec- 

Coliiniliiuii   K\|».sition.  I 


2  THE    WHITE    CITY  —  COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION'. 

ond  time  and  elected  Hon.  Geo.  R.  Davis,  Director-General;  ap- 
pointed a  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  and  attended  to  many  im- 
portant duties  connected  with  the  Exposition. 

To  enter  into  details  in  connection  with  the  labors  of  the 
Commission  would  require  more  space  than  can  be  appropriated 
for  the  purpose  in  these  pages.  What  the  public  is  most  inter- 
ested in  is  the  result  of  their  labors,  and  a  general  outline  of  the 
Departments  comprehended  by  the  Exposition.  These  latter 
consist  of  the  following,  the  Chiefs  of  which  are  appointed  by 
the  Director-General,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  National 
Commission  and  Board  of  Directors : 

Department  A. — Agriculture,  .Food  and  Food  Products, 
Farming  Machinery  and  Appliances;  W.  I.  Buchanan,  Chief. 

Department  B. — Viticulture,  Horticulture,  and  Floricul- 
ture; J.  M.  Samuels,  Chief. 

Department  C. — Live  Stock — Domestic  animals;  W.  I. 
Buchanan,  Acting  Chief. 

Department  D. — Fish,  Fisheries,  F'ish  Products,  and  Ap- 
paratus for  Fishing;  J.  W.  Collins,  Chief. 

Department  E. — Mines,  Mining  and  Metallurgy  ;  Frederick 
J.  V.  Skiff,  Chief. 

Department  F. — Machinery ;  L.  W.  Robinson,  Chief. 

Department  G. — Transportation  Exhibits — Railways,  Ves- 
sels and  Vehicles;  Willard  A.  Smith,  Chief. 

Department  H. — Manufactures ;  James  Allison,  Chief. 

Department  J. — Electricity,  and  Electrical  Appliances;  J.  P. 
Barrett,  Chief. 

Department  K. — Fine  Arts — Pictorial,  Plastic  and  Decora- 
tive; Halsey  C.  Ives,  Chief. 

Department  L. — Liberal  Arts,  Education,  Engineering, 
Public  Works,  Architecture,  Music  and  the  Drama;  Selim  H. 
Peabody,  Chief. 

Department  M. — Ethnology,  Archseology,  Progress  of  La- 
bor and  Invention — Isolated  and  Collective  Exhibits ;  F.  W. 
Putnam,  Chief. 


PRESIDENT     TIKIS.      W.     1'ALMKK 


THK    COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION.  -, 

Department  N.— Forestry    and   Forest  Products;.  W.  I.  Bu- 
chanan, Acting  Chief. 

Department  O.— Publicity  and  Promotion ;  Moses  P  Handy 
Chief. 

Department  P.— Foreign  Affairs ;  Walker  Fearu,  Chief. 
Secretary  of  Installation ;  Jos.  Hirst. 

The  officers  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  con- 
sist of  the  following  well-known  and  capable  representatives : 

President,  Harlow  N.  Higinbotham;  First  A7ice-President, 
Ferdinand  W.  Peck;  Second  Vice-President,  Robert  A.  Waller;' 
Secretary,  Howard  O.  Edmonds ;  Assistant  Secretary,  Samuel  A.' 
Crawford ;  Treasurer,  Anthony  F.  Seeberger  ;  Auditor,  William 
K.  Ackerman  ;  Assistant  Auditor,  Charles  V.  Barrington.  Law 
Department:  Attorney,  W.  K.  Carlisle;  Assistant  Attorneys, 
George  Packard,  Chas.  H.  Baldwin  and  Joseph  Cummins. 

The  Board  of  Directors  for  1892  and  1893  is  composed  of  the 
following: 

William  T.  Baker,  C.  K.  G.  Billings,  Thomas  B.  Bryan, 
Edward  B.  Butler,  Benjamin  Butterworth,  Isaac  N.  Camp,  Wil- 
liam J.  Chalmers,  Robert  C.  dowry,  Charles  H.  Chappell,  George 
R.  Davis,  Arthur  Dixon,  James  W.  Ellsworth,  George  P.  Engel- 
hard, Lyman  J.  Gage,  Charles  Henrotin,  H.  N.  Higinbotham, 
Charles  L.  Hutchinson,  Elbridge  G.  Keith,  William  D.  Kerfoot, 
William  P.  Ketcham,  Milton  W.  Kirk,  Edward  F.  Lawrence' 
Thies  J.  Lefens,  Andrew  McNally,  Adolph  Nathan,  Robert  Nel- 
son, John  J.  P.  Odell,  Ferd.  W.  Peck,  Eugene  S.  Pike,  Washing- 
ton Porter,  Alexander  H.  Revell,  Edward  P.  Ripley,  A.  M. 
Rothschild,  George  Schneider,  Charles  H.  Schwab,  Paul  O. 
Stensland,  Henry  B.  Stone,  Charles  H.  Wacker,  Edwin  Walker- 
Robert  A.  Waller,  Hempstead  Washburne,  John  C.  Welling, 
Frederick  S.  Winston,  G.  H.  Wheeler,  Charles  T.  Yerkes. 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  Board  of  Directors  is  repre- 
sented by  such  names  as : 

Harlow  N.  Higinbotham,   President;    Ferdinand  W.   Peck, 


4  THK   WHITE   CITY  —  COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION.' 

First  Vice-President;  Robert  A.  Waller,  Second  Yice-President; 
Henry  B.  Stone,  Edwin  Walker,  Win.  D.  Kerfoot,  Chas.  H. 
Schwab,  Alexander  H.  Revell,  Edward  P.  Ripley,  George  R. 
Davis,  Charles  L.  Hutchinson,  James  W.  Ellsworth,  Robert  C. 
dowry,  John  J.  P.  Odell,  Edward  B.  Butler,  Thies  J.  Lefens, 
Lyman  J.  Gage,  Wm,  T.  Baker;  H.  O.  Edmonds,  Secretary. 

The  Standing  Committees  of  the  Directory  are  composed  of 
the  President  and  Director-General  as  ex-officio  members,  and 
have  been  named  as  follows : 

AGRICULTURE. 

Wm.  D.  Kerfoot,  Chairman;  Thies  J.  Lefens,  Isaac  N. 
Camp,  Geo.  Schneider,  Washington  Porter. 

ELECTRICITY,    ELECTRICAL    AND    PXEUMATICAL    APPLIANCES 

Robert  C.  dowry,  Chairman;  Charles  H.  Wacker,  C.  K. 
G.  Billings,  Robert  Nelson,  Charles  L.  Hutchinson. 

FINE   ARTS. 

Charles  L.  Hutchinson,  Chairman  ;  James  WT.  Ellsworth, 
Elbridge  G.  Keith,  Charles  T.  Yerkes,  Eugene  S.  Pike. 

FINANCE. 

Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  Chairman ;  Elbridge  G.  Keith,  John 
J.  P.  Odell,  Lyman  J.  Gage,  Harlow  X.  Higinbotham. 

FOREIC;x    EXHIBITS. 

Thies  J.  Lefens,  Chairman;  James  W.  Ellsworth,  Charles 
H.  Wacker,  Harlow  N.  Higinbotham,  Charles  Henrotiii;  R.  L- 
Fearn,  Secretary. 

GROUNDS    AND    BUILDINGS. 

Henry  B.  Stone,  Chairman;  Lyman  J.  Gage,  Robert  C. 
Clowry,  Wm.  P.  Ketcham,  Edward  F.  Lawrence,  Charles  H. 
Schwab,  Eugene  S.  Pike. 


LYMAN  J,  GAGE. 


THE  COLUMBIAN   EXPOSITON.  c 

LIBERAL   ARTS. 

James  W.  Ellsworth,  Chairman  ;  Robert  A.  Waller,  Isaac 
N.  Camp,  Alexander  H.  Revell,  George  P.  Engelhard. 

LEGISLATION. 

Edwin  Walker,  Chairman;  Fred  S.  Winston,  Ferd.  W.  Peck, 
Benj.  Butterworth,  Arthnr  Dixon. 

MINES,    MINING,    AND    FISH. 

Charles  H,  Schwab,  Chairman ;  Win.  J.  Chalmers,  Robert 
Nelson,  John  C.  Welling,  Arthur  Dixon. 

MANUFACTURES' AND    MACHINERY. 

John  J.    P.    Odell,    Chairman;    Andrew    McNally,   A.    M. 
Rothschild,  Adolph  Nathan,  Paul  O.  Stensland. 

PRESS   AND    PRINTING. 

Alexander  H.  Revell,  Chairman  ;    Benj.   Butterworth,  Ed- 
ward B.  Butler,  Milton  W.  Kirk,  George  Schneider;  R.  J.  Mur- 
.  phy,  Secretary. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

Edward  P.  Ripley,  Chairman;  Henry  B.  Stone,  Charles  H. 
Chappell,  John  C.  Welling,  G.  H.  Wheeler. 

WAYS    AND    MEANS. 

Edward  B.  Butler,  Chairman;  Adolph  Nathan,  George 
Schneider,  Edward  F.  Lawrence,  Edward  P.  Ripley,  Charles  H. 
Wacker,  Milton  W.  Kirk,  Willam  J.  Chalmers,  Andrew  Mc- 
Nally, Robert  A.  Waller,  Washington  Porter,  William  D.  Ker- 
foot;  Samuel  A.  Crawford,  Secretary. 

As  a  convenient  and  comprehensive  summary  we  append 
the  following: 

BOARD  OF  REFERENCE  AND  CONTROL. 

NATIONAL    WORLD'S    COLUMBIAN    COMMISSION. 

Thomas  W.    Palmer,    Thomas    M.    Waller,  James  A.   Me- 


0  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION. 

Kenzie,  Elijah  B.  Martindale.  George  V.  Massey,  J.  W.  St.  Clair, 

William  Lindsay,  Michael  H.  de  Young. 

t 
WORLD'S  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 

H.  N.  Higinbotham,  Edwin  Walker,  Ferd.  W.  Peck,  H.  B. 
Stone,  R.  A.  Waller,  E.  P.  Ripley,  L.  J.  Gage.  John  J.  P.  Odell. 


On  August  18,  1892,  the  Joint  Board  of  Reference  and  Con- 
trol approved  the  appointment  of  a  "Council  of  Administra- 
tion," consisting  of  two  members  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Commission  and  two  Directors  of  the  World's  Columbian  Expo- 
sition and  named  the  following : 

Harlow  N.  Higiubotham,  Chairman  (President  World's 
Columbian  Exposition) ;  Chas.  H.  Schwab,  Director  World's 
Columbian  Exposition ;  Geo.  V.  Masse}",  Commissioner  from 
Delaware;  J.  W.  St.  Clair,  Commissioner  from  West  Virginia; 
A.  W.  Sawyer,  Secretary. 

The  Bureau  of  Public  Comfort  consists  of  W.  Marsh  Kas-  . 
son,  Chief  of  Bureau;  Members  of  the  Board  of  Control :    H.  N. 
Higinbotham,  Chairman ;  E.  B.  Butler,  R.  A.  Waller. 

The  Board  of  Management  and  Control,  in  charge  of  the 
United  States  Government  Exhibit,  consists  of  the  following 
named  members : 

Edwin  Willits,  Chairman,  Assistant  Secretary  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture;  Sevellon  A.  Brown,  Chief  Clerk  De- 
partment of  State;  Fred  A.  Stocks,  Chief  Clerk  Treasury 
Department;  Maj.  Clifton  Comly,  U.  S.  A.,  War  Department; 
Commodore  R.  W.  Meade,  U.  S.  N.,  Navy  Department;  Horace 
A.  Taylor,  Commissioner  of  Railroads,  Department  of  the  Inter- 
ior; A.  D.  Hazen,  Third  Assistant  Postmaster-General,  P.  O. 
Department;  E.  C.  Foster,  General  Agent  Department  of  Justice; 
G.  Brown  Goode,  Assistant  Secretary  Smithsonian  Institute  and 
National  Museum;  Tarleton  H.  Bean,  United  States  Fish  Com- 

• 

mission;  F.  T.  Bickford,  Secretary  and  Executive  Officer. 


WILLIAM  T.  BAKER. 


THE    COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION.  7 

The  Bureau  of  Admissions  and  Collections  consists  of: 
Edward  B.  Butler,  Chairman;  Harlow  N.  Higinbotham, 
Anthony  F.  Seeberger,  Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  William  K.  Acker- 
man;  H.  O.  Edmonds,  Secretary ;  Horace  Tucker,  Superintendent 
of  Admission;  E.  A.  Felder,  Assistant  Superintendent;  Paul 
Blackmar,  Superintendent  of  Collections;  Director  of  Public 
Works,  D.  H.  Burnham;  Assistant  Director  of  Public  Works, 
E.  R.  Graham;  Secretary  of  Public  WTorks,  M.  B.  Pickett. 

THK    HOARD    OF    LADY    MANAGERS. 

The  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Commission,  which  was  created  and  authorized  by  the  concur- 
rent action  of  Congress  and  the  Columbian  Commission,  has 
been  given  control  of  the  interests  of  women  at  the  Exposition. 
Their  first  object  was  to  secure  from  every  country  a  representa- 
tive collection  which  should  convey  an  adequate  idea  of  the 
value  and  extent  of  work  accomplished  by  women,  not  only  in 
the  arts  and  sciences,  but  in  industries,  the  latter  including 
competitive  positions  which,  as  bread-winners,  they  are  now 
occupying  side  by  side  with  men, -as  well  as  those  which  may  be 
considered  better  suited  to  their  natural  tastes  and  temperaments. 

After  much  consultation  and  deliberation  it  was  decided  by 
the  Board  that  in  the  general  Exposition  buildings — where  all 
competitive  displays  were  to  be  placed— no  attempt  would  be  made 
for  a  special  Department  of  Woman's  Work,  this  position  being 
favored  by^those  most  interested,  the  competitors  urging  recogni- 
tion on  the  grounds  of  merit,  alone.  In  order  to  fully  demon- 
strate the  proportion  of  labor  performed  by  women,  in  all  the 
industrial  departments,  where  they  are  co-workers  with  men, 
tabulated  statements  have  been  furnished  with  each  exhibit  and 
thus  theExposition  will  prove  of  future  benefit  to  this  numerous 
class  of  exhibitors. 

By  Act  of  Congress  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  was 
granted  the  privilege  of  appointing  members  on  each  jury  to 
award  prizes  for  exhibits  where  woman's  work  entered  into  com- 


8  THE    WHITE    CITY  —  COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION. 

petition,  the  number  of  jurors  being  in  proportion  to  the  contri- 
butions of  women  in  the  corresponding  department. 

An  opportunity  of  displaying  work  of  superior  excellence 
has  been  granted  in  the  Woman's  Building,  over  which  the 
Board  of  Lady  Alanagers  exercises  entire  control.  This  edifice  is 
situated  near  one  of  the  principal  entrances  to  the  Exposition  and 
commands  a  fine  view  of  the  buildings  and  grounds.  Its  dimeii- 
tions  are  400x200  feet  and  its  cost  $200,000.  Miss  Haydeu,  of 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  was  the  successful  competitor  for  the 
plans  of  the  Woman's  Building,  and  proved  not  only  gifted  as  a 
designer,  but  was  able  to  carry  out  the  working  drawings  in  an 
entire!}"  satisfactory  and  highly  creditable  manner. 

This  building  contains  ample  parlors,  social  headquarters, 
committee  rooms  and  balconies,  and  a  congress  hall  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  clubs  of  women,  or  for  addresses  of  distinguished 
visitors.  There  is  a  room  devoted  to  a  library  of  the  books  written 
by  women,  and  a  department  for  statistics  of  such  work  as  cannot 
be  conveniently  exhibited;  and  in  fact,  a  representation  of  all  the 
interests  of  women,  both  practical  and  artistic,  is  also  shown. 

The  exhibit  in  this  Building  fully  demonstrates  the  origin- 
ality and  inventive  genius  of  women,  and  traces  the'developuient 
from  primitive  designs  and  construction  to  the  exquisite  textiles 
and  manufactures  of  the  present  day.  In  the  Gallerv  of  Honor 
the  most  creditable  work  in  the  arts,  sciences  and  industries  has 
been  placed,  the  limited  space  here  afforded  rendering  it  neces- 
sary to  admit  exhibits  only  011  invitation  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers,  and  not  upon  the  application  of  individuals,  hence  the 
character  of  the  display  is  of  highest  excellence,  and  the  name  of 
each  favored  exhibitor  inscribed  upon  a  roll  of  honor,  indeed. 
The  decoration  of  the  interior  of  the  Woman's  Building,  as  well 
as  the  installation  of  the  exhibits  therein  has  been  entirely  in  the 
charge  of  Mrs.  Candace  Wheeler,'  of  New  York,  Director  of  the 
Woman's  Building,  who  is  considered  the  mother  of  decorative 
art  and  woman's  exchanges  in  this  country. 

The  Children's  Building  is  also  under  the  supervision  of  the 


HARLOW  X.  HIGINBOTHAM. 


THE  COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION.  9 

Board  of  Lady  Managers,  and  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  and 
delightful  departments  created  by  their  united  efforts.  It  is  pri- 
marily an  educational  exhibit,  and  practically  demonstrates  the 
improved  methods  adopted  by  the  Nineteenth  Century  in  the 
care  and  training  of  children,  beginning  with  the  infant  and  con- 
tinuing through  the  years  of  childhood  and  youth.  This  Build- 
ing has  been  provided  with  all  the  comforts  and  conveniences 
which  thoughtful  attention  to  children's  wants  could  suggest, 
while  the  artistic  features  have  not  been  omitted  from  its  con- 
struction. Airs.  Geo.  L.  Dunlap,  of  Chicago,  is  the  Director,  and 
to  her  ability  and  energy  are  due,  in  a  great  measure,  the  suc- 
cess of  this  beautiful  enterprise.  She  has  been  ably  seconded  by 
an  Executive  Committee  consisting  of  Mrs.  Solomon  Thatcher, 
Jr.,  Mrs.  W.  W.  Kimball,  Mrs.  L.  Brace  Shattuck  and  Mrs. 
Leander  Stern,  all  of  Chicago. 

No  appropriation  was  made  by  the  Exposition  authorities  for 
the  Children's  Building,  and  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  as- 
sumed the  responsibility  of  raising  the  funds  for  its  erection. 
In  this  their  efforts  were  seconded  by  the  Lady  Managers  of  the 
State  Boards,  and  contributions  have  been  received  from  nearly 
every  commonwealth  of  the  United  States  toward  the  object 
which  meets  such  heart}'  and  universal  approval,  even  the  chil- 
dren adding  their  mite  to  the  general  fund. 

Woman's  work  is  becoming  more  and  more  a  recognized  fac- 
tor in  the  industrial  world,  but  her  best  efforts  are  shown  in  re- 
formatory, charitable  and  educational  measures,  where  she  labors 
with  the  courage  of  conviction  in  the  justice  of  her  cause  for  the 
elevation  of  the  highest  standard  of  morality,  the  alleviation  of 
suffering  and  the  general  upbuilding  and  betterment  of  the  race. 
Much  credit  is  due  to  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  for  so  com- 
prehensive a  representation  of  woman's  work  through  these 
departments  of  peace  and  progress. 

Individual  mention  of  the  members  of  the  Board  of  Lady 
Managers  is  impossible  in  this  connection,  other  than  a  list  of  its 
Officers,  whose  name  are  appended,  as  follows  : 


IO  THE    WHITK    CITY  —  COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION. 

President,  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  Chicago ;  First  Vice-Presi- 
dent, Mrs.  Ralph  Trautman,  New  York;  Second  Vice-President, 
Mrs.  Edwin  C.  Bnrleigh,  Maine;  Third  Vice-President,  Mrs. 
Charles  Price,  North  Carolina;  Fourth  Vice-President,  Miss 
Katherine  L.  Minor, Louisiana;  Fifth  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Beriah 
Wilkins,  District  of  Columbia  ;  Sixth  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Susan 
R.  Ashley,  Colorado;  Seventh  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Flora  Beall 
Ginty,  Wisconsin ;  Eighth  Vice-President,  Mrs.  Margaret  Blaiiie 
Salisbury,  Utah  ;  Vice-President-at-large,  Mrs.  Russell  B.  Har- 
rison, Montana;  Secretary,  Mrs.  Susan  Gale  Cooke,  Tennessee. 


PROMINENT    WORLD'S    FAIR    OFFICIALS. 

HOMAS   WETHERELL   PALMER. 

The  subject  of  this  brief  sketch  is  a  native  of  Michigan,  and 
was  born  in  Detroit,  on  June  25,  1830.  His  parents  were  east- 
ern people,  the  father  being  a  native  of  Connecticut,  and  his 
mother — a  Dutch  descendant  of  Roger  Williams — claiming 
Rhode  Island  for  her  native  State.  He  graduated  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan,  and  later,  accompanied  by  a  party  of  friends, 
made  a  pedestrian  tour  through  Spain,  which  afforded  the  oppor- 
tunity of  such  acquaintance  with  the  people  of  that  country  as 
proved  of  exceeding  advantage  in  later  years. 

On  his  return  to  this  country  he  engaged  in  business  in 
Wisconsin  and  afterward  located  in  Detroit,  Michigan,  where  he 
has  since  been  identified  with  the  interests  of  that  city. 

The  politics  of  the  State  have  largely  occupied  Mr.  Palmer's 
attention,  and  he  has  been  honored  by  election  to  the  State  Sen- 
ate, and  has  also  served  his  constituents  as  United  States  Senator 
for  a  period  of  six  years.  In  1889,  he  was  appointed  Minister 
Plenipotentiary  and  Envoy  Extraordinary  to  the  Court  of  Spain, 
and  the  acquaintance  of  former  years  served  a  good  turn  in 
giving  him  a  practical  knowledge  of  the  people  witli  whom  he 
was  thus  thrown  in  contact. 

Mr.  Palmer's  appointment  to  the  important  office  of  Presi- 


FERDINAND  W.  PECK. 


THK    COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION.  II 

deut  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  has  met  with  univer- 
sal approval,  since  he  is  possessed  of  those  qualities  which  in- 
spire confidence  in  his  ability  to  bring  to  a  successful  issue 
so  stupendous  an  undertaking.  All  honor  to  one  upon  whom 
such  dignities  have  fallen,  and  of  whom  it  may  truly  be  said- 
he  is  worthy  of  them  all. 

I.VMAX   J.    GAGE. 

Since  1855  Chicago  has  claimed  among  its  worth}'  citizens 
Lyman  J.  Gage,  the  subject  of  this  brief  sketch.  He  is  a  New 
Yorker  by  birth,  waking  to  the  consciousness  of  life  at  De 
Ruyter,  Madison  Count}',  that  State,  on  June  28,  1836.  He  was 
graduated  from  the  academy  at  Rome,  and,  in  the  East,  began 
his  business  career. 

His  first  connection  with  the  commercial  enterprises  of 
Chicago  was  as  cashier  of  the  Merchant's  Loan  and  Trust  Com- 
pany, of  that  city,  holding  the  position  for  thirteen  years,  during 
which  period  he  fully  demonstrated  his  capability  as  a  financier. 
In  1868  he  was  made  Cashier  of  the  First  National  Bank,  and  in 
this  capacity,  as  well  as  that  of  the  highest  official  of  this  insti- 
tution, he  has  continuously  managed  its  affairs,  to  the  upbuilding 
of  the  "  great  bank  of  the  West." 

Mr.  Gage  is  not  a  man  of  "one  idea,"  and  that  a  selfish  one; 
he  has  interested  himself  for  many  years  in  philosophical  and 
sociological  questions,  and  has  always  advocated  calm  and  intelli- 
gent discussion  of  the  difficult  problems  which  have  arisen  be- 
tween capital  and  labor,  maintaining  that  only  in  this  manner 
could  each  be  cognizant  of  the  needs  of  the  other.  The  "Eco- 
nomic Conferences,"  for  mutual  and  free  discussion  of  these  sub- 
jects of  vital  interest,  were  largely  promoted  by  his  earnest 
endeavor  to  establish  satisfactory  relations  between  these  other- 
wise opposing  elements. 

From  the  time  of  the  inception  of  the  Fair,  Mr.  Gage  has 
labored  in  its  interest,  and,  as  first  President  of  the  Board  of 
Directors  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  inspired  his 


12  THK    WHITK    CITY COLUMBIAN    KXPOSITION. 

associates  with  confidence  in  its  unqualified  success.  His  re- 
linquishment  of  that  important  position,  owing  to  the  demands  of 
his  large  business  interests,  was  looked  upon  as  a  severe  loss  to 
the  enterprise,  though  his  continuance  on  the  Board  as  Director, 
has  in  a  measure  satisfied  his  co-workers  to  his  resignation  as 
President. 

There  is  no  name  connected  with  Chicago's  business  or 
social  life,  which  commands  higher  respect,  than  that  of  Lyman 
J.  Gage,  Director  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

WILLIAM    T.    BAKKR. 

Among  those  who  have  been  prominently  associated  with 
the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  and  have  honored  the  posi- 
tion to  which  they  have  been  called,  is  William  T.  Baker. 

He  was  born  at  West  Winfield,  New  York,  in  1841,  and 
early  in  life  entered  the  business  arena,  taking  a  clerkship  in  a 
store  in  Groton,  New  York,  when  only  fourteen  years  of  age. 
At  McLean,  in  the  same  State,  he  later  engaged  in  business 
with  the  firm  of  D.  B.  Marsh  &  Co.,  remaining  in  their  employ 
six  years.  He  removed  to  Chicago  in  1861  and  engaged  as  book- 
keeper with  Hinkley  &  Handy,  commission  merchants,  whose 
place  of  business  was  at  that  time  located  on  South  Water  Street, 
in  the  old  Board  of  Trade  Building. 

Later,  Mr.  Baker  was  identified  with  this  firm  as  a  partner 
in  the  business,  but  in  1868  became  associated  with  C.  A.  Knight 
and  W.  F.  Cobb,  these  relations  existing  until  1872,  when,  on 
Mr.  Knight's  withdrawal  from  the  Company,  it  continued  busi- 
ness under  the  name  of  W.  T.  Baker  cc  Co. 

After  the  great  fire  of  1871,  this  firm  did  business  from 
temporary  quarters  on  the  West  Side,  and  then  located  on  La 
Salle  Street,  where  they  remained  for  seven  years.  On  the  com- 
pletion of  the  new  Board  of  Trade,  they  removed  thither,  and 
later  established  themselves  in  the  Phcenix  building,  their 
present  location. 

Mr.  Baker  has  served  two  terms  as  President  of  the  Board 


AXTHONY  F.  SEEHKRGKR 


THE   COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITON.  13 

of  Trade,  which  difficult  position  he  filled  most  creditably  to  him- 
self and  acceptably  to  his  colleagues. 

From  the  earliest  movement  in  regard  to  the  World's  Fair, 
his  name  has  been  coupled  with  those  who  have  given  the  enter- 
prise hearty  support  and  encouragement.  As  a  Director  of  the 
Exposition,  he  was  ever  a  faithful  and  earnest  worker,  and  when 
his  name  was  considered  to  succeed  Hon.  Lynian  J.  Ga^e,  as 
President  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  his  qualification 
for  the  trying  position  brought  to  his  support  a  strong  following, 
since  owing  to  his  training  as  a  presiding  officer,  as  well  as  his 
conservatism  and  understanding  of  "men  and  affairs,"  he  was 
eminently  fitted  for  the  peculiar  duties  of  this  most  delicate 
position. 

That  he  proved  a  most  acceptable  officer,  all  will  admit,  and 
also  acknowledge  the  ability  and  energy  with  which  he  prose- 
cuted his  labors  while  occupying  the  honorable  position  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

HARLOW    N.    HIGINBOTHAM. 

This  will  introduce  to  our  readers  Harlow  N.  Higinbotham, 
President  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition ;  not  that  the 
name  is  an  unfamiliar  one,  either  in  the  city  of  Chicago  or  in 
Illinois,  his  native  State,  but  in  order  to  record  briefly  the  events 
which  have  shaped  the  life  of  this  respected  citizen  and  efficient 
officer  of  the  World's  Fair. 

Mr.  Higinbotham  was  born  at  Joliet,  in  the  year  1838,  and 
is  consequently  in  the  fifty-fifth  year  of  his  age— a  period  of 
maturity,  yet  aglow  with  the  earnestness  of  business  activity 
and  enterprise.  The  earlier  years  of  his  life  were  spent  upon 
a  farm,  and,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  took  a  position  in  a 
store  in  Joliet,  where  he  remained  until  1858,  when  he  removed 
to  Oconto,  Wisconsin,  accepting  a  position  in  a  bank,  as  book- 
keeper, until  called  to  a  similar  occupation  in  Morris,  Illinois. 

In  1861  Mr.  Higinbotham  took  up  his  residence  in  Chicago, 
which  city  has  since  been  his  home,  and  where  he  first  became 


14  THK  WHITE  CITY  —  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 

associated  with  its  business  interests  by  a  connection  with  the 
firm  of  Cooley,  Farwell  &  Co.  In  1865,  Field,  Palmer  &  Leiter 
organized  the  business  which  became,  in  later  years,  a  mercan- 
tile house  of  mammoth  proportions ,  and,  though  a  number  of 
changes  have  occurred,  Mr.  Higinbotham  still  retains  the  im- 
portant and  responsible  position  of  head  creditman  of  this  firm. 

It  is  hardly  necessary  to  state  that  his  qualifications  are 
superior,  since  his  business  career  has  been  so  eminently  suc- 
cessful. He  is  a  conservative  man,  and  weighs  all  matters  care- 
fully before  giving  them  sanction.  These  qualities,  united  with 
an  earnestness  and  zeal  for  the  success  of  the  Exposition,  ren- 
dered him  most  acceptable  to  the  Commission  and  the  Directory 
for  the  trying  and  responsible  position  of  President  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

With  the  close  of  the  first  year  of  his  official  management, 
the  success  of  the  enterprise  was  assured,  and  his  re-election  is 
but  another  mark  of  the  esteem  and  confidence  in  which  he  is 
held,  while  it  insures  to  the  Exposition  his  earnest  efforts,  as 
well  as  the  benefit  of  his  conservative  management. 

FERDINAND   W.    PECK. 

A  name  which  is  almost  a  household  word  in  Chicago,  is 
Ferdinand  W.  Peck,  since  he  has  been  connected  with  so  many 
gigantic  enterprises,  and  is  so  prominent  in  business  and  social 
circles.  He  was  born  in  Chicago,  in  1848,  and  received  his 
education  in  that  city,  finally  graduating  from  the  Chicago  Law 
School,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  though  not  engaging  in  the 
profession. 

Mr.  Peck  is  a  business  man  who  has  demonstrated  the  suc- 
cess of  liberal  investments.  He  inherited  a  large  fortune,  at  the 
death  of  his  father,  and  the  estate  has  been  managed  with  won- 
derful skill  and  enterprise.  Large  ventures  delight  him  most, 
and  his  important  connection  with  the  erection  of  the  Auditor- 
ium, which  is  recognized  as  a  most  wonderful  structure  both  in 
this  country  and  in  Europe,  and  which  contains  the  largest 


CHARLES  CARROLL  BOXXEY. 


THE   COLUMBIAN   EXPOSITION.  15 

theatre  in  the  world,  has  further  demonstrated  his  position  as  a 
capable  financier. 

With  wealth  at  his  command,  he  has  used  it  to  further  the 
public  good,  and  many  enterprises  have  been  instituted  by  him 
which  are  worthy  the  consideration  of  those  who,  possessing 
means,  employ  it  only  for  the  advancement  of  their  own  ambi- 
tions. 

Mr.  Peck  has  earnestly  labored  for  the  World's  Columbian 
Kxposition,  of  which  he  is  the  Vice-President,  ever  since  the 
inception  of  the  project.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Refer- 
ence and  Control,  and  Chairman  of  the  Finance  Committee.  He 
was  sent  to  Europe  on  a  special  Commission  by  the  United 
States  Government  in  the  interest  of  the  Exposition,  and  gives 
liberally  of  his  time  and  means  toward  the  success  of  the 

project. 

Mr.  Peck  is  interested  in  many  Clubs  and  Leagues  in  the 

City,  and,  with  his  wife,  charmingly  entertains,  welcoming,  to 
the  lovely  home  on  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago's  social  world. 

ANTHONY   F.    SEEBERGER. 

Anthony  F.  Seeberger,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  born 
August  12,  1829,  in  Wetzlar,  Prussia,  and  when  seven  years  of 
age  his  family  emigrated  to  America,  settling  first  in  New  York 
State,  where  they  remained  for  one  year,  and  then  removed  to 
Ohio  and  engaged  in  farming.  In  1844,  Anthony  secured  a 
position  in  a  mercantile  house  in  Wooster,  and  twelve  years  later 
took  up  his  residence  in  Oskaloosa,  Iowa,  then  one  of  the  most 
enterprising  towns  in  the  State.  Here  he  engaged  in  business, 
establishing  the  first  house,  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  de- 
voted exclusively  to  hardware. 

In  1864  Air.  Seeberger  came  to  Chicago,  and  engaged  in  the 
wholesale  hardware  business.  In  1885  President  Cleveland  ap- 
pointed him  Collector  of  the  Port  of  Chicago,  which  position  he 
occupied  until  February  18,  1886,  to  the  complete  satisfaction  of 
the  administration  and  of  the  entire  business  community  of 
Chicago. 


l6  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION. 

Mr.  Seeberger's  business  ability  is  unquestioned,  and  the 
success  of  his  own  ventures,  together  with  his  well-known  in- 
tegrity of  character,  doubtless  led  to  his  appointment  in  1890,  as  ' 
Treasurer  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  His  first 
year's  service  in  this  capacity  proving  entirely  satisfactory  to 
the  National  Committee  and  Local  Directory,  he  was  re-elected  to 
the  position  in  1891,  1892  and  1893. 

Mr.  Seeberger  enjoys  not  only  the  confidence  of  the  entire 
Commission,  but  of  the  business  world,  as  well,  and  the  impor- 
tant duties  of  his  office  are  carried  on  with  the  precision  and 
satisfaction  which  follows  a  systematic  and  business-like  admin- 
istration of  affairs. 

On  August  26,  1856,  Mr.  Seeberger  was  married  to  Miss 
Jennie  L.  Cooper,  of  Mt.  Vernon,  Ohio,  in  whom  he  has  found  a 
most  worthy  helpmeet  and  companion  in  the  years  which  have 
crowned  his  life  with  happiness  and  success. 

CHARLES  CARROLL  BOXXEY. 

One  of  the  bright  minds,  whose  guiding  thought  will  be 
felt  in  future  years,  is  Charles  Carroll  Bonney,  President  of  the 
World's  Congress  Auxiliary,  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposi- 
tion. He  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  New  York,  and  was  born  in 
Hamilton,  in  the  year  1831,  while  the  name  which  he  bears  is 
the  perpetuation  of  an  interesting  one  in  history,  that  of  Charles 
Carroll,  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  the  last 
surviving  member  of  that  important  council. 

Young  Bonney,  though  the  son  of  a  farmer,  was  not  de- 
prived of  the  opportunity  for  acquiring  a  superior  education. 
After  finishing  his  studies  in  the  public  schools  and  Hamilton 
Academy,  private  instructions  were  received,  and  further  practi- 
cal knowledge  gained  by  teaching,  in  which. work  he  was  en- 
gaged in  his  native  town  until,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  he  took 
up  his  residence  in  Peoria,  Illinois.  Two  years  previous  to  this 
he  began  reading  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Illinois  bar  at  the 
age  of  twenty-one,  and  to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
fourteen  years  later. 


% 


THOMAS     li      IIKYAX. 


THE   COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION.  17 

Mr.  Bonney's  early  years,  no  less  than  those  of  a  more  re- 
cent period,  were  extremely  busy  ones.  He  was  a  public  lec- 
turer, a  writer  for  the  press,  a  teacher,  and  an  interested  worker 
in  the  furtherance  of  a  better  educational  system  in  Illinois — all 
within  a  few  years  of  his  advent  into  the  State. 

,  Later,  his  law  practice  has  absorbed  his  attention  to  a  great 
extent,  and  since  his  removal  to  Chicago — in  1860 — he  has  been 
recognized  as  one  of  the  most  honored  members  of  that  distin- 
guished Bar.  His  earnest  endeavors  in  organizing  the  "  Law 
and  Order  Movement,"  for  enforcing  the  statutes,  may  be  re- 
garded as  of  great  benefit  to  the  State  and  the  country  at  large, 
and  his  labors  in  that  direction  have  been  accorded  just 
recognition,  by  his  election  to  its  highest  office,  that  of  Presi- 
dent of  the  International  Law  and  Order  League.  He  is  also 
an  author  of  ability,  especially  upon  subjects  pertaining  to  his 
profession. 

Mr.  Bonney's  scheme  for  a  series  of  World's  Congresses,  in 
connection  with  the  World's  Fair,  by  which  the  highest  thought 
of  the  different  civilizations  may  be  brought  out  in  all  depart- 
ments through  the  better  acquaintance  of  the  Nations,  is  re- 
garded as  extremely  beneficial,  not  only  for  the  present  occasion 
but  for  the  years  to  come ;  and  there  is  surely  no  better  or  safer 
representative  of  the  Nation  to  carry  out  the  highest  ideas  in- 
volved in  this  project,  than  the  one  to  whom  this  office  has  been 
assigned — Hon.  Charles  Carroll  Bonney,  President  of  the  World's 
Congress  Auxiliary, of  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

THOMAS    B.    BRYAN. 

One  of  Chicago's  leading  citizens,  of  whom  it  is  a  pleasure 
and  satisfaction  to  speak,  is  Thomas  B.  Bryan,  Special  Commis- 
sioner-at-Large  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  He  has 
made  that  city  his  home  for  upwards  of  forty  years,  and  is  looked 
upon  with  highest  respect  by  his  business  associates  everywhere. 
Mr.  Bryan  is  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  honors  his  birth  place  as 
well  as  the  State  of  his  adoption.  When  his  studies  prepared 


l8  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  COLUMBIAN   EXPOSITION. 

him  for  a  higher  course,  he  entered   Harvard  University,  from 
which  institution  he  received  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Law. 

In  1862  Mr.  Bryan  was  largely  instrumental  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  "Young  Men's  Christian  Association"  Regiment, 
through  his  efforts  with  the  Council  and  organizations  of  the 
city ;  also  in  establishing  and  equipping  for  military  service  the 
"Home  Guard,"  for  Chicago's  protection.  He  was  honored  by 
President  Hayes  by  being  made  Commissioner  of  the  District  of 
Columbia,  where  he  practically  occupied  the  office  of  Governor. 

When  the  great  Sanitary  Fair  was  held  in  Chicago,  during 
the  war,  Mr.  Bryan  was  made  its  President,  and  to  his  efficient 
management  was  due  much  of  the  success  of  the  enterprise. 
Soon  after  that  event  he  purchased  and  presented  to  the  Soldier's 
Home  the  original  draft  of  the  Emancipation  Proclamation,  a 
document  only  second  in  value  to  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence, and  for  which  the  Home  afterward  refused  $25,000. 

Bryan  Hall  was  built  by  him  in  the  early  days  of  Chicago's 
history,  and  Graceland  Cemetery  was  also  established  through 
his  instrumentality.  When  the  great  holocaust  of  1871  swept  in 
a  devastating  wave  over  Chicago,  the  "  Fidelity  Vaults"  of  Mr. 
Bryan  furnished  the  first  currency  in  circulation,  they  having 
withstood  the  trying  ordeal  of  the  fire. 

It  was  eminently  fitting  that,  when  the  World's  Fair  project 
was  brought  up  for  consideration  in  the  City  Council,  Mr.  Bryan 
should  offer  the  first  resolution  in  its  behalf;  while  his  appoint- 
ment as  Special  Commissioner  of  the  Exposition,  in  the  interest 
of  which  he  has  traveled  extensively  in  the  United  States  as  well 
as  nearly  all  the  foreign  countries  of  the  globe,  has  been  highly 
satisfactory  to  all,  and  a  just  recognition  of  rare  abilities. 

JOHN    T.    DICKINSON. 

Time  may  add  hoary  locks  to  the  brow,  and  the  weight  of 
years  command  our  respect,  yet  it  is  the  dignity  of  mind  before 
which  we  bow,  whether  expressed  in  youth  or  age.  John  T. 
Dickinson,  though  one  of  the  youngest  members  of  the  Com- 


JOHN  T.  DICKINSON. 


THE   COLUMBIAN   EXPOSITION.  19 

mission,  does  not  fail  to  impress  all  who  know  him  with  the  force- 
fulness  of  his  character  and  the  stability  and  earnestness  of  his 
purpose.  He  was  born  at  Houston,  Texas,  June  18,  1858, 
and  was  therefore  but  thirty-one  years  of  age  when  he  was  called 
to  act  with  the  Chicago  World's  Fair  Committee,  in  1889,  in 
their  endeavor  to  secure  for  that  city  the  location  of  the  Exposi- 
tion. 

Mr.  Dickinson  early  in  life  experienced  the  loss  of  both 
parents,  his  father  dying  when  he  was  but  thirteen  years  of  age, 
and  the  mother  passing  away  three  years  later.  Previous  to  this 
time  he  had  received  every  possible  educational  advantage,  his 
studies  being  pursued  under  the  best  instructors  at  home  and 
also  in  schools  in  England  and  Scotland. 

On  the  death  of  his  father  he  engaged  for  a  time  in  a  busi- 
ness career,  but  later  attended  college  at  Ashland,  Virginia,  and 
the  University  of  Virginia,  from  which  latter  institution  he  was 
graduated,  taking  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Law,  before  he  had 
reached  the  age  of  twenty-one  He  never  practiced  his  profession, 
however,  preferring  newspaper  work,  and,  on  his  return  to  his 
native  city  in  1879,  became  the  editor  of  the  Houston  Daily 
Telegram. 

In  1 88 1  Mr.  Dickinson  was  elected  Secretary  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  of  his  native  State,  and  made,  at  that  time,  a 
record  of  which  he  may  well  be  proud,  owing  to  the  accuracy  of 
his  Journal.  The  following  year  he  was  made  Secretary  of  the 
Texas  State  Capitol  Board,  which  position  he  held  during  the 
construction  of  the  Capitol  Building,  which  is  famous  throughout 
the  United  States  owing  to  its  size  and  finish,  and  is  also  ac- 
corded the  distinction  of  being  the  largest  red  granite  structure 
on  the  globe. 

On  the  completion  of  this  edifice,  an  Inter-State  Military 
Encampment  and  International  Musical  Contest  was  held— the 
competition  of  Military  and  Musical  organizations  being  an  im- 
portant feature,  and  among  which  societies  $25,000  in  cash  prizes 
was  distributed.  As  Secretary  of  this  organization,  Mr.  Dickin- 


20  THE   WHITE   CITY — (COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION. 

son's  abilities  were  proven  to  be  of  the  highest  order;  while  in 
1888  he  was  further  honored  by  an  election  to  the  Secretaryship 
and  office  of  General  Manager  of  the  first  Texas-Mexican  Ex- 
position, held  at  San  Antonio. 

It  is  little  wonder,  therefore,  that  his  abilities  should  be  rec- 
ognized by  his  own  State,  in  his  appointment  by  the  Governor  as 
World's  Fair  Commissioner  of  Texas.  Neither  is  it  surprising 
that,  at  the  organization  of  the  World's  Columbian  Commission 
in  Chicago,  in  1890,  Mr  Dickinson  should  be  chosen  its  Secre- 
tary, owing  to  his  former  successes  in  similar  positions.  It  is 
also  predicted  that  the  splendid  intellect,  energy,  perseverance 
and  executive  ability  of  this  national  officer  of  the  Exposition, 
will  receive  still  further  recognition  from  the  Nation,  when  his 
present  labors  are  over,  since  qualifications  such  as  his  are  in- 
deed rare,  and  when  met  with,  should  receive  merited  acknowledg- 
ment. 

GEN.    GEORGE   R.    DAVIS. 

George  R.  Davis,  who  occupies  so  prominent  a  position,  as 
Director-General  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  is  at  the 
present  time  identified  with  Illinois,  although  Massachusetts 
claims  him  as  her  son,  since  he  was  born  in  Palmer,  that  State, 
on  January  3,  1840. 

He  graduated  with  honors  from  Williston  Seminary,  in 
1860,  and  immediately  engaged  in  the  study  of  the  law;  but,  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War,  in  1861,  he  enlisted  and  re- 
ceived a  Captain's  commission  in  the  Eight  Regiment  Massachu- 
setts Volunteer  Infantry.  At  the  close  of  his  term  of  service,  he 
returned  to  his  native  State,  but  immediately  organized  a  battery 
of  light  artillery,  under  the  authority  of  the  Governor.  Later 
he  was  appointed  Captain  of  Company  C,  Third  Rhode  Island 
Cavalry,  was  promoted  to  Major  at  the  close  of  the  year  1863, 
and,  witli  his  Regiment,  engaged  in  active  duty  in  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Gulf  from  that  time  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

When  mustered  out  of  the  service  he  entered  the  Regular 


<;K.\.    GKO.    H.    DAVIS. 


THE    COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION.  21 

Army  in  a  civil  capacity,  holding  the  position  of  Superintendent 
of  Railroad,  River  and  Ocean  Transportation  of  the  Depart- 
ment of  the  Gulf,  under  General  Sheridan  whom  he  accompanied 
to  Kansas,  engaging  in  the  Indian  Campaigns  of  1868-9,  and 
rendering  efficient  support  in  the  severe  engagements  of  that 
period. 

On  the  settlement  of  these  disturbances,  he  returned  with 
General  Sheridan  to  Chicago,  but  in  1871,  turned  his  attention  to 
business  enterprises,  accepting  the  position  of  representative  of 
Eastern  Insurance  Companies,  though  taking  up  his  residence  in 
Chicago.  General  Davis  has  never  lost  interest  in  military 
affairs,  however,  having  been  made  commander  of  the  First 
Regiment  of  the  Illinois  National  Guard  and  Senior  Colonel  in 
the  State  Service.  He  was  also  elected  to  Congress,  serving 
three  terms,  from  1878. 

As  the  unanimous  choice  of  the  National  Commission  and 
Local  Directory  for  the  important  position  of  Director-General, 
Mr.  Davis  is  unquestionably  "the  right  man  in  the  right  place," 
his  experience  in  military  matters  rendering  him  systematic, 
while  his  business  qualifications  enable  him  to  cope  success- 
fully with  the  serious  problems  of  his  position.  Only  good  words 
are  spoken  of  the  management  of  Gen.  George  R.  Davis,  Di- 
rector-General of  the  World's  Fair. 

DANIEL    HUDSON    BURNHAM. 

One  of  the  notable  men  connected  with  the  World's  Col- 
umbian Exposition  in  an  important  capacity,  and  claimed  by 
Illinois  as  the  son  of  her  adoption,  is  that  of  Daniel  Hudson 
Burnham,  Director  of  Works.  He  was  born  in  Henderson,  New 
York,  September  4,  1846,  and  is  a  descendant  of  Revolutionary 
stock,  his  grandfathers,  on  the  side  of  both  parents,  being  noted 
men  in  that  period  of  stirring  events. 

When  he  was  about  nine  years  of  age,  his  parents  removed 
to  the  West  and  located  in  Chicago,  his  father,  Edwin  Burnham, 
engaging  in  a  wholesale  mercantile  business  until  1874,  the  date 


22  THE   WHITE   CITY — COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION. 

of  his  death.  He  was  also  associated  with  the  old  Merchant's 
Exchange,  as  its  President. 

Mr.  Burnham  attended  private  schools  of  the  city  as  well  as 
the  Chicago  High  School,  and  later  spent  two  years  at  Waltham, 
Massachusetts,  under  special  instruction,  and  one  year  with  Prof. 
T.  B.  Hayward,  Bridgewater,  Massachusetts,  as  his  only  pupil. 
He  returned  to  Chicago  in  1867,  and  since  that  date  has  been 
connected  with  the  firms  of  Loring  &  Jinney,  and  L,.  G.  Laurean, 
architects.  After  the  great  fire  of  1871,  Mr.  Burnham  was  as- 
sociated with  Carter,  Drake  &  White,  and  while  in  their  employ 
made  the  acquaintance  of  J.  W.  Root,  the  outgrowth  of  which 
was  the  partnership  of  these  two  distinguished  architects. 

The  firm,  Burnham  &  Root,  has  the  credit  of  planning 
some  of  the  most  notable  buildings  in  Chicago,  among  them 
being:  The  National  Bank  of  Illinois,  Insurance  Exchange, 
Chemical  Bank,  Phoenix,  Chicago  Burlington  &  Quincy  Gen- 
eral Office,  Rand  &  McNally,  Montauk  Building,  Counselman 
Building,  Calumet,  Calumet  Club,  Women's  Temple,  Great 
Northern  Hotel,  Masonic  Temple,  Monadnock,  Herald,  Rialto, 
and  Rookery.  Mr.  Burnham  has  planned  many  notably  fine 
buildings  in  other  cities  of  the  United  States,  among  them  being 
the  Mill's  Building  of  San  Francisco.  He  also  organized  the 
Western  Association  of  Architects  and  is  a  member  of  the 
American  Institute. 

Mr.  Burnham  was  appointed  Director  of  Works  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Directory,  and  his  position  is  a  most  re- 
sponsible one,  that  of  making  the  drawings  for  the  buildings  and 
grounds  and  supervising  their  construction.  He  has  charge  of 
the  guard,  the  Fire  Department  and  everything  in  and  about  the 
Fair,  except  the  exhibits. 

MOSES    P.    HANDY. 

An  important  personage  named  among  the  officials  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  is  Moses  P.  Handy,  Chief  of  the 
Department  of  Publicity  and  Promotion.  He  was  born  in  War- 


MOSES  P.  HANDY. 


THE   COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION.  23 

saw,  Missouri,  April  14,  1847,  and  there  received  a  common 
school  education,  but  finished  his  school  life  at  the  Virginia  Col- 
legiate Institute,  at  Portsmouth. 

From  the  year  1867  Mr.  Handy  turned  his  attention  to 
newspaper  work,  and  has  been  connected  with  some  of  the  most 
important  papers  of  the  East  and  South  in  an  editorial  capacity. 
While  editing  the  Richmond  Enquirer  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  Alternate  Commissioner  for  Virginia,  at  the  Centennial 
Exposition,  in  1876,  though  the  principal's  duties  finally  de- 
volved upon  him,  owing  to  that  official  declining  the  honor. 
While  serving  in  this  capacity  he  held  an  important  position  on 
the  editorial  staff  of  the  Philadelphia  Times,  which  city  became 
his  permanent  home.  He  has  also  long  been  a  most  valued  con- 
tributor to  the  leading  magazines  and  newspapers  of  the  county. 

There  is  much  energy  in  the  character  of  Mr.  Handy,  and 
the  affairs  of  his  department  are  managed  with  the  decision 
which  is  one  of  the  qualifications  necessary  to  a  successful  editor- 
ial career.  His  pen  has  rendered  valuable  service  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  the  World's  Fair,  and  though  one  of  the  busiest 
of  men,  there  is  no  more  popular  official  connected  with  the 
Directory  of  the  Columbian  Exposition  than  Moses  P.  Handy, 
Chief  of  the  Department  of  Publicity  and  Promotion. 

JOHN    WELLBURN    ROOT. 

We  may  not  pass  un mentioned  a  name  so  prominently  con- 
nected with  the  Exposition,  during  the  early  period  of  its  location 
at  Chicago,  as  John  Wellburn  Root,  though  that  name  is  now  re- 
corded in  the  Directory  of  the  Dead,  since  it  may  be  said  of 
him,  in  truth,  that  "  he  rests  from  his  labors,  and  his  works  do 
follow  him." 

Atlanta,  Georgia,  was  the  natal  place  of  the  one  to  whose 
memory  these  brief  lines  are  inscribed,  and  the  year  of  his  birth, 
1851.  His  father  was  a  wealthy  planter,  and  the  best  of  educa- 
tional advantages  were  consequently  at  his  command.  He  at- 
tended school  at  Eurkenhead,  England,  and  graduated  with  high 


24  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION. 

honors  from  the  institution  at  that  place ;  he  prepared  to  enter 
Oxford  but  was  recalled  to  the  United  States,  in  1869,  and 
entered  the  New  York  City  College,  where  he  was  regarded  as  a 
profound  thinker  as  well  as  a  brilliant  scholar. 

His  career,  as  an  architect,  began  under  the  justly  cele- 
brated James  Renwick,  and  he  was  later  connected  with  Mr. 
Snook,  the  designer  of  the  Vanderbilt  and  Stewart  Mansions. 
In  1872,  Mr.  Root  sought  a  Western  home,  and  in  progressive 
Chicago  found  a  location  suited  to  his  energy  and  capabilities. 
He  became  connected  with  Mr.  D.  H.  Burnham.  under  the  firm 
name  of  Burnham  &  Root,  which  business  relation  was  sus- 
tained until  severed  by  the  death  of  Mr.  Root,  on  January  15, 
1891. 

He  was  Secretary  of  the  National  Institute  of  Architects; 
was  corresponding  member  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Architec- 
ture, of  Belgium ;  Honorary  member  of  the  Art  Institute ;  mem- 
ber of  the  Union  League;  also  of  such  clubs  as  the  Chicago, 
Union,  University  and  Chicago  Literary.  He  was  a  writer  of 
acknowledged  ability,  and  a  patron  of  music  and  the  arts. 

Mr.  Root  was  married  in  1881,  to  the  daughter  of  H.  S. 
Monroe,  and  the  happy  home,  cheered  by  the  presence  of  three 
interesting  children,  is  now  bereft  of  husband  and  father. 

What  Mr.  Root  was  to  the  World's  Fair,  there  is  little  need 
to  dwell  upon  in  these  pages,  since  it  is  the  execution  of  his 
thought  which  has  given  us  the  grand  panorama  of  "The  White 
City,"  which  idea  inspired  the  mind  of  this  gifted  architect,  and, 
in  the  execution  of  which,  his  capabilities  were  brought  so  con- 
spicuously into  light.  That  his  life  was  sacrificed  in  the  interest 
of  the  work,  toward  which  his  efforts  were  directed,  is  a  sad  com- 
mentary on  the  zeal  with  which  he  prosecuted  his  labors  ;  but  the 
triumph  of  the  conception  is  still  accorded  to  his  name,  though 
the  laurel  leaves,  with  which  an  appreciative  people  would  crown 
his  brow,  wither  beside  the  monument  which  marks  his  final 
resting  place  on  earth. 


THE   COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION.  25 

JOHN   PARKER    REYNOLDS. 

To  introduce  John  Parker  Reynolds  to  our  readers  is  to 
bring  before  them  a  name  with  which  a  very  large  number  are 
already  familiar,  through  the  positions  of  trust  which  he  has 
held  in  Illinois,  the  State  of  his  adoption,  as  well  as  the  promi- 
nence of  his  present  important  office  as  Director-in-Chief  of  the 
Illinois  Board  of  World's  Fair  Commissioners. 

It  is  not  to  be  denied  that  the  State  necessarily  stands  as  the 
"  observed  of  all  observers  "  at  the  Columbian  Exposition,  and  to 
ignore  the  demands  of  the  occasion,  by  placing  incompetent 
officials  in  charge  of  affairs,  would  be  to  bring  upon  the  State  a 
just  but  well-merited  reflection,  which  she  has  wisely  provided 
against  in  a  choice  so  generally  approved  as  the  subject  of  this 
sketch. 

John  Parker  Reynolds  was  born  at  Lebanon,  Ohio,  March 
I,  1820,  and  was  given  the  full  name  of  his  honored  father,  who 
removed  from  his  birth-place,  Nine  Partners,  New  York,  to  Sa- 
lem, the  same  State,  and  was  engaged  in  the  business  of  book- 
publishing  before  seeking  a  more  western  home  in  Ohio.  The 
mother,  a  Miss  Wilson,  of  Scotch  lineage,  was  born  in  Vermont. 

After  attending  a  boarding  school  near  Cincinnati,  John 
Parker  Reynolds,  Jr.,  entered  Miami  University,  in  1835,  grad- 
uating three  years  later,  at  the  early  age  of  eighteen.  He  then 
pursued  a  law  course  in  the  office  of  Wright  &  Walker,  Cincin- 
nati, and  graduated  from  the  College  of  Law,  in  that  city,  in 
1840,  beginning  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  as  a  partner  of  Gov.  Win.  Bebb,  of  Hamilton,  Ohio, 
with  whom  he  assumed  a  nearer  relation  by  marrying  the  eldest 
daughter,  in  1842.  Eight  years  later  he  removed  to  Winne- 
bago  County,  Illinois,  and  engaged  in  farming,  giving  particular 
attention  to  the  raising  of  fine  stock.  He  afterward  located  in 
Marion  County,  and  was  chosen  by  the  State  Agricultural 
Society  as  its  Secretary,  which  position  he  held  from  1860  to 
1871,  and  when  that  organization  was  merged  into  the  State 


26  THE  WHITE  CITY  —  COLUMBIAN   EXPOSITION. 

Board  of  Agriculture,  no  selection  was  considered  so  judicious 
for  its  President  as  Mr.  Reynolds.  As  Secretary  and  member  of 
the  Executive  Committee  of  this  society  his  services  were  re- 
tained for  eleven  years,  while  he  is  still  an  honored  member  of 
the  Board  of  Agriculture. 

During  the  Civil  War,  Mr.  Reynolds  was  appointed,  by  the 
Governor,  as  President  of  the  State  Sanitary  Commission,  retain- 
ing the  position  until  the  close  of  the  Rebellion.  He  has  also 
served  the  State  Horticultural  Society,  as  its  President.  He  it 
was  who  represented  the  State  as  her  only  delegate  to  the  Expo- 
sition at  Paris,  France,  in  1887,  being  also  an  honorary  member 
of  the  United  States  Commission;  and  Illinois  points  with  pride 
to  the  silver  and  bronze  medals,  secured,  among  the  collections, 
under  the  supervision  of  her  representative. 

In  February,  1869,  Mr.  Reynolds  took  up  his  residence  in 
Chicago,  and  since  that  time  has  been  called  to  some  of  the  most 
important  positions  in  the  interest  of  city  and  State.  In  1883 
he  was  made  Secretary  of  the  Inter-State  Industrial  Exposition, 
and  was  connected  with  that  enterprise  through  its  entire  ex- 
istence. Under  appointment  of  the  Governor,  he  was  made 
Chief  Inspector  of  Grain  under  the  system  inaugurated  by  the 
Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commission  of  Chicago,  and  occupied 
this  important  position  for  a  term  of  five  years. 

The  present  office,  which  is  being  filled  so  acceptably  by  Mr. 
Reynolds,  as  Director-in-Chief  of  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's 
Fair  Commissioners,  is  one  requiring  unusual  abilities,  since  so 
much  depends  upon  generalship  in  guiding  the  affairs  of  State 
representation  at  the  Exposition.  Illinois  may  safely  trust  her 
interests  in  his  hands,  however,  since  experience,  zeal,  integrity 
of  purpose  and  State  pride  are  united  in  the  person  of  her 
Director-in-Chief,  John  Parker  Reynolds,  of  Chicago. 


National  Commissioners  of  Illinois,  named  by 
the  Governor  and  appointed  by  the  President,  are 
Chas.  H.  Deere,  Moline,  and  A.  T.  Ewing,  Chi- 
cago; Alternates,  LaFayette  Funk,  Shirley,  and 
De  Witt  Smith,  Springfield;  while  the  State  Board 
of  World's  Fair  Managers  consists  of  the  follow- 
ing officers  and  members  : 

LaFayette  Funk,  President,  Shirley;  David  Gore,  Vice- 
President,  Carlinville;  Wilson  C.  Garrard,  Secretary,  Chicago; 
John  W.  Bunn,  Treasurer,  Springfield;  John  P.  Reynolds, 
Director-in-Chief,  Chicago;  J.  Irving  Pearce,  Chicago;  J.  Harley 
Bradley,  Chicago;  Wm.  Stewart,  Chicago;  Byron  F.  Wyman, 
Sycamore;  A.  B.  Hostetter,  Mt.  Carroll;  Samuel  Dysart,  Frank- 
lin Grove;  W.  D.  Stryker,  Plainfield;  John  Virgin,  Fairbury; 
D.  W.  Vittum,  Canton;  E.  B.  David,  Aledo;  W.  H.  Fulkerson, 
Jersey ville;  J.  W.  Judy,  Tallula;  S.  W.  Johns,  Decatur;  E.  E. 
Chester,  Champaign;  James  K.  Dickerson,  Lawrenceville ;  Ed- 
ward C.  Pace,  Ashley;  B.  Pullen,  Centralia ;  J.  M.  Washburn, 
Marion. 

The  Illinois  National  Board  of  Lady  Managers  are:  Mrs. 
Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Elkhart,  and  Mrs.  Frances  W.  Shepard, 
Chicago.  Alternates :  Mrs.  Marcia  Gould,  Moline,  and  Mrs.  I. 
L.  Candee,  Cairo. 

ILLINOIS   STATE   BUILDING. 

The  appropriation  of  $800,000  by  the  Illinois  Legislature 
has  enabled  the  State  to  present  to  the  world  a  most  creditable  ex- 
hibit. The  State  Building,  which  is  a  marvel  of  beauty  and 


28  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS   AT   THE   FAIR. 

attractiveness,  cost  $250,000.  The  location  is  exceptionally  fine, 
being  situated  in  the  northern  portion  of  Jackson  Park,  while 
there  is  permanency  given  to  the  building  by  the  materials  of 
which  it  is  composed,  Illinois  stone,  steel  and  brick  entering  into 
its  construction.  The  exterior  finish  and  decorations  are  ex- 
tremely attractive  and  the  adjacent  grounds  are  in  perfect  keep- 
ing with  this,  one  of  the  most  note  worthy  structures  of  the 
Exposition. 

There  are  three  entrances  to  the  Building — South,  West  and 
North — the  one  to  the  South  being  the  most  prominent,  and 
facing  the  water-way,  so  that  passengers  upon  this  canal  will  dis- 
cover a  noble  structure  at  the  termination  of  their  route,  which 
bears  the  name — "Illinois."  Though  it  was  not  at  first  the  in- 
tention of  the  committee  to  locate  their  State  Building  on  this, 
the  most  prominent  position  of  the  grounds,  it  became  a  neces- 
sity, when  the  Exposition  Management  was  planning  to  place 
the  Fine  Arts  Building  on  the  water-front,  since  the  appropria- 
tion of  other  States  was  insufficient  to  insure  a  creditable  struc- 
ture for  so  commanding  a  situation.  This  location  has  necessi- 
tated an  additional  outlay  of  $80,000,  $20,000  of  which  have  been 
expended  in  grading  and  preparing  the  grounds,  the  building 
resting  upon  a  terrace  four  feet  in  height. 

From  the  main  entrance  a  commanding  view  is  obtained  of 
the  "White  City,"  with  its  marvelous  display  of  structures, 
interspersed  with  enchanting  floral  scenes — the  perfection  of  art 
gardening.  The  edifice  is  externally  adorned  with  groups  of 
statuary,  of  original  design,  by  the  sculptor,  Lorado  Taft,  which 
are  worthy  a  fuller  description  than  these  pages  will  permit. 
Among  the  number  are :  "  Illinois  Welcoming  the  Nations," 
which  crowns  the  main  entrance ;  "  The  Birth  of  Chicago,"  "  Edu- 
cation," "La  Salle  and  his  Companions,"  etc., — twelve  groups  in 
all,  this  particular  feature  of  the  decorations  requiring  an  outlay 
of  not  less  than  $12,500. 

In  size,  the  Illinois  building  is  160x450  feet,  and  includes 
the  school-room  and  Memorial  Hall,  which  were  originally  de- 


ILLINOIS   AT    THE   WORLD'S   FAIR.  29 

signed  to  occupy  a  separate  enclosure.  The  dome  is  300  feet  in 
height,  and  in  diameter  72  feet,  with  a  "lookout"  at  an  elevation 
of  So  feet  and  another  from  the  Lantern,  175  feet  above  the 
ground. 

Memorial  Hall,  of  fire-proof  construction,  occupies  the  north 
projection,  using  a  space  65x70  feet.  This  contains  the  archives 
of  the  State,  her  famous  battle  flags,  and  relics,  which  are  of 
incalculable  value,  the  exhibit  being  under  the  supervision  of 
the  Attorney-General. 

The  east  wing  is  occupied  by  the  "  school-house,"  and  is  a 
model,  fully  equipped,  in  which  is  carried  on  the  practical  work 
of  the  grades  represented ;  also  an  exibit  of  the  industrial  meth- 
ods pursued  in  the  Charitable  Institutions  of  the  State.  Educa- 
tion, from  the  Kindergarten  to  the  University,  is  here  compre- 
hensively demonstrated,  while  every  school  in  the  State  is  a 
contributor  to  the  interesting  study  of  Illinois  progr  as  re- 
lates to  the  development  of  her  school  system. 

The  Executive  Offices  have  been  assigned  to  the  south  wing, 
which  is  raised  to  three  stories — a  public  hall  occupying  the 
upper  floor.  Upon  the  Governor's  room  much  labor  has  been 
expended  and  its  decorations  and  furnishings  are  elegant,  elabo- 
rate and  in  keeping  with  that  State  pride  which  recognizes  the 
dignity  of  the  office  of  its  Chief  Executive,  and  accords  to  him 
the  best  the  Commonwealth  affords. 

The  interior  of  the  State  Building  is  a  model  in  arrange- 
ment and  adaptability  to  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  intended. 
There  are  no  competitive  displays,  but,  rather,  a  representation  of 
the  State's  resources  and  industries,  with  the  finest  of  opportuni- 
ties afforded  for  educational,  technical  and  art  exhibits. 

The  embellishments  of  the  interior  are  largely  floral,  and 
take  the  place  of  the  statuary  originally  contemplated.  A  foun- 
tain, forty  feet  high,  rises  within  the  dome,  and  an  artistic 
combination  of  cascades,  rock-work  and  floral  decorations  de- 
light the  visitor  to  Illinois'  hospitable  home  at  the  Exposition. 

It  would  be  a  pleasure  to  speak  of  the  various  departments, 


3O  THE   WHITE  CITY  —  ILLINOIS  AT   THE   FAIR. 

which  are  being  so  systematically  cared  for  by  the  committees  in 
charge,  but  we  must  refrain  from  particularization,  leaving  to  the  • 
visitor  the  interesting  study  of  these  instructive  and  entertaining 
features.  The  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  with  whom  the  Illi- 
nois members  of  the  National  Commission  and  the  Board  of 
L/ady  Managers  have  been  invited  to  co-operate,  has  in  charge  a 
work,  the  magnitude  of  which  is  little  comprehended  by  the 
casual  observer.  One  feature  we  would  mention  in  this  con- 
nection, however,  and  that  is  the  Topographical  Map  of  the 
State,  with  dimensions  8x  16  feet — one  of  the  largest  ever  made — 
being  on  a  scale  of  two  miles  to  the  inch,  and  costing  $15,000, 
the  value  of  which  will  be  appreciated  in  years  to  come ;  it  reflects 
great  credit  upon  the  committee  having  its  preparation  in  charge. 
This  map  is  complete  in  every  particular,  giving  each  railroad 
station  and  post-office  in  the  State,  and  verifying  the  position 
and  direction  of  even  its  smallest  creeks  and  streams,  while  its 
slightest  elevations  of  surface  are  also  represented.  This  map 
was  prepared  from  all  the  data  available  when  the  work  was  com- 
menced, to  which  have  been  added  original  observations  by 
fourteen  civil  engineers,  with  barometers  and  levels  in  hand, 
traversing  every  county  of  the  State  for  about  fifteen  months. 

A  flat  map  of  large  proportions  is  also  an  important  feature, 
showing,  as  it  does,  every  school-house  in  the  State  (of  which 
there  are  over  7,000),  and  locating  them  in  their  proper  quarter- 
sections. 

Ano  er  extremely  interesting  feature  of  the  Illinois  exhibit 
is  the  Worthen  library  and  collection  of  fossils,  which  have  now 
become  the  property  of  the  State,  formerly  belonging  to  Professor 
Worthen  (for  twenty-five  years  State  Geologist),  and  numbering, 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  more  than  28,000  specimens,  which  had 
been  gathered  by  him  from  all  parts  of  the  known  world.  The 
collection  includes  about  one  thousand  typical  specimens  from 
which  were  figured  and  named  the  same  number  of  new  species, 
as  described  in  the  reports  of  the  Illinois  State  Geological  Sur- 
vey from  time  to  time  for  the  last  forty  years. 


\ 


ILLINOIS  AT  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR.  31 

WOMAN'S  DEPARTMENT'. 

The  Department    of  Woman's  Work,  under  the  competent 
supervision  of  the  Lady  Managers,  has  received  earnest  atten- 
tion.    This  Board  was  created  by  act  of  the  legislature  June  17, 
1891,  and  is  composed  of  the  two  National  Managers,  together 
with  their  alternates,  and  four  ladies  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
making  eight  in  all,  the  following  named  now  constituting  the 
Board :    Mrs.  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Mrs.   Frances  W.    Shepard, 
Mrs.  Marcia  Louise  Gould,  Mrs.  I.  L.  Candee,  Illinois  National 
Lady  Managers;  Mrs.  Frances  L.   Gilbert,    Mrs.    Francine  E- 
Patton,  Mrs.  Robert  H.  Wiles  and  Miss  Mary  Callahan.    At  the 
organization  of  the  Board,  Mrs.  Frances  B.  Phillips  was  elected 
its  President,  but  being  compelled  to  resign  on  account  of  fail- 
ing health,  Mrs.  Marcia  Louise  Gould,  of  Moline,  was  appointed 
to  the  responsible  position.     Mrs.  Robert  H.  Wiles,  of  Freeport, 
is  Vice-President;  Miss  Mary  Callahan,  of  Robinson,  Secretary. 
Having  been  assigned  one-tenth  of  the  State  appropriation, 
the  Commissioners  generously  granted  to  the  ladies  the  same 
proportion  of  space  in  the  Illinois  Building,  or  45x160  feet  on 
the  ground  floor,  in  addition  to  kindergarten,  office  and  reception 
rooms. 

With  such  encouragement  and  hearty  support  from  the 
Commissioners,  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  entered  systemati- 
cally upon  their  labors,  with  certain  objects  in  view:  To  place  a 
worthy  exhibit  before  the  world,  as  the  work  of  the  women  of 
Illinois ;  to  assist  the  women  of  the  State,  by  a  comparison  of  the 
best  methods  of  producing  results,  especially  in  practical  duties , 
and  to  stimulate  to  still  greater  activity  through  the  opening  of 
new  avenues  for  self-support  and  advancement.  The  different 
departments  were  assigned  to  Committees,  with  their  respective 
Chairmen,  as  follows : 

Committee  on  Literature,  Mrs.  Frances  L.  Gilbert,  Chicago. 

Historical  and  Scientific  Collections,  Miss  Mary  Callahan, 
Robinson. 


. 

32  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS   AT   THE   FAIR. 

Decorative  Art,  Mrs.  H.  H.  Candee,  Cairo. 
Fine  Arts,  Mrs.  Henry  M.  Shepard,  Chicago. 
Domestic  Science,  Mrs.  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  Elkhart. 
Practical  Arts,  Mrs.  Robert  H.  Wiles,  Freeport. 
Educational,  Charitable  and  Professional  Work,  Mrs.  Fran- 
cine  E.  Patton,  Springfield. 

Music  and  Dramatic  Art,  Mrs.  Marcia  Louise  Gould,  Mo- 
line. 

Superintendent  of  Cook  County  Work,  Mrs.  Robert  H. 
Wiles,  Freeport. 

In  every  county  of  the  State,  with  the  exception  of  Cook 
(in  which  the  organizations  of  women  were  already  varied  and 
numerous),  the  Lady  Managers  established  County  Columbian 
Clubs,  through  which  medium  the  exibits  have  been  largely 
secured.  Illinois  boasts  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  au- 
thors— some  of  whom  take  prominent  rank — and  the  list  of  their 
books  has  been  carefully  compiled  by  the  committee  on  litera- 
ture. Among  these  we  find  the  works  of  Mrs.  Celia  P.  Wooley, 
Mrs.  Charles  Edward  Cheney,  Miss  Eliza  Allen  Starr,  Mrs. 
Amelia  Geer  Mason,  Mrs.  Mary  Hartwell  Catherwood,  as  well  as 
many  other  well-known  and  highly  gifted  authors. 

The  exhibit  arranged  by  the  Historical  and  Scientific  Com- 
mittee partakes  of  the  nature  of  a  comparative  display,  intended 
to  emphasize  the  advancement  in  the  manners  and  customs  of 
the  present  day  in  contrast  with  the  early  years  of  the  State's  ex- 
istence, and  is  shown  by  historical  relics,  such  as  garments 
worn,  as  well  as  pictures,  books  and  articles  of  various  uses.  As 
far  as  space  permitted,  this  exhibit  has  been  made  highly  inter- 
esting, as  showing  the  progress  of  the  State  during  the  past 
years. 

The  department  of  Science  has  a  most  creditable  display  in 
botany,  microscopy,  bacteriology,  geology,  etc.,  through  the 
efforts  of  its  committee,  thus  showing  the  honorable  position 
women  are  now  taking  in  this  important  field. 

Glyptic  art  has  several  worthy  representatives,  among  them 


^- 


MRS.  MARCIA  LOUISE  GOULD,  President. 
MRS.  ROBERT  H.  WILES.  Miss  CALLAHAN. 

MRS.  OOLESBY.  MRS.  GILBERT. 

FRANCINE  E.  PATIOS.       MRS.  CANDLE.       FRANCES  WELLES  SHEPARD. 


ILLINOIS   AT   THE   WORLD'S   FAIR.  33 

being  Miss  Julia  M.  Bracken,  of  Galena,  whose  heroic  statue  in 
marble,  typifying  "  Illinois  welcoming  the  Nations  of  the  World  " 
is  a  figure  of  striking  design,  combining  strength  and  beauty. 
Six  models  for  statues  in  "  staff,"  to  adorn  the  wall  space  in  the 
main  exhibit  gallery,  were  accepted  by  the  committee,  and  exe- 
cuted by  the  following  sculptors:  Mrs.  Ellen  Rankin  Copp, 
Miss  Taft,  Miss  Scudder,  Miss  Brocken,  Miss  Bessie  O.  Potter 
and  Miss  Caroline  Brooks,  and  are  illustrative  of  Maternity, 
Justice,  Charity,  Faith,  Literature  and  Art. 

The  Palette  Club,  an  organization  including  among  its  mem- 
bers many  of  the  finest  women  artists  of  the  State,  has  made  an 
extensive  display  of  oil  and  water  colors,  to  which  individual 
artists  have  further  contributed.  The  exhibit  also  includes  mini- 
ature painting  on  ivory,  porcelain  decorations,  illuminated  books, 
etc.,  which  are  truly  works  of  art. 

In  the  library  and  reception  room  the  decorative  designs 
were  made  by  women,  and  largely  executed  by  them,  and  consist 
of  wood-carving,  embroidery,  embossing  on  leather,  upholstering, 
mural  painting,  etc.  The  Kindergarten  has  for  its  wall  cover- 
ing, paper  designed  by  a  woman  of  the  State,  while  a  most 
beautiful  frieze  in  the  reception  room  was  painted  by  such  ac- 
complished artists  as  Mrs.  Marie  Koupal  Lusk,  Miss  Ida  J. 
Burgess,  Miss  Caroline  B.  Wade,  Miss  Helen  Barber  Gregory, 
Miss  Anna  Weaver  Jones,  Mrs.  Mary  F.  Means,  and  Miss 
Pauline  A.  Dohn.  The  furniture  of  this  apartment,  as  well  as 
the  library,  consists  largely  of  contributions  by  women,  and  in- 
cludes a  beautifully  carved  mantel,  a  cabinet,  easel,  escritoire, 
clock-case,  chairs,  tables,  etc. 

While  much  attention  has  been  given  to  art,  and  a  most 
creditable  display  made  by  the  State,  the  more  practical  depart- 
ments have  not  been  neglected.  Designing  has  been  made  an 
important  feature  of  the  exibit,  showing  woman's  ability  to  com- 
pete with  men  in  such  profitable  employment  as  furnishing 
designs  for  stained  glass,  embossed  leather,  wall-paper,  textiles, 
etc.  The  women  of  the  State  are  also  represented  in  great 


34  THE   WHITE   CITY  —  ILLINOIS   AT   THE   FAIR. 

numbers,  as  patentees,  and  their  inventions,  largely  in  the  line 
of  useful  and  practical  articles,  photographs  and  models,  make  a 
most  interesting  display.  The  industries  in  which  women  are 
taking  a  prominent  place,  have  been  represented  by  statistics, 
since  it  is  a  difficult  matter  to  separate  their  work  from  that  of 
men  with  whom  they  are  competitively  engaged  in  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  industries. 

Practical  demonstrations  are  also  given  of  woman's  work  in 
the  department  of  domestic  economy,  by  a  model  kitchen,  with  all 
the  latest  appliances;  while  a  pantry  exhibit,  with  its  stores  of 
preserves,  jellies,  canned  goods,  etc.,  is  to  some  the  most  inter- 
esting of  all  displays,  since  it  pertains  to  woman's  especially 
acknowledged  "sphere." 

Much  attention  has  been  given  to  art  needlework — in  fact 
about  one-tenth  the  space  allotted  to  woman's  work  has  been  de- 
voted to  this  department.  The  Kindergarten,  in  charge  of  the 
Chicago  Frcebel  and  Free  Association  is  being  carried  on  during 
the  Exposition  as  a  part  of  the  educational  exhibit,  and  practi- 
cally demonstrates  its  work  by  a  class  of  fifty  children  under  a 
director  and  four  assistants. 

The  women  of  the  State  are  also  contributors  to  the  depart- 
ments of  Fine  Arts,  Liberal  Arts,  Manufactures,  Horticulture, 
Agriculture,  Dairy,  Transportation,  etc.  They  are  maintaining 
one  department  of  the  Children's  building,  and  their  county  or- 
ganizations have  raised  considerable  amounts,  which,  in  some 
cases,  have  been  expended  for  Dormitory  stock,  to  be  given  to 
working  women. 

The  professions  are  well  represented  by  apparatus,  labora- 
tories, etc.,  while  in  every  department,  both  artistic  and  practi- 
cal, the  women  of  the  State  have  responded  with  choicest  dis- 
plays. 


Illineis  Exhibits. 


Department  A.— AGRICULTURE,    FOOD    AND    ITS    ACCESSORIES. 


INHIBITOR. 

Albert  Dickinson  Co 

C.  F.  Listeman  &  Co.    .        . 
Chas.  Pope  Glucose  Co.    .    .    . 

Stein,  Hirsch  &  Co 

Chas.  Tiedemann  Milling  Co. 
Winterhoff  &  Wessel 
Woodward  &  Croffut     .... 
American  Biscuit  &  Mfg.  Co. 

Canepa  Bros 

Chicago  Macaroni  Co 

Chicago  Sugar  Refining  Co. 

J.  P.  Dieter  Co 

E.  W.  Gillett 

Chas.  Pope  Glucose  Co.     ... 
Price  Baking  Powder  Co.     .    . 

Stein,  Hirsch  &  Co 

Chicago  Sugar  Refining  Co.     . 
Chas.  Pope  Glucose  Co.    ... 
Walburn-Swenson  Co. 
American  Ready  Food  Co. 
Anglo-American  Provision  Co. 
Armour  &  Co 

Barnett  Produce  Co 

Elgin  Condensed  Milk  Co. 
Fairbank  Canning  Co. 
Helvetia  Milk  Condensing  Co. 
Libby,  McNeill  &  Libby 
Morris,  Nelson  &  Co. 


Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

O'  Fallen 

Lansing 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 
Elgin      . 
Chicago     . 
Highland 
Chicago     . 
Chicago     . 


St.  Charles  Evaporated  Cream  Co.    St.  Charles 
F.  Tanty  &  Co Chicago     . 

Swift  &  Company Chicago 


John  Boyd Chicago 

Illinois  Exhibit';. 


EXHIBIT. 

Pop  corn,  agriculture,  seeds,  ensilage- 
Flour. 

Meal. 

Potato  Flour. 

Flour. 

Curled  grass. 

Cornmeal,  flour,  hominy  flakes. 

Crackers  and  biscuit. 

Macaroni  and  other  pastes. 

Macaroni,  noodles,  etc. 

Starch. 

Baking  powder. 

Yeast  cakes. 

Starch. 

Baking  powder. 

Starch. 

Grape  sugars,  syrups,  glucose,  gluten. 

Glucose. 

Beet  sugar  plant. 

Condensed  soups. 

Hog  products. 

Canned  meats.  Canned  soups.  Ex- 
tract of  beef. 

Sauer  kraut. 

Condensed  milk  and  cream. 

Canned  meats.     Canned  soups. 

Evaporated  cream. 

Potted  meats,  soups.     Beef  extract. 

Dried  beef.  Smoked  pork,  hams  and 
bacon.  Extracts  of  beef  and  hog 
products. 

Evaporated  cream. 

Canned  meats,  pates,  game,  etc.  Soups 
and  plum  pudding. 

Dried  beef.     Hams  and  bacon.    Salted 
meats.     Beef  extracts;  beef  and  hog 
products.     Fresh  meats. 
Creamer.     Cream  and  cheese  vats. 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXIIlBITnn.  ADDRESS.  EXHIBIT. 

Creamer}'  Package  Mfg.  Co.    .          Chicago     .  .  Dairy  supplies  and   fittings.      Butter 

tubs,  egg  cases,  fruit  packages. 

Davis  &  Rankin  Bldg.  &  Mfg.  Co.  Chicago     .  Dairy  supplies. 

DeLaval  Separator  Co Chicago     .  .  Cream  separators,  churn  attachments. 

Orin  Leonard Belvidere  .  .  Cream  cooler. 

Magic  Freezer  Co Chicago     .  .  Ice  cream  machines. 

Northwestern  Butter  &  Cheese  Co.  Romeoville  .  Cheese. 

Caroline  Westcott  Romney  .    .    .      Chicago     .  .  Milk  cooler. 

Philip  M.  Sharpies Elgin      .    .  .  Cream  separators. 

J.  C.  Strickler  &  Co Sterling     .  Butter  color. 

J.  P.  Dieter  Co Chicago     .  .  Roasted  coffees.     Spices  and  mustard. 

Krembs  &  Co Chicago     .  .  Chicory. 

Kresl  &  Mallue Chicago     .  .  Cigar  molds,  manufacturers'  supplies. 

E.  B.  Miller  &  Co Chicago     .  Spices;  condiments. 

C.  J.  Van  Houten  &  Zoon    .    .    .      Chicago     .  .  Cocoa. 

Eugene  Vallens  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Cigars. 

Armour  &  Co Chicago  .  Wool. 

David  Bradley  Mfg.  Co Chicago  .  .  Cotton  planters. 

Deere  &  Mansur  Co.          ....  Moline  .  .  .  Cotton  planter. 

Brown  &  Logan Chicago  .  .  Mineral  water. 

Waukesha  Lithia  Spring  Co.  .    .  Chicago  .  .  Mineral  water. 

Burrill  Bros Freeport  .  .  Vinegar. 

Dallemand  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Rye  whiskey. 

Lockhart  Chemical  Co Chicago  .  .  Orange  cider. 

Besley's'Waukegan  Brewing  Co.  Waukegan  .  Ale  and  porter. 

North  Western  Brewing  Co.    .    .  Chicago  .  .  Lager  beer. 

Peoria  Malting  Co Peoria    .  .  .  Malt. 

Geo.  A.  WeissMalt'g&ElevatorCo.  Chicago  .  .  Barley  malt. 

Behringer    Malt    Cleaning    Ma- 
chine Company Lansing  .  .  Malt  cleaning  machine. 

Chicago  Corrugated  Shaving  Co.  Chicago  .  .  Beer    and    vinegar  shavings ;    barley 

washer  and  conveyor. 

Chas.  Kaestner  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Malt  mills. 

Olsen  &  Tilgner Chicago  .  .  Hydraulicmashmachineandinaltmill. 

Saladin  Pneumatic  Malting  Con-  [ing  grain, 
struction-  Co.     .......  Chicago  .  .  Germinating  compartment  and  malt- 
August  Stollstorff Chicago  .  .  Revolving  branding  iron. 

Aermotor  Company Chicago  Wind  mills,  feed  grinders  and  cutters. 

American  Well  Works Aurora-.  .  .  Windmill,  pumps. 

Avery  Planter  Co Peoria    .  .  .  Cultivators.     Planter  and  check  rower: 

drill. 

A  very  &  Rouse  Steam  Thresher  Co.  Chicago  .  .  Separator.     Traction  engine. 

F.  C.  Austin  Manufacturing  Co.  Chicago  .  .  Steam  generator,  feed  mills  and  rock 

drill. 

Barlow  Corn  Planter  Co Quincy  .    .    .      Corn  planters. 

David  Bradley  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Plows,  cultivators  and  harrows.    Stalk 

cutters. 

Robert  Butterworth Chicago     .    .      Cider  presses. 

Challenge  Windmill  &  Feedmill  Co.  Batavia  .    .    .      Windmills,  tanks,  feed  grinders,  corn 

shellers,  etc. 

Charles  K.  Connor New  Philadelphia     Corn  harvester. 

Craver  &  Steele  Mfg.  Co.     .    .    .      Harvey  .    .    .      Grain   header.      Grain   drill   and  pea 

planter. 

Joseph  P.  Davenport Downers  Grove  Potato  planter. 

Deere  &  Mansur  Co Moline  .    .    .      Planters,  drills,  etc.     Hay  loader. 


EXHIBITS — DEPARTMENT    A. 


37 


EXUIBITOll.  ADDRESS. 

Deere  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Plows  and  Cultivators. 

Win.  Peering  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Harvesting  machinery. 

Emerson,  Talcott  &  Co Rock  ford  .    .      Mowers,  tedders,  rakes. 

Famous  Manufacturing  Co.     .    .      Chicago     .    .      Baling  presses. 

Globe  Windmill  Co West -Pullman    Windmill. 

Grand  Detour  Plow  Co Dixon     .    .    .      Plows,  harrows  and  cultivators. 

Hawarth  &  Sons Decatur     .    .      Corn  planter;  check  rower. 

Hayes  Pump  &  Planter  Co.     .    .      Galva     .    .    .      Corn    planters,    drill    and    shoveling 

boards. 

Nathaniel  B.  Higbie Chicago     .    .      Oats  cleaner. 

Iwan  Bros.    .  ...      Streator     .    .      Drain  and  tile  cleaners  and  post-hole 

augers. 
Joliet  Manufacturing  Co.      ...      Joliet  ....      Corn  shelters. 

Joliet  Strowbridge  Co Joliet  ....      Grain  seeders.     Feed  grinders. 

Chas.  Kaestner  &  Co.    .    .        .    .      Chicago     .    .      Grist  and  feed  mills. 

W.  J.  H.  Kappe Quincy  .    .    .      Hay  baling  presses. 

Keystone  Manufacturing  Co.  .    .      Sterling     .    .      Harrow.      Sower  and  planter.      Hay 

loader    and    rake.      Corn    shellers, 
huskers  and  harvesters. 

May  Bros Galesburg     .      Windmill. 

J.  McCallum  Manufacturing  Co.      Chicago     .    .      Potato  digger,  picker  and  loader. 
McCorniick  Harvesting  Mach.  Co.  Chicago     .    .      Binders,  reapersrmowers,  droppers,  etc. 
Moline  Plow  Co.  Moline  .    .    .      Plows  and  cultivators.     Corn  planter. 

John  H.  O'Hara  .  ...      Chicago     .    .      Corn  planter  and  harvester.     Reaper 

and  binder,  hay  rake  and   tedder. 
Traction  engine. 
Heber  Parrish  ....  ...      Morrison  .    .      Grain  separator  and  cleaner. 

H.  H.  Perkins  Manufacturing  Co.   Kewanee  .    .      Corn  planter.     Corn  husker. 
Piano  Manufacturing  Co.     ...      Chicago     .    .      Binder,  header  and  mowers. 

Jos.  E.  Porter Ottawa  .    .    .      Hay  carriers. 

L.  J.  &  J.  M.  Price Macomb    .    .      Syrup  evaporator. 

Quincy  Baling  Press  Co Quincy  .    .    .      Baling  Press. 

Sandwich  Enterprise  Co.      ...      Sandwich  .    .      Cultivators,  harrows.     Cotton  planter. 

Corn  slicer. 
Sandwich  Manufacturing  Co.  .          Sandwich  .    .      Harvester.     Corn  sheller  and  baling 

press. 
Sattley  Manufacturing  Co.  .  Springfield    .      Plows,  cultivators  and  harrows.  Straw 

stacker. 
Skandia  Plow  Co.  .  ....      Rockford  .    .      Plows,  cultivators  and  harrows.     Corn 

planters  and  listers. 
Sterling  Manufacturing  Co.  Sterling  Harrows.     Seeder.     Cornstalk  cutter; 

feed  grinder. 
Stover  Manufacturing  Co.    ...      Freeport    .    .      Windmill. 

United  States  Wind  Engine  Co.        Batavia  .    .    .      Windmills  and  feed  and  grinding  mills. 
Ward,  Montgomery  &  Co.  .    .          Chicago     .    .      Hay  stacking  and  carrying  apparatus. 

Corn  grinders  and  shellers,  and  bone 
grinders. 
Warder,  Bushnell  &  Glessner  Co.     Chicago     .    .      Mower,  reaper  and  harvester. 

Thomas  Whitfield Chicago     .    .      Oats  cleaner. 

Armour  &  Co.     .    .  ...      Chicago     .    .      Gelatine  and  glue.     Hair. 

Swift  &  Company Chicago     .    .      Glue,  horns,  hoofs  and  bone.      Fertil- 
izing material. 
Am.  Copper,  Brass  &  Iron  Works     Chicago     .    .      Brewers'  supplies. 

Armour  &  Co.  Chicago     .    .      Butterine.     Stearine. 

Columbia  Cleansing  Compound  Co.  Chicago     .    .      Cleansing  compound. 


THE  WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR.  A!>I>r.KSS. 

Frazer  Lubricator  Co Chicago     .  . 

Geo.  T.  Johnson Chicago     .  . 

Leonard  &  Ellis Chicago     .  . 

National  Linseed  Oil  Co.      .    .    .  Chicago     .  . 

Swift  &  Company Chicago     .  . 

D.  O.  Wallace  &  Co Chicago     .  . 

Wise  Lubricating  Co.     .....  Chicago     .  . 

Louis  Banscher Freeport    .  . 

J.  W.  Boatman Carlinville  . 

F.  E.  Bone Tallula   .    .  . 

Joseph  Boner Panola   .    .  . 

David  Brumback Danforth   .  . 

W.  A.  Burdick Winnebago  . 

J.  L.  Burdick Rockford  .  . 

Wm.  Burrows Panola   .    .  . 

J.  J.  Butler Eldorado   .  . 

T.  P.  Chester   .    .    .  • Champaign  . 

Edward  Childs El  Paso  .    .  . 

W.  M-  Cline Rockford  .  . 

Horace  Coffin Rockford  .  . 

John  Conlon Taylor    .    .  . 

Thos.  Cribbins El  Paso     .  . 

L.  H.  Crowell Rockford  .  . 

A.  E.  Cutler Rockford  .  . 

Nicholas  De  Freese Panola   .    .  . 

H.  P.  Edmonds Taylor    .    .  . 

J.  W.  Edmonds Lighthouse  . 

Philip  Edmonds El  Paso     .  . 

Kim.  Enright El  Paso     .  . 

A.  Earnest  &  Co Farmingdale 

Walter  Fraipont Rockford  .  . 

E.  S,  Fursman El  Paso  .    .  . 

June  Gardiner Rockford  .  . 

Geo.  W.  Graham Carbondale  . 

William  Gurbrick El  Paso  .    .  . 

Jos.  Haas El  Paso  .    .  . 

Leori  Hay Kankakee  . 

Helms  &  Ripley Belleville  .  . 

Mart.  Herr Panola  .    .  . 

Daniel  Hill El  Paso     .  . 

W.  H.  Hodge Morris   .    .  . 

Jesse  Hodgson Panola   .    .  . 

M.  A.  Hooker  McLanesboro 


EXHIBIT. 

Grease  and  oil. 

Eradicator. 

Lubricating  oils. 

Oils,  oil  cake  and  meal. 

Butterine,  lard  and  oils. 

Furniture-cleaning  compound. 

Lubricating  compounds. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Barley.  Rye. 
Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Barley.  Rye. 
Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Rye.  Buck- 
wheat. Grasses.  Clover,  etc. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Barley.  Rye. 
Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Barley.  Rye. 
Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Corn.     Rye. 

Oats. 

Corn. 

Corn.     Buckwheat.     Grasses. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Barley.  Rye. 
Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Wheat.     Corn.     Grass. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Barley.  Rye. 
Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Barley.  Rye. 
Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Corn. 

Wheat. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Rye.  Buck- 
wheat. Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Barley.  Rye. 
Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Barley.  Rye. 
Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Corn. 

Wheat.  Corn.  Oats.  Rye.  Buck- 
wheat. Grasses.  Forage  plants. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   A. 


39 


EXHIBITOR.  ADDRESS.  EXHIBIT 

H.  A.   Hopps Panola   .    .    .      Corn. 

George  Homer Panola.  .    .    .      Corn. 

A.  B.  Hostetter Mt.  Carroll   .      Wheat.    Oats.    Barley.   Rye.    Grasses. 

Thos.  Hurd El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 

J.  N.  Irving Arcola    .    .    .      Oats. 

Win.  Johns Rockford  .    .      Corn. 

Andy  Johnson El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 

W.  G.  Kimtnel Jonesboro  .    .      Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.      Rye.      Buck- 
wheat.    Grasses.     Clover. 

John  Klug Panola   ...      Corn. 

William  Klug Panola    .    .    .      Corn. 

Knox  County  Agricultural  Board.     Knoxville     .       Wheat.     Corn.      Oats.      Rye.     Buck- 
wheat.    Grasses.     Clover. 

Jas.  Krow :    .    .    .      Woodstock    .      Corn. 

S.  D.  La  Rosh Pekin.    .    .    .      Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.    Barley.     Rye. 

Buckwheat.  Grasses.    Forage  plants. 

McHenry  Co.  Agricultural  Board.     Woodstock    .      Corn. 

J.  W.  McHenry    .  ....      Carmi    .    .    .      Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.     Rye.     Forage 

plants. 

H.  L.  McOmber El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 

F.  W.  March Daysville  .    .      Corn. 

Massac    County   Fruit  Growers' 

Association    .  .    .      Metropolis    .      Wheat.     Corn.      Oats.     Rye.     Buck- 

wheat.    Grasses.     Forage  plants. 

Benjamin  Millard Rockford  .    .      Wheat.     Oats. 

C.  E.  Miller Panola   .    .    .      Corn. 

Ed.  Murray Daysville  .    .      Corn. 

J.  E.  Nash Princeton  .    .      Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.     Barley.    Rye. 

Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

A.  Neeper Kinmundy   .      Wheat.     Corn.      Oats.      Rye.     Buck- 
wheat.    Grasses.     Forage  plants. 
Robert  Nethercott  ........      El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 

John  Patton      Panola   .    .    .      Corn. 

George  Pinkham  Panola   .    .    .      Corn. 

Theron  Pierpont Rockford  .    .      Corn. 

James  Pleasant El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 

Wm.  Rice Rockford  .    .      Grasses. 

A.  E.  Russell Shattue     .    .      Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.      Rye.      Buck- 
wheat.    Grasses.     Forage  plants. 

W.  J.  Sawyer Belvidere  .    .      Corn.     Grass. 

John  Schofield El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 

J.  E.  Seiler Mt.  Carmel  .      Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.     Rye.    Grasses. 

Forage  plants. 

Robert  Shedden  Pingree  Grove   Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.     Barley.    Rye. 

Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 

Geo.  Sheen El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 

C.  W.  Sibley    .  .    .      Pana  ....      Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.      Rye.      Buck- 

wheat.    Grasses.     Forage  Plants. 

C.  M.  Stephenson Secor      .    .    .      Corn.' 

Geo.  Stevens Rockford  .    .      Grasses. 

Wm.  Stevens Daysville  .    .      Barley. 

S.  S.  Stitt El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 

Mr.  Stonebraker Panola   .    .    .      Corn. 

John  Storrs Rockford  .    .      Oats. 

Levi  Stumbaugh El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 


THE    WHITE    CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR.  ADDRESS.  EXHIBIT. 

James  Swartz El  Paso  .    .    .      Corn. 

University  of  Illinois Champaign  .      Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.     Barley.     Rye. 

Buckwheat.     Grasses.     Forage  plants. 
Adam  Vanbel Peoria    .    .    .      Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.     Barley.     Rye. 

Buckwheat.  Grasses.  Forage  plants. 
T.  S.  Weedman Farmer  City  .     Wheat.     Corn.     Oats.     Barley.     Rye. 

Buckwheat.  Grasses.   Forage  plants. 

Albert  Whitten Bismarck  .    .      Corn. 

John  Wilcox      Rockford  .    .      Wheat.     Oats. 

John  Wolf Canton      .    .      Grasses. 

Byron  F.  Wyman Sycamore  .    .     Grasses.  ° 

F.  E.  Bone Tallula  .    .    .      Sorghum. 

J.  L.  Burdick Rockford  .          Sorghum. 

J.  J.  Butler Eldorado  .    .      Sorghum. 

Confectioners'  &  Bakers'  Supply 

Company Chicago     .    .      Confectionery. 

E.  S.  Furrnan El  Paso     .    .      Sugar  Cane.     Sorghum. 

Leon  Hay Kankakee     .      Sorghum. 

Helms  &  Ripley Belleville.     .  Sugar  Cane.     Sorghum. 

M.  A.  Hooker McLeansboro  Sorghum. 

Jacob  Huff Grand  Detour  Sorghum. 

W  G.  Kimmel Jonesboro      .  Sugar  Cane. 

S.  D.  La  Rosh Pekin     .    .    .  Sorghum. 

J.  W.  McHenry Carini     .    .    .  Sugar  Cane.     Sorghum. 

Massac    County    Fruit  Growers' 

Association Metropolis    .  Sorghum. 

J.  E.  Nash Princeton  .    .  Sorghum. 

A.  Keeper      .    .   '. Kinmundy   .  Sorghum. 

A.  E.  Russell Shattue  .    .    .  Sorghum. 

Robert  Shedden Pingree  Grove  Sugar  Cane. 

C.  W.  Sibley Pana  ....  Sorghum. 

University  of  Illinois Champaign  .  Sorghum. 

T.  S.  Weedman Farmer  City  .  Sorghum. 

F.  E.  Bone    ..'....»...  Tallula  .    .    .  Potatoes.        Sugar      beets,     mangel- 

wurzels,  etc.     Turnips. 

David  Brumback Danforth.  .    .      Potatoes,     sweet  potatoes,     yams. 

J.  L.  Burdick Rockford  .    .      Potatoes.     Beets.      Turnips,      carrots. 

W.  A.  Burdick Winnebago  .      Potatoes.     Sugar       beets.         Carrots, 

turnips,  etc. 

J.  J.  Butler Eldorado  .    .      Potatoes. 

T.  P.  Chester Champaign  .      Potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,    yams,  etc. 

Sugar  beets,    mangel-wurzels.   Car- 
rots,    beets,     turnips,  etc. 

H.    P.    Edmond Taylor    .    .    .      Potatoes,     sweet  potatoes. 

A.  Ernest  &  Co Farmingdale.     Potatoes,  yams,  etc.     Mangel-wurzels. 

carrots,     turnips,     beets. 

E.  S.  Fursman El  Paso  .    .         Potatoes.     Mangel-wurzels.       Carrots, 

turnips,  beets,  etc. 

Leon  Hay Kankakee    .      Potatoes,  sweet    potatoes,    yams,  etc. 

Mangel-wurzels. 

Helms  &  Ripley Belleville  .    .      Potatoes,  sweet  and  Irish,  yams,  etc. 

Sugar    beets    and    mangel-murzels. 
Carrots,  turnips,  beets,  etc. 

W.  H.  Hodge Morris   .    .    .      Potatoes,    sweet  potatoes,   yams,   etc, 

Mangel-wurzels.  Carrots,  turnips,  etc 


EXHIBITS — DEPARTMENT   A.  4! 

EXHIBITOR.  ADDIIES*.  EXHIBIT. 

M.  A.  Hooker McLeansboro      Potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  yams,  etc. 

W.  G.  Kimmel Jonesboro  .    .      Potatoes.     Beets.     Peanuts. 

S.  D.  LaRosh Pekin  .  .  .  Potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  yams,  etc. 

Sugar  beets,  mangels.  Carrots, 
turnips  and  beets. 

Massac    County  Fruit    Growers' 

Association Metropolis    .      Potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  yams.    Man- 

gel-wurzels.      Carrots,    turnips,  etc. 
J.  E.  Nash  Princeton  .    .      Potatoes.       Beets,       niangel-wurzels. 

Carrots  and  turnips. 

J.  E.  Seiler   .  Mt.  Carmel  .      Potatoes,  sweet  potatoes. 

C.  W.  Sibley  .    .    .  '    pana  .        .    .      Potatoes,     sweet    potatoes.      Carrots, 

turnips,  beets,  artichokes. 

University  of    Illinois Champaign  .      Potatoes. 

Adam  Vanbel   .  .    .      Peoria   .    .    .      Potatoes,  sweet  potatoes,  yams.    Man- 

gel-wurzels.     Carrots,    turnips    and 

beets. 

T.  S.  Weedman Farmer  City  .  Potatoes.     Carrots,  beets,  turnips 

F.  E.  Bone Tallula  .    .    .  Broom  corn. 

J.  L.   Burdick  .    .  Rockford  .    .      Broom  corn.     Pumpkins.      Squashes. 

J.  J.  Butler Eldorado  .    .      Broom  corn. 

P.  Chester   .    .  ....  Champaign   .      Pumpkins,  peas,  beans. 

H.  P.  Edmonds Taylor    .    .    .  Broom  corn. 

E.    S.    Fursman El  Paso  .    .    .  Broom corn.pumpkins, peas,  beans.etc. 

Helms  &  Ripley Belleville  .    .  Broom  corn. 

M.  A.  Hooker McLeanboro  Broom  corn. 

Jacob  Huff Grand  Detour  Broom  corn. 

W.  G.  Kimmel Jonesboro  .    .  Squashes,  beans,  peas. 

S.  D.  LaRosh  Pekin     .    .    .  Broom  corn,  pumpkins,  squashes. 

J.  W.  McHenry Carmi    .    .    .  Broom  corn. 

Massac    County    Fruit  Growers' 

Association    .......  Metropolis    .  Broom  corn. 

A.  Neeper Kinmundy   .  Broom  corn. 

Robert  Shedden Pingree Grove  Broom  corn. 

C.  W.   Sibley   .    .  ...  pana  ....  Broom  corn. 

University   of   Illinois Champaign  .  Broom  corn. 

T.  S.  Weedman Farmer  City  .  Pumpkins,  squashes. 

F.  E.  Bone Tallula  .    .    .  Tobacco. 

David  Bruniback Dauforth    .    .  Peppers,  etc. 

J.  L.  Burdick Rockford  .  Peppers. 

W.  A.  Burdick Winnebago  .  Tobacco. 

T.  P.  Chester Champaign  .  Peppers.     Tobacco. 

H.  P.  Edmonds Taylor    .    .    .  Peppers. 

E.  S.  Fursman El  Paso  .    .    .  Hops.     Peppers.     Tobacco, 

Helms  &  Ripley Belleville  .    .  Tobacco. 

S.  D.  LaRosh    .  ...  pekin     .    .    .  Peppers,  etc.     Tobacco. 

W.  G.  Kimmel Jonesboro.    .  Peppers.     Tobacco. 

J.  W.  McHenry Carrni     .    .    .  Tobacco. 

J.  E.  Nash     .    .  Princeton  .    .  Hops.    '  Peppers.     Tobacco. 

A.  Neeper  Kinmundy   .  Tobacco. 

A.  E.  Russell Shattuc  .    .    .  Tobacco. 

C.   W.  Sibley Pana  ....  Tobacco. 

T.  S.  Weedman Fanner  City  .  Hops.     Peppers.     Tobacco. 

F.  E.  Bone Tallula  .    .    .  Hemp. 

David   Bruniback Danforth  .    .  Hemp  and  flax. 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR.  ADDRESS.  EXHIBIT. 

J.  L.  Burdick Rockford  .    .  Flax. 

T.  P.  Chester Champaign  .  Hemp  and  flax. 

\V.  P.  Edmonds Taylor  .    .    .  Hemp. 

W.  G.  Kimmel Jonesboro     .  Cotton. 

S.  D.  LaRosh Pekin     .    .    .  Hemp  and  flax. 

A.  Neeper      Kinniundy   .  Hemp. 

Robert  Shedden Pingree  Grove   Hemp  and  flax. 

T.  S.  Weedman Farmer  City  Hemp. 

Department  B.-HORTICULTURE. 

A.  H.  Gasten Lacon    .    .    .  Grapes,  apples,  pears,  berries,  etc. 

I.  G.  Hubbard Nokomis  .  .  Peaches.  Wax  models  of  peaches. 

Preserved  peaches.  Orchard  pack- 
ing bench. 

F.  C.  Johnson Kishwaukee  .  Cider  and  vinegar. 

Frederick  W.  Benham Chicago  .  .  Flowering  annual  plants.  Climbing 

annual  plants.  Misc,  annuals, 
phlox,  asters,  etc. 

Bloomington  Phrenix  Nursery    .  Blocmington,  Trees  and  shrubs. 

Douglas  Park Chicago     .    .  Plants. 

R.  Douglas  &  Sons Waukegan    .  Flowers  and  plants. 

Albert  Fuchs Chicago     .    .  Tropical  plants. 

Gilbert  &  Bennett  Mfg.  Co.     .    .  Chicago     .    .  Flower  stands. 

Goode  &  Co Chicago     .    .  Greenhouse  plants. 

Lincoln  Park Chicago     .    .  Plants. 

George  Miller Chicago     .    .  Hothouse  plants. 

Illinois  Horticultural  Society  .    .  Chicago     .    .  Vegetables. 

P.  S.  Peterson Chicago     .    .  Trees. 

Wm.  Zimmerman Chicago     .    .  Tree  and  plant  setting  machine. 

Orange  Judd  Farmer  Co  ....  Chicago     .    .  Noxious  weeds. 

Nettie  A.  Palmer Chicago     .    .  Herbaria. 

J.  Vaughan Chicago     .    .  Plants.     Receptacles  for  plants,  etc. 

Washington  Park Chicago     .    .  Bedding  plants. 

J.  C.  Vaughn Chicago     .    .  Seeds. 

E.  A.  Bechtel's  Sons Staunton  .    .  Pyrus  augustifolia. 

A.  H.  Gasten Lacon     .    .    .  Catalpa,  etc. 

David  Hill Dundee     .    .  Evergreens. 

E.  H.  Ricker  Co Elgin     .    .     .  Evergreens,  seeding,  etc.      Nurseries. 

Gilbert  &  Bennett  Mfg.  Co    .    .  Chicago     .    .  Wire  work. 

Glennon  &  Krause Chicago     .    .  Lawn  mower  and  grass  carrier. 

H.  B.  Hardt Chicago     .    .  Model  conservatory. 

Orange  Judd  Farmer  Co    ....  Chicago     .    .  Fences. 

J.  C.  Vaughn Chicago     .    .  Horticultural  supplies. 

E.  S.  Fursman El  Paso  .  .  .  Grapes  for  the  table.  Grapes  for  wine 

making. 

H.  A.  Aldrich Neoga  .    .    .  Fruits. 

Jacob  Auer Deer  Plain  .  Fruits. 

A.  B.  Austin      Downer's  Grove  Fruits.    . 

C.  E.  Austin      Effingham     .  Fruits. 

M   D.  Baldwin Jacksonville  Fruits. 

O.  B.  Barnard Mantino    .    .  Fruits. 

Wm.  Barter Attila     .    .    .  Fruits. 

E.  Baxter Nauvoo  .    .    .  Fruits. 

L.  N.  Be*t  .  Mt.  Vernon  .  Fruits. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   B. 


43 


EXHIBITOR. 


R.  C.  Berry  ..."•-....      Bachtown  .    . 

F.  E.  Bone Tallula  .    .    . 

H.  D.  Brown Hamilton  .    . 

J.  S.  Brown ' Alton.     .    .    . 

David  Brumback Danforth  . 

H.  Bryant Princeton  .    . 

L.  R.  Bryant Princeton  .    . 

Benj.  Buckman Fanningdale 

J-  C.  Bull Girard    .    .    . 

J.  W.  Cain Effingham    . 

W.  E.  Caldwell Griggsville   . 

Eli  Garbin Carbin  Cliff  . 

J.  J.  Cart Morrisville    . 

T.  P.  Chester Champaign  . 

G.  W.  Cook Lacon    .    .    . 

A.  Cope          Tonti  .... 

J.  V..Cotta Nursery     .    . 

W.  R.  Craine Villa  Ridge  . 

E.  C.  Crammer Fairfield 

Clyde  Curtee Tamaroa    .    . 

John  Dewe Kankakee     . 

H.  L.  Down Jacksonville 

A.  J.  Dunlap Dunlap  .    .    . 

H.  M.  Dunlap Savoy 

R.  L.  Dunlap Savoy 

W.  S.  Dyer Springfield   . 

H.  P.  Edmonds Taylor 

G.  W.  Endicott Villa  Ridge   . 

Jas.  Falin Villa  Ridge  . 

D.  H.  Freeman .  Metropolis    . 

R-  T.  Fry Olney     .    .    . 

J.  W.   Fuller Anna  .... 

E.  S.  Fursman El  Paso 

S.  Goodrich  .    . Urbana  .    . 

T.  E.  Goodrich Cobden  .    . 

W.  E.  Gould Villa  Ridge  . 

E.  W.  Graves Sandwich  .    . 

D.  H.  Gray Elmwood  .    . 

A.  C.  Hammond Warsaw 

M.  S.  Hammond Warsaw 

R.  P.  Hanna • .    .    .  Fairfield    .    . 

Jay   Harrison Flora  .... 

C.  F.  Hartman Nashville  .    . 

J.  L.  Hartwell Dixon 

Henry  Hauser Franklin  Grove 

F.  Helms  .  Belleville  .    . 

Helms  &  Ripley Belleville  .    . 

Ludwig  Henke Collinsville   . 

W.  P.  Hessler Cobden  .    .    . 

D.  Hill Dundee  .    .    . 

A.   H.  Hinkley Du  Bois 

Oliver  Hohnes Fairfield 

M.  A.  Hooker McLeansboro 

T.  Huber Illinois  City  . 

H.   P.  Irish Farina   . 


EXHIBIT. 

Fruits. 

Nuts. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Pomaceous  and  stone  fruits.     Nuts. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Pomaceous  and  stone  fruits.     Nuts. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Apples.    -Nuts 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Nuts. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Pomaceous  and  stone  fruits.     Nuts. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 

Pears,  apples  etc.     Nuts  in  variety. 

Fruits. 

Fruits. 


44 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR. 

ADDRESS. 

EXHIBIT. 

J.  T.  Johnson    

Warsaw      .    . 

Fruits. 

H.  Johnston  

Villa  Ridge  . 

Fruits. 

\V.  I-;.  Jones  

Lincoln      .    . 

Fruits. 

\V.  E.  Jones  

Lincoln  .    .    . 

Pomaceous  and  stone  fruits. 

W.  G.   Kimmel  

Jonesboro  .    . 

Pomaceous  and  stone  fruits. 

Nuts. 

S.   D.  LaRosh      

Pekin     .    .    . 

Pomaceous  and  stone  fruits. 

Fruits  in 

alcohol. 

T.  T.  Leeper  

Lima  .... 

Fruits. 

F.  J.  Mann  

Gilmore     .    . 

Fruits. 

Massac  Co.  Fruit  Growers'  Assn  . 

Metropolis    . 

Pomaceous  and  stone  fruits. 

Nuts. 

J.   R.  Matthews   

Marissa  .    .    . 

Fruits. 

J.  McCaffery    

Cobden  .    .    . 

Fruits. 

G.  W.  McCluer   

Champaign   . 

Fruits. 

John  McHinstey     

Dixon     .    .    . 

Fruits. 

J.  Z.   McSpadelen    

Neoga    .    .    . 

Fruits. 

E.  G.  Mendenhall  

Kinmundy    . 

Fruits. 

John  Morris  

Fairfield    .    . 

Fruits. 

John  E.  Moyer    

Dixon     .    .    . 

Fruits. 

A.  Neeper    

Kinmundy    . 

Fruits.     Nuts. 

W.  A.  Norris   

Vernon  .    .    . 

Fruits. 

A.   W.  Orr    

Ottawa  .    .    . 

Fruits. 

C.  M.  Perrine  

Fairfield    .  '-. 

Fruits. 

W.  S.  Perrine  

Centralia  .    . 

Fruits. 

Richard  Perry     

Griggsville    . 

Fruits. 

Wm.  Perry    

Milton    .    .    . 

Fruits. 

D.  J.  Piper    

Forreston  .    . 

Fruits. 

C.  R.  Powell    . 

Sterling     .    . 

Fruits. 

C.   H.   Prescott    

Marengo   .    . 

Fruits. 

D.   W.  Prindell  

Villa  Ridge  . 

Fruits. 

J.  A.  Ralston    

Fanningdale 

Fruits. 

A.  Rice  

Rockford  .    . 

Fruits. 

E.  A.  Ricke  

Alton  .... 

Fruits. 

W.  S.  Ross    

Alma  .... 

Fruits. 

A.  E.  Russell    

Shattuc  .    .    . 

Nuts. 

A.  B.  Ryder  

Fairfield    .    . 

Fruits. 

J.  E.  Seller   

Mt.  Carmel  . 

Pears,  apples,  peaches,  plums. 

Nuts. 

C.  W.  Sibley    

Pana  .... 

Fruits.     Nuts. 

H.  C.  Smith    

Toloni    .    .    . 

Fruits. 

J.  S.  Smith    ( 

Champaign  . 

Fruits. 

J.  B.  Spaulding   

Spaulding  .    . 

Fruits. 

N.  W.  Spencer  

Centralia 

Fruits. 

S.  N.  Stevens  

Warsaw      .    . 

Fruits. 

A.  Stewart    

Champaign  . 

Fruits. 

E.  Stewart    

Hamilton  .    . 

Fruits. 

Phil  Stinbler    

Naperville    . 

Fruits. 

S.   R.  Stoddard           

EflSngham     . 

Fruits. 

John  Upton  

Springfield   . 

Fruits. 

H.  K.  Vickroy   

Normal  .    .    . 

Fruits. 

T.  D.  Voies  

Neoga    .    .    . 

Fruits. 

J.  T.  \Vallner   

Neoga    .    .    . 

Fruits. 

B.   C.   Warfield    

Sandoval  .    . 

Fruits. 

E.  B.  Watson    

Waverly    .    . 

Fruits. 

C.  H.  Webster    

Centerville    . 

Fruits. 

T.  S.  Weedman   

Farmer  City  . 

Pears,  apples,  peaches.     Nuts. 

G.  C.  Wells  

Farina    .    .    . 

Fruits. 

EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   B. 


45 


EXHIBITOR. 


A.  C.  Wilson Batchtown    .      Fruits. 

C.  C.  Wilson Fail-field    .    .      Fruits. 

J.  C.  Tv'ilson      Olney     .    .    .      Fruits. 

H.  A.  Whiting Franklin  Grove  Fruits. 

C.  G.  Winn Griggsville    .      Fruits. 

L.  Woodward Marengo  .    .      Fruits. 

G.  B.  Worthen Warsaw     .    .      Fruits. 

W.  B.  Wright Effingham    .      Fruits.      . 

David  Youngs Canni     .    .    .      Fruits. 

J.  L.  Zook  Olney     .    .    .      Fruits. 

H.  P.  Edmonds Taylor  .    .    .      Ferns. 

Mollie  Anderson Taylor   .    .    .      Beans. 

Louis  Banscher Freeport   .    .      Miscellaneous  vegetables 

Antomet  Beck Freeport   .          Beans    and    peas.      Turnips,    carrots. 

Cabbages. 

David  Brumback Danforth  .          Beans,  tomatoes,  cucumbers,  etc.    Cab- 
bage. Beets,  turnips.  Miscellaneous. 
Rockford  .    .      Tomatoes,  cucumbers,  melons.     Rad- 
(for  Stephenson  Co.)         ishes.     Cabbage.     Miscellaneous 
Winnebago  .      Squashes,     pumpkins,     melons,     etc. 
Radishes.      Asparagus.       Rhubarb. 
Cabbage. 
J.  J.  Butler Eldorado  .    .       Beans,  peas,  etc. 

Champaign  .      Beans,    peas,    tomatoes,    etc.      Beets, 
turnips,  potatoes,  etc.     Cabbage,  let^ 
tuce.     Miscellaneous. 
Mrs.  Clark Dayesville    .      Potatoes.     Carrots. 

Taylor  Beans,  peas,  squashes,  etc.     Turnips, 

potatoes,   carrots,   beets.     Miscella- 
neous. 

A.  Ernst  &  Co Farmingdale      Peas  and  beans.     Miscellaneous  veg- 
etables. 
El  Paso  .  Tomatoes,  melons,  etc.  Beets,  radishes. 

Asparagus. 

Kankakee  Cucumbers,  pumpkins,  melons.     Tur- 

nips, beets.     Miscellaneous. 
is&RIpley.  Belleville.          Beans,    peas,    tomatoes,    etc.      Beets, 

turnips,  potatoes.     Miscellaneous. 
Morris   .  Beans,  peas,  peppers,  etc. 

McLeansboro     Beans,  peas,  peppers,  etc.     Beets,  tur- 
nips,  potatoes,  etc.     Miscellaneous. 
Rockford  .    .      Miscellaneous  vegetables 
Jonesboro  .          Cucumbers,  okra,  melons.     Miscella- 
neous.    Rhubarb,  asparagus. 
Knox  County  Agncultural  Board     Knoxville     .      Beets,  turnips,  potatoes.     Cabbage 

Pekin     .    .    .      Beans,    peas,  tomatoes,   etc.     Radica- 
ceous  and  tubrous  vegetables.     As- 
paragus, cabbage,  etc.  Miscellaneous 
culinary  vegetables. 
Massac  County  Fruit  Growers'  rpotatoeSj  etc      MisceUaneous 

T   W  M°  w      " Metropolis  .  Beans,  peas,  peppers.      Beets,  turnips, 

J.  W.  McHenry Carmi     .    .    .  Beans,  peas,  etc. 

J.  E.  Nash                    Princeton  .    .  Beans,  cucumbers,  squashes,  etc 

Kinmundy   .  Beans,  peas,  etc. 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR.  ADDRESS.  EXHIBIT. 

A.  E.  Russell .  Shattuc  -  .  .  Beans,  peas,  peppers.  Beets,  turnips, 

potatoes.  Miscellaneous. 

\V.  J.  Sawyer Belvidere  .    .      Potatoes. 

J.  E.  Seller Mt.  Carmi  .  Squashes,  pumpkins.  Cabbage,  etc. 

Miscellaneous. 

Robert  Shedden Pingree Grove    Beans  and  peas. 

C.  W.  Sibley Pana  ....  Beans,  cucumbers,  etc.  Beets,  rad- 
ishes. Miscellaneous. 

University  of  Illinois Champaign  .  Beans,  peas,  peppers,  etc.  Beets, 

turnips,  carrots,  potatoes.  Miscel- 
laneous. 

Adam  Vanbel Peoria  .  .  .  Peas,  beans,  cucumbers.  Miscella- 
neous vegetables. 

T.  S.  Weedman Farmer  City  Beans,  peas,  tomatoes.  Radishes. 

Cabbage,  rhubard.  Miscellaneous. 

Mary  A.  Hawley Dixon     .    .    .  •    Apparatus  for  applying  insecticides. 

Departmert  D.-FISH,   FISHERIES,  ETC. 

E.  B.  McClanahan Waukegan    .  Mounted  brook  trout. 

Henry  Seidler  . Chicago     .    .  Storm   worm.       Shrimp.       Preserved 

fish  specimens. 

A.  Booth  Packing  Co Chicago     .    .  Fresh   and   canned   fish  and    oysters. 

Salmon,  shrimp,  etc 

A.  S.  Comstock   ........  Evanston  .    .  Tent  for  anglers. 

Joseph  Rosatka Chicago     .    .  Automatic  fishing  tackle. 

Waltonian  Manufactory  Co.     .    .  Chicago     .    .  Artificial  flies. 

A.  Booth  Packing  Co Chicago     .    .  Canned  fish. 

Mann  Bros Chicago     .    .  Pails  for  shipping  oysters. 

John  Tobin Chicago     .    .  Fish  scaling  machine  in  operation. 

L.  Wilzinski      Chicago     .    .  Sturgeon  sounds. 

O.  H.  Jewell  Filter  Co Chicago     .    .  Water  filters. 

Department  E.-M1NES,    MINING    AND    METALLURGY. 

Samuel  Beers Chicago     .    .      Magnesite. 

L.  Galitzki, Chicago     .    .      Gold  and  silver  ores. 

John  B.  SchaefHer Chicago     .    .      Building  material. 

Sioux  Valley  Stone  Co Chicago     .    .      Jasper,  rough  and  wrought. 

Chisholm,  Boyd  &  White     .    .    .      Chicago  " .    .      Brickmaking  clays  and  shales,  bricks. 

Chicago  Fitzgerald  Plaster  Co.    .      Chicago     .    .      Wall  plaster. 

C.  H.  Rose  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Cement,  cement  plaster. 

Chicago  Fire- Proof  Covering  Co.  Chicago  .  .  Mineral  wool,  it,;  manufacture  and 

products. 

Crane  Elevator  Co Chicago  .  .  Steam  reversing  engines  for  rolling 

mills. 

Illinois  Fluor  Spar  and  Lead  Co.      Chicago     .    .      Fluor  spar  and  its  processes. 

Sanderson  Bros.  Steel  Co.     .    .    .      Chicago     .  .       Cast  steel. 

Swartz  Iron  &  Steel  Co Chicago     .    .      Iron  and  steel. 

Geo.  B.  Tennant Chicago  .  .  Bessemer  products.  Open  hearth  pro- 
ducts. The  metallurgy  of  iron  and 
steel. 

United  States  Car  Co Chicago     .    .      Merchant  iron. 

Western  Mineral  Wool  Co.  .  .  .  Chicago  .  .  Mineral  wool  in  bulk,  mineral  wool, 

insulation  minerals. 

Joseph  M.  Hirsh Chicago     .    .      Aluminum.     Aluminum  alloys. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   E. 


47 


EXHIBITOR. 

Chicago  Copper  Refining  Co.  .    .      Blue  Island  .      Electrolytic  copper  and  its  processes. 

Frazer  &  Chalmers Chicago     .    .      Lead  and  copper   furnace   apparatus. 

Copper  furnace  and  converter. 

Joseph  M.  Hirsh Chicago     .    .      Aluminum  bronze. 

H.  L.  Bridgman Blue  Island  .      Ore  sampling  machine. 

Chicago  Iron  Works Chicago     .    .      Stamp  mill.     Amalgamating  plant. 

Fraser  &  Chalmers Chicago  Stamp  mill.     Amalgamating  barrel. 

Orrin  B.  Peck Chicago     .    .      Centrifugal  ore  concentrator. 

Raymond  Bros Chicago     .    .      Pulverizing  machinery. 

Chicago  Iron  Works Chicago     .    .      Smelting  and  concentrating  plants. 

Fraser  &  Chalmers Chicago     .    .      Lead  furnaces. 

American  Well  Works Aurora   .    .    .      Diamond     boring,     prospecting    and 

sinking  machinery.      Drilling  tools 
and  hydraulic  well  sinking  machin'y 

M.  C.  Bullock  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Hand  diamond  drill.      Rock  drills. 

Diamond  drills.      Well   boring  rig 
and  derrick. 

Sullivan  Machinery  Co.    .    .        .      Chicago     .    .      Diamond  and  steam  rock  drills.     Coal 

mining  machines. 

W.  A.  McCune  &  Co Sterling     .    .      Hand  and  power  drills. 

A.  W.  Morgan Springfield   .      Well-making  machinery. 

American  Well  Works Aurora   .    .    .      Mining  pumps. 

M.  C.  Bullock  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Air  compressors,  engines  and  hoist. 

Chicago  Iron  Works Chicago     .    .      Air  compressors,  hoisting  and  pump- 
ing engines. 
Crane  Elevator  Co.     ...'...      Chicago     .    .      Steam  mine  hoisting  engine  and  cages. 

Fraser  &  Chalmers Chicago         .      Hoists. 

Borden  &  Selleck  Co Chicago     .    .      Conveyors  of  coal. 

Corey  Car  &  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Cars,  switches  and  turn-tables. 

Fraser  &  Chalmers Chicago     .    .      Bullion  moulds,  cars,  pots,  etc. 

Gates  Iron  Works Chicago     .    .      Rock  and  ore  breakers.     Cornish  rolls. 

Raymond  Bros Chicago     .    .      Ball  pulverizers. 

Robert    Aitchison    Perforated  [ated  plates. 

Metal  Co Chicago     .    .      Grizzlys  for  placer  mining.      Perfor- 

Borden  &  Selleck  Co Chicago     .    .      Coal  elevator  and  screen. 

Fraser  &  Chalmers Chicago     .    .      Perforated  metal. 

Raymond  Bros Chicago     .    .      Pneumatic  separators. 

Wm.  Hoskins  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Furnaces  and  blast  lamps. 

Richards  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Furnaces,     muffles     and     appliances. 

Scorification  and  cupelling  appara- 
tus. Volumetric  methods  and  ap- 
paratus. Assay  balances,  etc.  Assay 
tables,  schemes  and  methods. 

Black  Diamond  Co Chicago     .    .      Coal  and  coal  mining  Journal. 

Callaghan  &  Co Chicago     ,    .      Mining  reports. 

George  W.  Cope Chicago     .    .      "The  Iron  Age,"  "The Metal  Worker," 

"Carpentry  and  Building." 

Gates  Iron  Works Chicago     .    .      Models  of  rock  breakers  and  Cornish 

rolls. 

J.  B.  Sanborn  Co Chicago     .    .      Coal  dealers'  blue  book. 

Walburn  Swenson  Co Chicago     .    .      Model  of  works  for  concentrating  low 

grade  ores. 


48 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


Department  F.-MACHINERY. 


EXHIBITOR. 


ADDIIKSS. 


Aertnotor  Co Chicago  . 

American  Leather  Link  Belt  Co.  Chicago  . 

American  Well  Works Aurora  .  . 

Bates  Machine  Co Joliet  .  .  . 

H.  W.  Caldwell  &  Son  Co.  .  .  .  Chicago  . 
Challenge  Windmill  &  Feed 

Mill  Co Batavia  .  . 

Chapman  Valve  Mfg.  Co.  .  .  .  Chicago  . 

Chicago  Automatic  Scale  Co.  .  .  Chicago  . 

Chicago  Belting  Co Chicago  . 

Chicago  Gas  &  Crude  Oil  Burner 

Mfg.  Co Chicago  . 

Chicago  Rawhide  Mfg.  Co.  ...  Chicago  . 

E.  G.  T.  Colles  &  Co Chicago  . 

Crane  Elevator  Co Chicago  . 

Crane  Co Chicago  . 

Dodge  Mfg.  Co Chicago  . 

Envin-Welch  Hydraulic  Mach.  Co.  Chicago  . 

Field  Feed  \Vater  Purifier  Co.    .  Chicago  . 

Fraser  &  Chalmers Chicago  . 

Globe  Light  &  Heat  Co Chicago  . 

Hayes  Pump  &  Planter  Co.      .    .  Galva     .  . 

Hercules  Iron  Works Chicago  . 

J.  G.  Hoffman      Chicago  . 

A.  L.  He  &  Son Springfield 

0.  H.  Jewel  Filter  Co Chicago  . 

H.  W.  Johns  Mfg.  Co Chicago  . 

Thos.  Kane  &  Co Chicago  . 

1.  T.  Kearns  &  Co Chicago  . 

Kroeschells  &  Bourgeois  ....  Chicago  . 

Liquid  Carbonic  Acid  Mfg.  Co.  .  Chicago  . 

Miller  Steam  Pump  Co Dixon    .  . 

National  Supply  Co Chicago  . 

Miles  G.  Hixon Chicago  . 

Geo.  E.  Nye Chicago  . 

George  Oberne  &  Co Chicago  . 

H.  H.  Perkins  Mfg.  Co Kewanee  . 

E.  B.  Preston  &  Co Chicago  . 

Sandwich  Enterprise  Co.      ...  Sandwich  . 

Chas.  A.  Schieren Chicago  . 

J.  A.  Smith  &  Co Chicago  . 

Tuerk  Bros Chicago  . 

Webster  Mfg.  Co Chicago  . 

Welch- Erwin  Hydraulic  Mach.  Co  Chicago  . 

F.  C.  Wells Chicago  . 

Wilson  F.  Cortez  &  Co Chicago  . 

Fred  W.  Wolf  Co Chicago  . 

Fire  Extinguisher  Mfg.  Co.     .    .  Chicago  . 


EXHIBIT. 

Pumps. 

Leather  link  belts. 

Engines,  pumping  machinery. 

Engine. 

Power  transmitting  machinery. 

Pumps. 

Steam  Valves. 

Grain  weighing  machine. 

Belting. 

Oil  burning  device  for  boilers. 

Belting,  leather. 

Feed  water  heaters,  live  steam  puri- 
fiers and  boiler  cleaning  filters. 

Hydraulic  machines,  piston  and  cages. 
Steam  engines.  Power  pump.  El- 
evators 

Steam,  water  and  gas  supplies. 

Wood  split  pulleys  in  paper  mill  plant. 

Engines ;  motors. 

Heater  and  purifier. 

Mining  machine.     Engine. 

Gas  machine. 

Force  pumps,  windmills  and  power 
pumps. 

Ice  and  refrigerating  machines. 

Hand  fan  blowers. 

Engines. 

Water  filters. 

Pipe  coverings.  Asbestos  pipe  covering. 

Engines. 

Valves. 

Feed  water  heater. 

Acid  and  machinery. 

Pumps. 

Fuel  oil  burners. 

Oil  engine. 

Pumps. 

Belting. 

Force  pump. 

Leather  belting. 

Pumps,  cylinders,  tools. 

Belting,  stuffing,  cement. 

Vegetable  boiler  compound. 

Gas  burners. 

Gas  engines.    Conveyor,  elevators,  etc. 

Pumps. 

Pumps  and  engines. 

Oil  filters  and  tanks. 

Refrigerating  machine. 

Hook  and  ladder  true".:.  Fire  extin- 
guishers. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   F. 


49 


EXHIBITOR.  ADDRESS.  EXHIBIT. 

Harden  Hand  Fire  ExtinguisherCo.  Chicago    .    .      Fire  extinguishers. 

Lindgreii-Mahan  Chemical  Fire  [guishers. 

Engine  Co Chicago     .    .      Chemical  fire  engine  and  fire  extin- 

Miller  Chemical  Engine  Co.    .    .      Chicago     .    .      Chemical  fire  extinguishers. 
3.  B.  Preston  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Fire  hose,  brass  goods. 

W.  F.  and  John  Barnes  &  Co.     .      Rockford  .    .      Lathes,  drills,  etc. 

Chas.  H.  Besly  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Metal  working  machinery. 

Canedy-Otto  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Portable  forges,  blowers,  vises,  drills, 

screw  plates,  anvils  and  blacksmith 
tools. 

Capitol  JVZfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Metal  working  machines. 

Farquhar  Heating  Co.    .  Chicago     .    .      Riveting  and  grinding  machine. 

International  Steel  Post  Co.     .    .      Chicago     .    .      Rolling  machine  and  punches. 

J.C.Walsh Chicago     .    .      Tools  for  brazing  and  soldering. 

Weldless  Steel  Chain  Co.      ...      Chicago     .    .      Chain  rolling  machines. 

Dennison  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Tag  making  machine. 

Electrical  Machine  Co Chicago  Cloth  cutting  machine. 

Gardner  Sewing  Machine  Co.      .      Aurora.    .    .      Sewing  and  folding  machines. 

Wm.  H.  Mitchell    .    .    .  Chicago     .    .      Embroidery,  perforating  and  sewing 

machines. 

National  Sewing  Machine  Co.     .      Belvidere  .    .      Sewing  machine. 

North  Press  Co Chicago     .    .      Tag  machine. 

Union  Special  Sewing  Mach.  Co.       Chicago     .    .      Sewing  machines. 

Weyburn  Special  Machine  Co.    .      Chicago     .    .      Knitting,  cutting  and  cementing  ma- 
chines. 

Chicago  Rapid  Roofing  Co.      .    .      Chicago     .    .      Shingling  machine. 

Covel  Mfg.  Co.  Chicago     .    .      File  room  machinery. 

Folding  Sawing  Machine  Co.  .    .      Chicago     .    .      Sawing  machine. 

Greenlee  Bros.  &  Co Chicago  Wood-working  machinery. 

Moseley  &  Co.  ...      Elgin      .    .    .      Bench  lathes,  etc. 

Smith  &  Phillips  Mfg.  Co.    ...      Chicago     .    .      Wood-working  machinery. 

Avery  &  Burton Chicago     .    .      Perforating  machinery. 

Barnhart  Bros.  &  Spindler   .  Chicago     .    .      Old    Ramage     press.      Type    casting 

machines. 

Goss  Printing  Press  Co Chicago         .      Newspaper  perfecting  presses. 

Lieb  Machine  Works         ....      Chicago     .    .      Embossing  and  inking  presses. 
Miehle  Printing  Press  &  Mfg.  Co.     Chicago     .    .      Printing  press. 
Prouty  Co Chicago     .    .      Printing  presses. 

F.  P.  Rosback Chicago     .    .  Toilet  paper  machine. 

Shniedewend  &  Lee  Co.  Chicago     .    .      Printing  presses.    Job  presses.     Elec- 

trotypers'  machines.     Paper  cutters. 
Duplex  Color  Disc  Co.    .  Chicago  Duplex  color  ink   plate   for  printing 

presses. 

5.  Russell  Cooper   .  ...      Chicago     .    .  Sign  painting  machine. 

Warren  Ewen  Jr.  &  Co Chicago     .    .  Multi-color  process  exhibit. 

Acme  Machine  Co.  ...      Moline       .    .  Dish-washing  machine. 

G.  S.  Blakeslee  Co.  Chicago     .    .  Dish-washer  machine. 

Chicago  Fire  Proof  Covering  Co.     Chicago     .    .  Mineral  wool    and  other  steam  pipe 

and  boiler  covering. 

Josephine  Cochrane Park  Manor  Dish-washing  machine. 

Crown  Pen  Co.  .    .      Chicago     .    .  Pen  making  machine. 

3.  P.  Donnell  Mfg.  Co.  Chicago     .    .  Wire  stitchers  and  index  machine. 

Electric  Automatic  Appliances  Co.    Chicago     .  Automatic  engine  stop. 

Geneva  Optical  Co Chicago     .    .  Drill,  lens  and  prism  measure.grinder. 

Goodsell  Packing  Co Chicago     .    .  Engine  packing,  etc. 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR. 


ADDRESS. 


F.  A.  Hardy Chicago  .    .  Machine  for  grinding  lenses  and  fit- 
ting them  to  the  eye. 

Chas.  Kaestner  &  Co Chicago  .    .  Paint  mills. 

Kennedy  Wire  Nail  Machine  Co.  Chicago  .    .  Wire  nail  machine. 

W.  H.  Lahman Chicago  .  Grates. 

Hugh  D.  Matthews Chicago  .  Tablet  machine. 

Mrs.  Addie  Dickman  Miller     .    .  Chicago  .     .  Dish-washing  machine. 

C.  D.  Osborn Chicago  .    .  Machine  forthemanufactureof gloves. 

R.  C.  Pope Chicago  .    .  Reversible  horse  rollers. 

James  A.  Smith Chicago  .    .  Vegetable  boiler  compound. 

Tuerk  Bros Chicago  .    .  Watch  and  clock  tools. 

U.  S.  Mangle  &  Laundry  Machine 

Co Chicago  .    .  Laundry  machinery. 

Vacuum  Oil  Co Chicago  .    .  Models  of   the  Rochester  and  Olean 

works. 

Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.     .  Aurora  .    .  Road  roller  and  street  sweeper. 

\Volf,  Sayer  &  Heller Chicago  .  Meat  market  supplies. 

Compress  Wheel  Co Chicago  .    .  Polishing  and  buffing  wheels. 

Crane  Elevator  Co Chicago  .    .  Engine  for  rolling  mill  service. 

J.  W.  Condon Chicago  .    .  Mixing  machinery. 

Chas.  Kaestner  &  Co Chicago  .    .  Mills  for  preparation  of  cereals.   Spin 

mills. 

E.  Westerman  &  Co Chicago  .    .  Dough  mixers  and  rollers. 

Barnard  &  Leas  Mfg.  Co Moline  .    .  Flour  mill  machinery. 

Department  G.    TRANSPORTATION. 

Frederick  U.  Adams Chicago     .    .      Model  of  engine,  tender  and  cars. 

Adams  &  Westlake  Co Chicago     .    .      Railway  car  trimmings  and  lighting 

appliances. 

C.  O.  Allen  &  W.  H.  Wellman  .      Pullman     .    .      Model   of  combination  coach,  dining 

car  and  sleeper. 

Allen  Paper  Car  Wheel  Co.  .    .    .      Chicago     .    .      Paper  and  metal  center  wheels. 

American  Car,  Truck  &  Supply  Co.  Chicago     .    .      High  speed  hand  drill.    Trucks,  coup- 
ler,  bearings,   springs. 

American  Railway  Water  Co.      .      Chicago     .    .      Model  of  automatic  railway  water  sta- 
tion and  pump. 

Anglo-American   Refrigerator 

Car  Co Chicago     .    .      Refrigerator  car. 

Sinclair  Arcus Chicago     .    .      Hand-car  hoist. 

Arms  Palace  Horse  Car  Co.  .    .    .      Chicago     .    .      Cars  for  horses. 

F.  C.  Austin  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Grader,  ditcher  and  ore  breaker. 

Automatic   Interchangeable  Car 

Coupling  Co Chicago  .  .  Car  couplers. 

J.  H.  Bass Chicago  .  .  Locomotive  and  car  wheels,  castings. 

Bogue  &  Mills Chicago  .  .  Crossing  guards,  pnumatic  lever    and 

cable  crossing  gates. 

Joseph  H.  Campbell Chicago  .  .  Rail  joints  and  chairs.    Side  bearings. 

Canda  Cattle  Car  Co Chicago  .  .  Stock  car. 

Chicago  Car  Seal  &  Mfg.  Co.  .    .      Chicago  .  .  Car  seals,  locks,  dies,  tags,  etc. 

C.,  M.  &  St   P.  R.  R.  Co.     .    .    .      Chicago  .  .  A  light  and  heat  tender. 

C.,  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  Co Aurora  .  .  .  Dynamometer  car. 

Chicago  &  Northwestern  R.  R.  Co.     Chicago  .  .  Locomotive  "Pioneer." 

Chicago  Ry.  Equipment  Co.     .    .      Chicago  .  .  Metal  brake  beams. 

Chicago  Scale  Co Chicago  .  .  Railroad  track  scale. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   G. 


51 


EXHIBITOR. 


A.  H.  Clark  Co.  .    .      Chicago         .      Automatic  piston  packings. 

Congdon  Brake  Shoe  Co.  .        .    .      Chicago     .    .      Brake  shoes  and  steel  castings. 
W.  H.  Cosper  Co.  Chicago  . .    .      Metallic  weather  strip  for  cars. 

Crane  Co.   .  Chicago     .    .      Air  brakes  and  material. 

Dewitt  C.  Cregier,  Jr Chicago     .    .      Electric  train  signal. 

Drexel  Railway  Supply  Co.  .  Chicago     .          Drills,  car  couplers,  journal  box  covers, 

car  replacers,  etc. 

Fox  Solid  Pressed  Steel  Co.     .    .      Chicago     .    .      Flat  car,  trucks  and  parts. 
Frank  Brady  ....      Chicago     .    .      Railroad  tricycle. 

J.  M.  Goodwin Chicago     .    .      Dump  car. 

Greer,  Howard  &  Co.  Chicago     .    .      Railway  track  appliances. 

Griffin  Wheel  &  Foundry  Co.  Chicago  Car  wheels.     Multiple  speed   Ry.    on 

pier.     Intramural  Ry. 

Harvey  Steel  Car  &  Repair  W'ks.     Harvey  Gondola,    box,    freight  and  oil  tank 

cars. 

Herman  Heinze Chicago     .    .      Wall  map. 

Hicks  Stock  Car  Co Chicago     .    .      Stock  car. 

Hiuson  Car  Coupler  Co.  Chicago     .    .      Automatic  car-coupler. 

D.  F.  Holman  .  Chicago     .    .      Sketch  of  railway  track-laying  machine 

Hutchms  Refrigerator  Car  Co.     .      Chicago     .    .      Refrigerator  cars. 

C.  C.  Jerome  .    .      Chicago     .    .      Packing  glands,  fittings  and  supplies. 

Thomas  D.  Jones  Car  Construction 

Co-   •  Chicago     .    .      Nut  locks  and  spur  locks. 

Kilmer  Mfg.  Co.   .  Chicago  Automatic   pipe  coupler  for  railway 

cars. 
Link  Belt  Machinery  Co.  .  '    Chicago     .'   .      Appliances  for  handling  materials  in 

bulk. 

Live  Poultry  Transportation  Co.  .     Chicago     .    .      Live  poultry  car. 
Mason  Air  Brake  &  Signal  Co.          Chicago  Automatic    brakes,    connections    and 

apparatus. 

Mather's  Humane   Stock  Trans- 
portation Co Chicago         .      Stock  car. 

James  McAndrews  .  Chicago     .    .      Journal  brasses,   locomotive  bells,  etc 

McGuire  Mfg.  Co Chicago  Door  for  grain  freight  car.    Automatic 

switch  stand. 

Mechanical  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Bumping  posts. 

Geo.  S.  Morison  .  .    .    .      Chicago     .    .      Model  of  bridge. 

National  Car  Ventilating  Co.   .          Chicago     .    .      Ventilated  fruit  car. 
National  Hollow  Brake  Beam  Co.     Chicago     .    .      Metal  brake  beams. 

National  Car  Coupler  Co Chicago     .    .      Automatic  car  couplers. 

National  Surface  Guard  Co.  ...      Chicago         .      Cattle  guards. 

Nelson  Morris  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Refrigerator  car. 

Northwestern  Equipment  Co.  Chicago  Brake  beam,   car  doors  and  journal 

box  lid. 
Nowlin  Safety  Switch  &  Signal  Co.    Chicago     .    .      Switch  and  signal  and  model 

J.  H.  O'Hara Chicago      .    .       Air  brakes. 

Peoria  Steel  &  Iron  Co Peoria        .    .      Nuts,  bolts,  etc. 

Frank  A.  Philbrick Chicago     .    .      Bridge  gates. 

Pneumatic  Gate  Co Chicago     .    .      Railway  gates. 

A.  B.  Pullman  Co Chicago     .    .      Freight  car  door. 

Pullman  Palace  Car  Co.  Chicago     ..      Complete  vestibule  train.     Passenger 

coaches,  locomotives,  etc 

Chicago     .    .      Ticket  cases,   tickets,   punches,   bag- 
gage checks,  maps,  etc. 


THE   WHITE    CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR. 

Rodger  Ballast  Car  Co.  . 


Mrs.  Caroline  W.  Romney    .    .    . 
Stafford  Automatic  Draw  Bar  Co. 

Sellers,  Morris  &  Co 

Street's  Western   Stable  Car  Line 

Streeter-Amet  Weighing  &  Re- 
cording Co 

B.  E.  Tilden 

United  States  Car  Co 

United  States  Wind  Engine  & 
Pump  Co 

F.  F.  Voigt 

Wagner  Palace  Car  Co 

Wakefield  Rattan  Co 

Montgomery,  Ward  &  Co.   .    .    . 

Western  Wheel  Scraper  Co.     .    . 

Harris  A.  Wheeler 

Benj.  Wolhaupter 

Chicago  Naptha  Motor  Co.  .    .    . 

Columbian  Intramural  Railway  . 


ADDRESS. 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Batavia  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Aurora  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Chicago  .  . 

Englewood  . 

World's  Fair 

Grounds.  .  . 
Elevated  Suspension   Electric 

Railway  .Co Chicago  .  . 

Genett  Air  Brake  Co Chicago  .  . 

International  Register  Co.  .    .  Chicago  .  . 

Geo.  M.  Ludlow Elgin     .  .  . 

James  McAndrews Chicago  .  . 

McGuire  Mfg.  Co Chicago  .  . 

Pullman  Palace  Car  Co Chicago  .  . 

Standard  Fireless  Engine  Co.  .    .      Chicago  .  . 

Standard  Railway  Supply  Co.     .      Chicago  .  . 

B.  E.  Tilden Chicago  .  . 

Harris  A.  Wheeler Chicago  .  . 

Acme  End  Gate  Mfg.  Co.     .    .    .      Chicago  .  . 

American  Cycle  Co. Chicago  .  . 

A.  H.  Atwood Chicago  .  . 

F.  C.  Austin  Mfg.  Co Chicago  .  . 

Frank  B.  Barkley  Mfg.  Co.  .    .    .      Chicago  .  . 

Blodgett  Mfg.  Co Chicago  .  . 

L.  A.  Butler Chicago  .  . 

Checkbook  Holdback  Coupling  Co.  Chicago  .  . 

A.  H.  Clark  Co Chicago  .  . 

Columbia  Cab  Co Decatur  .  . 

Cork  Faced  Collar  Co Lincoln  .  . 

Derby  Cycle  Co Chicago  .  . 

J.  V.  Dougine Chicago  .  . 

Donnelly  &  Deward Chicago  .  . 

Duuham  &  Kissinger  Bros.       .    .      Englewood  . 

A.  Featherstone  &  Co Chicago  .  . 


EXHIBIT. 
Ballast   distributing  cars;    section   of 

track'. 

Foot  stove  for  cars. 
Automatic  link  and  pin  draw  bars  and 

models. 

Splice  bars,  track  spike  and  steel  rail. 
Cattle  car. 

Weighing  and  recording  device. 
Wrecking  frogs  and  bridge  guards. 
Refrigerator  car. 

Railway  water-station  material. 

Model  of  track-laying  machine. 

Passenger  equipment. 

Railway  car  seats. 

Graders  and  scrapers. 

Scrapers,  road  machines,  etc. 

Car  seats  and  chairs. 

Car  brake  attachment 

Street  car  motor.     Exhibition  tracks. 

World's  Fair  elevated  electric  railway. 

Model  of  electric  suspension  railway. 

Air-brake  equipment. 

Fare  registers. 

Model  of  electric  car  and  track. 

Street  car  castings  and  gongs. 

Motor  trucks. 

Street  cars. 

Ammoniacal  motor  with  apparatus. 

Street  car  stoves  and  specialties. 

Motor  replacers,  wrecking  frogs,  bridge 

guards. 

Street  car  seats. 
Wagon  end  gate. 
Bicycles,  etc. 

Carriage  lamps,  harness  mountings. 
Dump  cart  and  wagon.     Road  grader, 

roller,    street   sweeper,   and  wagon 

loader. 
Buggy   and  phaeton.       Harness    and 

saddlery  goods. 
Bicycles. 
Carriage  fittings. 
Couplings. 
Bicycles. 

Baby  carriages,  stools. 
Horse  collars. 
Bicycles  and  parts. 
Wagon  and  truck. 
Safety  bicycle. 
Dump  wagons. 
Bicycles,  children's  carriages. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT  G. 


53 


EXHIBITOR. 


J.  H.  Fenton  Co Chicago     .  Stable  accessories. 

W.  S.  Frazier  &  Co Chicago     .    .  Light  pleasure  vehicles. 

Freeport  Bicycle  Mfg.  Co.     ...  Freeport   .    .  Bicycles  and  parts. 

Gormully  &  Jeffery  Mfg.  Co.   .    .  Chicago     .    .  Bicycles  and  parts. 

John  M.  Green  Mfg  Co Chicago     .    .  Harness,  stable  accessories. 

Hill  Cart  Co Chicago     .    .  Road  carts. 

Hullar  Bros Chicago     .    .  Horse  collars. 

F.  C.  Johnson Kishwaukee  Neck-yokes. 

Johnson  Wheel  Co Freeport   .    .  Carriage  wheels. 

Joliet  Straw-bridge  Co Joliet     .    .    .  Farm  wagon. 

Kauffinan  Buggy  Co.                 .    .  Chicago     .    .  Light  pleasure  vehicles. 

S.  Kipler  &  Sons     ....  Chicago     .    .  Stable  accessories. 

Knickerbocker  Ice  Co.  Chicago     .    .  Ice  and  dump  wagons. 

C.  P.  Kimball  &  Co.  .    .  Chicago     .    .  Pleasure  carriages.    Speeding  wagons. 

Trotting  sleighs.    Stable  accessories. 

Chicago     .    .  Carriage  bodies,   spokes  and   wagon 
wood. 

Kenwood  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .  Bicycles. 

R.  F.  Krause Chicago     .    .  Buggy  tops. 

McCollum  Steel  Wheel  Wagon  Co.  Elgin     .    .    .  Steel  wheel  wagons. 

T.  W.  McFarland    .  Chicago     .    .  Carriage  tops  and  side  panels. 

Moline  Wagon  Co Moline  .    .    .  Farm  wagons.     Spring  wagons. 

Monarch  Cycle  Co Chicago         .  Bicycles. 

John  H.  O'Hara Chicago     .    .  Thill  couplings. 

A.  Ortmeyer  &  Son Chicago     .    .  Saddlery. 

A.  F.  Risser  Co Chicago     .    .  Saddlery. 

Rock  Falls  Mfg.  Co.  ...  Sterling     .    .  Hearses  and  cars. 

Rouse-D\iryea  Cycle  Co Peoria    .    .    .  Bicycles  and  parts 

Rouse  Hazard  &  Co Peoria    .    .    .  Bicycles  and  parts. 

Safety  Halter  Co Chicago     .    .  Safety  halter,  rope  and  street  tie-rope. 

D.  F.  Sargent  &  Son Geneseo     .    .  Road  carts. 

Schuttler  &  Hotz     .    .    .  Chicago     .    .  Wagon    and    cart.      Special    purpose 

wagons. 

D.  M.  Sechler  Carriage  Co.  ...  Moline  .    .    .  Light  pleasure  vehicles 

G.  F.  G.  Slender Chicago     .    .  Harness. 

Staver  &  Abbott  Mfg.  Co  ....  Chicago     .    .  Light  pleasure  vehicles. 

Stokes  Mfg.  Co.   ...  Chicago     .    .  Bicycles  and  parts. 

C.  Stone  &  Sons Chicago     .    .  Pleasure  carriages. 

S.  Taylor  &  Co Chicago     .    .  Track  harness;  horse  boots. 

Trott  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .  Surcingles. 

United  States  Whip  Co.     .  Chicago     .    .  Whips  and  lashes. 

Wakefield  Rattan  Co Chicago     .    .  Children's  carriages. 

Wayne  Sulkyette  &  R.  C.  Co.  Decatur     .    .  Light  pleasure  vehicles. 

Weber  Wagon  Co.  .  Chicago  Special   purpose  wagons.      Mountain 

wagons.     Bob  sleigh. 

Western  Wheel  Works  .  Chicago     .    .  Bicycles.      Wheel    chairs;    children's 

carriages. 

Western  Wheeled  Scraper  Co.  .  Aurora   .    .    .  Wheelbarrows. 

Wheat  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .  Trace  holders. 

Bostedo  Package  &  Cash  Carrier 

Co Chicago     .    .  Pneumatic  tubes.  Store  service  carriers 

Burdette  &  Rowntree    .    .    .  Chicago     .    .  Mechanism    for     operating     elevator 

doors. 

Crane  Elevator  Co Chicago     .    .  Elevators  and  passenger  machines. 


54 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR.  ADDRESS  EXHIBIT 

Dewitt  C.  Cregier Chicago  .  .  Electric  elevators. 

Smith   Pneumatic    Transfer    and  [grain,  etc. 

Storage  Co Chicago  .  .  Pneumatic  machinery   for  conveying 

Standard  Store  Service  Co.   .    .    .  Freeport  .  .  Cash  and  package  carriers. 
Smith-Hill  Foundry  and  Machine 

Co Quincy  .  .  .  Elevators. 

Blodgett  Mfg.  Co Chicago  .  .  Treadle  power  boat. 

Chicago  Ship  Building  Co.   .    .    .  Chicago  .  .  Ship  models  and  pictures. 

Chas.  F.  Elmes Chicago  .  .  Engines.     Steam  launch  Chicago. 

Hickman  E.  Foster Decatur  .  .  Boat  detaching  apparatus. 

P.  D.  Johnston Chicago  .  .  Model  of  ocean  steam  yacht. 

Thos.  Kane  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Yachts,  boats  and  canoes.    Steam  and 

electro- vapor  launches.  Boat  fittings. 

Ellis  R.  Meeker Chicago  .  .  Steam  launches.     Lagoons  and  lake. 

N.  C.  Poulsen Chicago  .  .  Paintings  of  vessels,  etc. 

Rice  &  Whitacre  Mfg.  Co.    .    .    .  Chicago  .  .  Engine. 

David  Richards Chicago  .  .  Sailing    model    of    sea-going    racing 

yacht. 

Venetian  Gondola  Co Chicago  .  .  Gondolas  and  barges. 

E.  A.  Wilkstrom Momence  .  .  Boat  from  Hammerfest,  Norway. 

Alex.  M.  Woolfolk      Chicago  .  .  Canal  excavator. 

Department  H.-MANUFACTURES. 

Lena  G.  Austrain Chicago  .  .  Hair  tonic  and  lotion. 

B.  D.  Baldwin  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Perfumes. 

Buttermilk  Toilet  Co Chicago  .  .  Soap. 

J.  S.  Kirk  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Soaps,  perfumery  and  glycerine. 

Krenibs  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Chemical  preparations.  Pharmaceu- 
tical and  technical  preparations. 

Enoch  Morgan  Sons Chicago  .  .  Scouring  soap. 

Mrs.  E.  A.  Osterhout Chicago  .  .  Toilet  soap. 

Zehring  Co Chicago  .  .  Perfumes  and  toilet  goods. 

Eugene  Arnstein Chicago  .  .  Bronze-powder,  paints,  brushes,  etc. 

Berry  Bros Chicago  .  .  Varnishes. 

Chicago  Varnish  Co Chicago  .  .  Varnishes  and  material. 

Watts  DeGolyer  Co Chicago  .  .  Varnishes. 

G.  D.  Dunham Chicago  .  .  Glaziers'  diamonds. 

Gerts,  Lumbard  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Paint  brushes,  etc. 

Heath  &  Milligan  Mfg.  Co.  .    .    .  Chicago  .  .  Paints  and  supplies. 

John  W.  Masury  &  Son Chicago  .  .  Varnishes,  japans  and  stains.  White 

leads.  Artist's  colors. 

Rubber  Paint  Co Chicago  .  .  Paints  and  materials. 

Senour  Mfg.  Co Chicago  .  .  Paints  and  colors. 

L.  H.  Thomas  Co Chicago  .  .  Inks,  mucilage,  bluing. 

Valentine  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Varnishes,  colors  and  material. 

Amberg  File  &  Index  Co.     .    .    .  Chicago  .  .  Letter  files,  copying  and  index  books. 

Auto-typograph  Co Chicago  .  .  An  instrument  for  copying  hand  writ- 
ing and  typewriting. 

Crown  Pen  Co Chicago  .  .  Fountain  and  gold  pens. 

Dennisoji  Mfg.  Co Chicago  .  .  Stationers' goods,  tissue  paper  articles. 

A.  B.  Dick  &  Co Chicago  Typewriters,  Edison's  mimeograph. 

Electrose  Mfg.  Co Chicago  .  .  Inkstands,  paper  weights,  etc. 

B.  Grieshaber Chicago  .  .  Gold  pens,  picks,  etc. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   H. 


55 


Hammond  Typewriter  Co. 


Illinois  Iron  &  Bolt  Co 

Munson  Typewriter  Co 

Rockwell  &  Rupel  Co 

Rubel  Bros 

Safeguard  Account  Co 

Henry  O.  Shepard  Co 

Smith-Premier  Typewriting  Co.  . 
Western  Coated  Paper  &  Card  Co. 

Western  Paper  Bag  Co 

Adams  &  Westlake  Co 

American  Saloon  Fixture  Co. 
Brunswick,  Balke,  Collander  Co. 


Chicago  Typewriters  and  appurtenances.  Mod- 

els of  printing  devices  and  factories. 
Carpenterville    Copy  presses  and  stands. 
Chicago     .    .      Typewriters. 

Chicago  Copy  presses,  typewriters'  supplies. 

Chicago     .    .      Account  books  and  system  of  accounts. 
Chicago  Account  books  and  system   of  book- 

keeping. 

Chicago     .    .      Blank  books,  cards,  printed  books,  etc. 
Chicago  Typewriters  and  supplies. 

Chicago     .    .      Coated  papers. 
Batavia      .    .      Paper  bags  and  paper. 
Chicago     .    .      Brass  bedsteads. 
Chicago     .    .      Saloon  furniture. 

Chicago  Furniture   for  club,  billiard  and  bar 

rooms. 

Leopold  Buxbaum Chicago     .    .      Restaurant  .able 

Central  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Office  furniture 

?.  Child  Chair  Co.    ...          Chicago     .    .      Adjustable  chairs. 
Clark  &  Co.    .  Chicago     .    .      Mouldings  and  picture  frames 

)ean&Co.   .  Chicago     .    .      Bamboo  furniture. 

Demme  &  Dierkes  Furniture  Co.     Chicago     .    .      Chamber  suits 

JibbleeCo.  Chicago     .    .      Furniture,  mantels  and  decorations. 

Ehman&S.monMf^Co.    .  Chicago     .          Wood  mantels  and  interior  finishing. 

Garden  City  Billiard  Table  Co.    .      Chicago         ,      Billiard  tables,  cues,  balls  etc 

,.  M.  Hamlme  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Chamber  suits. 

Bros.  Mfg.  Co.  .  Chicago  Chamber  suits,  side  boards,  chiffoniers, 

tables  and  stands. 

Hornung  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Barber  shop  fittings. 

Thos.  Kane  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Post-office  furniture. 

S.  Karpen  &  Bros Chicago   • .    .      Parlor  furniture. 

Klemm,  Smith  &  Co.  Chicago  Picture     frames,    moldings,    looking 

glasses,  etc. 
Theo.  A.  Kochs Chicago     .    .      Barbers'  supplies 

Koemg   &   Gamer  Furniture  Co.     Chicago         .      Chamber  suits,  chiffoniers  and  cribs. 
Marks  Adjustable  Folding  Chair 

Chicago  .  .  Folding  chairs. 

C.  S.  Olsen  &  Co.  .    .      Chicago  .  .  Desks  and  combination  bed 

Passow&Sons  Chicago  .  .  Bar  and  billiard  room  fixtures,  etc 

A.  Peterson  &  Co.  .  Chicago  .  .  Desks. 

£Ug"f  F:-  Richter  Chicago  .    .  Mirrors,  picture  framesand  moldings 

RockfordPurmture  Exchange   .  Rockford  .    .  Furniture 

Percy  A.  Sanguinetti      Chicago  .    .  Folding  beds 

Jay  C.  Wemple  &  Co.  Chicago  .    .  Window  shades  and  shade  rollers. 

Chicago  .    .  Hat  racks,  desks  and  cabinets. 

Windsor  Folding  Bed  Co.  Chicago  .    .  Folding  beds,  tables,  chairs,  etc 

Columbian  Ceramic  Association.  Chicago  ..  Decorated  china 

Leonide  C.  Lavaron  .  Chicago  .    .  Decorated  china;  punch  bowl 

Northwestern  Terra  Cotta  Co.     .  Chicago  .    .  Terra  Cotta. 
Pioneer  Fire  Proof  Construction 

T>.ffC°"   '  Chicago     .    .  Fire  clay  and  terra  cotta  fire  proofing. 

Tiffany  Pressed  Bnck  Co Chicago     ..  Brick  and  roofing  tiles. 

.chols  &  Co.  ....  Chicago     .    .  Monuments. 

Frank  G.  White  .  South  Chicago  Hermetic  shrouds. 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXH1BITPK. 


American  Bronze  Co. 
K.  M.  Hicks  &  Co. 


Geo.  E.  Androvette  &  Co.     .    .    .  Chicago  .    . 

H.  Erkins Chicago  .    . 

Flanagan  &  Biedenweg     ....  Chicago  .    . 

Healey  &  Millett Chicago  .    . 

Miss  Marie  Herndi Chicago  .    . 

McCully  &  Miles Chicago  .    . 

Rawson  &  Evans     .......  Chicago  .    . 

Wells  Glass  Co Chicago  .    . 

BenzigerBros Chicago  .    . 

Wm.  Rogers  Mfg.  Co Chicago  .    . 

Edward  P.  Jones Chicago  .    . 

Ansonia  Clock  Co.  ...:...  Chicago  .    . 

Geneva  Clock  Co.        Chicago  .    . 

C.  F.  Baum Chicago  .    . 

Belding  Bros.  &  Co Chicago  .    . 

Nonotuck  Silk  Co Chicago  .    . 

Richardson  Silk  Co Chicago  .    . 

James  Thompson  &  Co Chicago  .    . 

C.  F.  Baum Chicago  .    . 

J.  Capps  &  Son Jacksonville  , 

Jackson  &  McEnery  Co Chicago  .   . 

Joseph  Back Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  Corset  Co. Chicago.  .    . 

duett,  Coon  &  Co Chicago  .    . 

Wm.  J.  Collins Chicago  .    . 

Fred  W.  Croft Chicago  .    . 


Davis  Sewing  Machine  Co.  .    . 
Domestic  Sewing  Machine  Co. 

Earl  Mfg.  Co 

Ederheimer,  Stein  &  Co.  .    .    . 

Downs,  Gage  Co 

Glasser  &  Rock   . 


Grus  &  Luken 
N.  B.  Haynes   . 
Frank  Heining 


Hippach  &  Benson 
Chas.  E.  Hvde  &  Co. 


Ivorine  Collar  and  Cuff  Co. 

Keith  Bros.  &  Co 

J.  W.  Kilmore 

Nathan  Kuh  &  Fisher  Co. 
Lundahl  &  Co. 


Chicago     .    .      Bronze  statues  and  castings. 
Chicago     .    .      Floor,  skylight  and  ornamental  work 
in  iron  and  glass. 

Decorative  glass. 

Stained  glass  and  glass  windows. 

Art  glass. 

Stained  glass. 

Stained  glass  window. 

Stained  glass  windows. 

Ornamental  glass. 

Art  stained  and  ornamental  glass. 

Catholic  church  supplies. 

Silver,  gold  and  silver  plated  ware. 

Gold  and  silver  watch  cases,  spoons, 
forks,  etc. 

Clocks. 

Clocks. 

Dress  trimmings. 

Silks,  serges,  surahs  and  satins,  dress 
silks,  braids. 

Silks,  silk  underwear,  etc. 

Silk,  hosiery  and  mittens,  braids. 

Twines,  musquito  nets,  buckram  and 
screen  cloth. 

Dress  trimmings. 

Woolen  goods,  blankets,  etc.  Cotton 
and  woolen  mixed  goods.  Woolen 
goods  woven  on  cotton  warp. 

Dress  trimmings. 

One  full  dress  suit. 

Corsets  and  waists. 

Collars,  cuffs  and  shirts. 

Coat,  waistcoat  and  trousers. 

Trousers,    waistcoat,    Frederick  coat 

and  surtout. 

Chicago     .    .      Sewing  machines. 
Chicago     .    .      Sewing  machines. 
Chicago     .    .      Hose  supporters. 
Chicago     .    .      Clothing. 
Chicago     .    .      Corsets. 
Chicago     .    .      Overcoat,  coat,   waistcoat,   and  dress 

coat. 

Chicago     .    .      Coats. 
Chicago     .    .      Millinery. 
Chicago     .    .      Full  dress  suit  and  promenade  suit  and 

overcoat. 

Chicago     .    .      Cutaway  frock  coat,  vest  and  trousers. 
Chicago     .    .      Full  dress  and  business  suit  and  over- 
coat. 

Chicago     .    .      Collars  and  cuffs. 
Chicago     .    .      Derby  hats. 
Chicago     .    .      Suit  and  overcoat. 
Chicago     .    .      Ready-made  clothing. 
Chicago     .    .      Tuxedo  coat  and  overcoat. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   H. 


57 


EXHIBITOR. 


L   A.  Mitchell 

Mme.  Newman  Corset  Co. 
H.  G.  Purington 


E.  Rothschild  &  Bro. 
Schuab  Bros. 


W.  G.  Sheridan  . 
F.  Siegel  &  Bros. 
Star  Knitting  Co. 
Henry  Turner  .  . 


United  Shirt  &  Collar  Co. 

L.  C.  Wachsmuth  &  Co.  . 

R.  J.  Walshe 

Henry  Werno       

James  Wilde,  Jr.  &  Co.      . 

Shayne  &  Co 

Wolf  &  Periolat 

Johannes  Bodenman  .    .    . 

Nicol  &  Co 

Palmetto  Fibre  Co.     .    .    . 
Geo.  Ericksen  &  Co.  .    .    . 

J.  David  Raab 

Chas.  T.  Wilt 

Rosenblatt  &  Co 

Louis  Jorden 

R.  E.  Dietz 

Globe  Light  &  Heat  Co.    . 


American  Heating  Co 

Francis  H.  Buzzacott 

American  Radiator  Co 

Chicago  Clothes  Dryer  Works 
Chicago  Stove  Works    .... 

Geo.  M.  Clark  &  Co 

Collins  &  Burgie  Co 

Cribben,  Sexton  &  Co.      .    .    . 
Paul  J.  Daemicke 


Dearborn  Duster  Co 

Farquhar  Heating  Co 

Graff  &  Co 

Mrs.  A.  J.  Hambel 

Huette-Barler  Mfg.  Co.      .    .    . 

Mason  &  Davis  Co 

New  Era  Fuel  Appliance  Co.  . 
Powers  Duplex  Regulator  Co. 
Northwestern  Stove  Repair  Co. 
Richardson  &  Boynton  Co.  .    . 


Chicago 
Chicago 
Chicago 


Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 
Chicago 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 
Chicago 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Rockford  .    . 
Fort  Sheridan 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 
Chicago 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 

Chicago  .    . 


Rathbone,  Sard  &  Co Chicago 


Coat,  waistcoat  and  trousers. 

Corsets. 

Promenade  overcoat,  fancy  waistcoat, 

trousers  and  full  dress  uniform   of 

major. 

Men's  clothing. 
Overcoat,  full  dress  suit,  business  suit, 

cutaway  suit. 

Coat,  waistcoat  and  trousers. 
Cloaks. 

Knit  goods,  hoisery,  etc. 
Overcoat,    sack    and     waistcoat    and 

trousers. 
Collars,  cuffs  and  shirts;  aprons  and 

underwear. 
Ready-made  clothing. 
Waistcoat,  coat,  trousers  and  overcoat. 
Dress  coat,  waistcoat  and  trousers. 
Men's,  boys'  and  children's  clothing. 
Furs,  fur  garments  and  pelts. 
Furs  and  garments.  Mounted  animals. 
Embroideries. 
Hair  tools  and  heaters. 
Brushes. 

Hammock,  nets  and  fixtures. 
Bureau  trunks. 
Travelers'  equipments. 
Plush  and  leather  boxes,  etc. 
Shotguns. 

Lamps  and  lanterns. 
Street  lamps,  gas  and  electric  fixtures,. 

reflectors  and  heating  specialties. 
Hot  water  heaters. 
Cookers  and  ovens. 
Radiators. 

Laundry  stoves  and  clothes  dryers. 
Ranges  and  stoves. 
Gas  and  gasoline  stoves. 
Stoves  and  ranges. 
Stoves  and  ranges. 
Refrigerator,  counter  block,  etc.,  for 

butchers.     Heaters. 
Feather  dusters. 
Furnaces  and  heaters. 
Furnaces  and  ranges. 
Cake  beater. 
Heaters. 

Ranges  and  laundry  stoves. 
Gas  ranges,  heaters,  etc. 
Temperature  regulators. 
Stove  repairs,  water  backs,  etc. 
Furnaces,    ranges  and  steam  heating 

apparatus.     Heating  apparatus. 
Stoves  and  ranges. 


THE    WHITE    CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR.  ADDKES 

Mrs.  Caroline  Westcott   Romney  Chicago 

Wilcox  Water  Heater  Co.      .    .    .  Chicago  . 

Woven  Down  Duster  Co Chicago  . 

Belding  Mfg.  Co Chicago  . 

Wiren  Henning Chicago 

Mrs.  Caroline   Wescott   Rotnney  Chicago 

D.  R.  Sperry  &  Co Batavia  . 

Vienna  Enamel  &  Stamping  Co.  Chicago  . 

Gilbert  &  Bennett  Mfg.  Co.     .    .  Chicago  . 

John  A.  Roebling's  Sons  Co.    .    .  Chicago 

United  States  Wire  Mat  Co.     .    .  Decatur 

F.  Hainsworth  &  Son Chicago 

H.  M.  Chapman Chicago  . 

N.  W.  Horse  Nail  Mfg.  Co.  ...  Chicago  . 

Winslow  Bros.  Co Chicago  . 

L.  A.  Baker Elgin      .  . 

Chicago  Spring  Butt  Co Chicago 

Wm.  D.  Gibson  Co Chicago  . 

Hall  Safe  &  Lock  Co Chicago  . 

Knickerbocker  Ice  Co Chicago  . 

A.  M.  Mills Chicago  . 

Munger  Cotton  Mfg.  Co Chicago  . 

Instantaneous  Water  Heating  Co.  Chicago 

Thos.  Kelly  &  Bros Chicago  . 

Lehner,  Johnson,  Hoyer  Mfg.  Co.  Chicago  . 

Mosley  Folding  Bath  Tub  Co.     .  Chicago  . 

Norton  Bros Chicago  . 

Peck  Bros.  &  Co Chicago  . 

H.  Ayers-Jackson  Co Chicago  . 

Brown  Bros.  Mfg.  Co Chicago 

DanaJ.  Bugbee Chicago  . 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  F.  E.  Buddington  Chicago 

Elniira  Cornwell Chicago 

Paul  J.  Daetnicke Chicago 

Diamond  Match  Co Chicago 

Robert  Paries Decatur 

Mrs.  H.  A.  Jackson  Co Chicago 

Edward  Leger  &  Son Chicago 

Matchless  Metal  Polish  Co.  .    .    .  Chicago 

John  C.  Paul  &  Co Chicago 

C.  H.  Fargo  &  Co Chicago 

Florsheim  &  Co Chicago 

S.  W.  Hall Chicago 

C.  M.  Henderson  &  Co Chicago 

Atkinson  Leonard  Co Chicago 

N.  J.  Mousek •'....  Chicago 

Phelps,  Dodge  &  Palmer  Co.  .    .  Chicago 

Price  &  Wolff Chicago 

Selz,  Schwab  &  Co Chicago 


Oven  fixtures  for  conservation  of  heat, 

also  foot  warmer. 
Hot  water  heater  and  radiator.     Dish 

washer. 
Dusters. 
Refrigerators. 
Beverage  fountain. 
Refrigerators    and    cooling  room   for 

slaughter  houses. 
Cooking  utensils. 
Enameled  sjeel  ware. 
Wire  goods. 
Wire  of  all  descriptions. 
Wire  mats  and  matting. 
Iron  grille  work. 
Boiler  and  heaters. 
Horseshoes  and  nails. 
Ornamental  iron. 
Shingle  nailing  machine. 
Builders'  hardware. 
Springs. 

Vaults,  safes,  locks,  etc. 
Ice  cutting  tools. 
Iron  safes. 

Hardware  specialties. 
Water  heaters  used  with  gas. 
Water  closets  and  wash  basins. 
Plumbers'  brass  goods. 
Folding  bath  tubs  and  water  heaters. 
Water  closets. 

Brass  work  for  plumbers,  etc. 
Tailor  system  dress  cutting. 
Vault  lights. 
Buffalo  horns  manufactured  into  vases 

and    various   ornaments  with  gold 

and  silver  mountings. 
Machine  for  dress  cutting  system. 
Tailor  dress  cutting  system. 
Butchers'  supplies. 
Matches. 

Display  of  fixtures  for  stores. 
Instruments  for  cutting  patterns. 
Display  stands  and  fixtures. 
Metal  polishes,  etc. 
Metal  polish. 
Boots  and  shoes. 
Shoes. 

Over  gaiters  and  leggings. 
Boots  and  shoes. 
Shoes. 

Hand-made  shoes. 
Boots  and  shoes. 
Slippers  and  low  shoes. 
Boots  and  shoes. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT  J. 


59 


EXHIBITOR  ADDRESS.  EXHIBIT. 

R.  C.  Smith  &  Sons  Co.       ...  Chicago  .  Shoes. 

J.  E.  Tilt  Shoe  Co Chicago  .  .  Boots  and  shoes. 

11.  D.  Wells  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Boots  and  shoes. 

W.  N.  Eisendrath  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Shoe  and  glove  leather. 

Lambean  Leather  Co Chicago  .  .  Leather,  kangaroo  calf,  etc. 

James  D.  Marshall Chicago  .  .  Sole  leather  and  finished  hides. 

Swift  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Hides  and  skins. 

Oakley  Walker  Co Chicago  .  .  Calfskin  leather. 

J.  Weil  &  Bros Chicago  .  .  Sheep  skins  and  side  leather. 

Wilder  &  Co Chicago  .  .  Horse  hide,  sole  leather. 

Department  J.-ELECTRICITY. 

Diamond  Electric  Mfg.  Co.     .    .      Peoria    .    .    .      Induction  coils,  converters,  etc. 

Elwell-Parker  Electric  Construc- 
tion Co Chicago     .    .      Transformers. 

Pratt  Electro  Medical  Supply  Co.     Chicago     .    .      Statical  electricity.     Thermo    electric 

batteries.      Temporary   and  perma- 
nent magnets. 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Magnets.     Induction  coils,  etc. 

Ansonia  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Instruments  of  precision. 

Anthony  Electric  Instrument  Co.  Chicago  .  .  Resistance  coils.  Voltmeters,  amme- 
ters, etc. 

Central  Electric  Co Chicago  .  .  Resistance  coils,  Batteries.  Instru- 
ments of  precision. 

George  Cutter Chicago     .    .      Voltmeters,  ammeters,  wattmeters. 

Elwell-Parker  Electric  Construc- 
tion Co Chicago     .    .      Electrical   measurement  instruments. 

Charles  E.  Lee Chicago     .    .      Battery  tests. 

Mclntosh  Battery  &  Optical   Co.     Chicago     .    .      Electrical  measurement  apparatus. 

Pratt  Electro  Medical  Supply  Co.     Chicago     .    .      Standard    resistance    coils.     Standard 

condensers.     Voltmeters,  ammeters, 
etc. 

Railway  Equipment  Company    .      Chicago     .    .      Instruments  of  precision. 

Standard  Electric  Company    .    .      Chicago     .    .      Ammeters. 

Ansonia  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Batteries. 

Central  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Batteries. 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago  .  .  Resistence  coils.  Condensers.  Bat- 
teries. Instruments  of  precision, 
voltmeters,  ammeters,  wattmeters. 

American  Battery  Co Chicago     .    .      Primary  and  secondary  batteries. 

Consolidated  Electric  Storage  Co.    Chicago     .    .      Storage  batteries. 

Elgin  Telephone  Co Elgin     .    .    .      Batteries. 

International  Automatic  Light  & 

Power  Co Chicago     .    .      Primary  batteries. 

National  Engraving  Machine  Co.     Chicago     .    .      Secondary  batteries. 

Pratt  Electro  Medical  Supply  Co.    Chicago         .      Electric  batteries. 

James  K.  Pumpelly    ..'....      Chicago     .    .      Batteries. 

Union  Electric  Works Chicago     .    .      Primary  batteries. 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Batteries. 

Elwell-Parker  Electric  Construc- 
tion Co Chicago     .    .      Direct  dynamos.  Alternating  dynamos. 

Hanson  &  Van  Winkle  Co.      .    .      Chicago     .    .      Direct  current  dynamos,  constant   E. 

M.  F.  Direct  current  dynamos,  vary- 
ing E.  JVI.  F. 


6o 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR. 


ADDRESS. 


Mather  Electric  Co Chicago 

Pratt  Electro  Medical  Supply  Co.  Chicago 

Standard  Electric  Co Chicago 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago 

Ansonia  Electric  Co Chicago 

Anthony  Electric  Instrument  Co.  Chicago 

Brush  Electric  Co Chicago 

Central  Electric  Company   .        .  Chicago 

George  Cutter Chicago 

Ewell-Parker  Electric  Construc- 
tion Co Chicago 

George  S.  Knapp Chicago 

Charles  E.  Lee Chicago 

Mather  Electric  Company   .    .    .  Chicago 

Mclntosh  Battery  &  Optical  Co.  Chicago 

Railway  Equipment  Co Chicago 

Standard  Electric  Company    .    .  Chicago 


Western  Electric  Co.     . 


Chicago 


Ansonia  Electric  Company     .    .  Chicago 

Elwell-Parker  Electric  Co.  .    .    .  Chicago 

Hanson  &  Van  W'inkle  Co.     .    .  Chicago 

Mather  Electric  Co Chicago 

Pratt  Electro  Medical  Supply  Co.  Chicago 

Smith  Pneumatic  Transportation 

&  Storage  Co Chicago 

Rockford  Electric  Mfg.  Co.     .    .  Rockford 

Standard  Electric  Co Chicago 

Union  Electric  Works Chicago 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago 

American  Battery  Co Chicago 

Ansonia  Electric  Co.    ' Chicago 

Central  Electric  Co Chicago 

Crane  Elevator  Company     .    .    .  Chicago 

George  Cutter Chicago 

Electric  Machine  Company        .  Chicago 


Compound  wound  power  generators 
and  direct  current  dynamos. 

Direct  current  dynamos,  constant  E. 
M.  F.  Direct  current  dynamos,  va- 
rying E.  M.  F. 

Direct  current  dynamos,  varying  E. 
M.  F. 

Direct  dynamos.  Alternating  dynamos. 

Cables,  wires,  switches,  etc. 

Indicators  and  registering  meters. 

Switches,  rheostats  and  electric  sup- 
plies. Arresters,  insulators,  and  safety 
appliances. 

Wires,  lead  cables.  Switches,  insula- 
tors etc.  Conduits,  tubing. 

Rheostats,  switches.  Insulators,  cut- 
outs. 

Transformers.     Protective  appliances. 

Historical  collection  of  lightning  rods. 

Automatic  battery  cut-out. 

Electric  supplies.  Insulation  appli- 
ances. 

Rheostats,  rheotoms. 

Resistance  boxes,  insulators,  switches 
etc.  Fuse  wire,  brackets  and  hangers. 

Cables,  wires  and  electrical  supplies. 
Safety  and  protective  appliances. 
Conduits. 

Cables,  wires,  rheostats,  switches,  in- 
dicators, meters.  Safety  appliances. 
Underground  conduits. 

Motors. 

Motors. 

Direct  constant  current  motors. 

Direct  constant  E.  M.  F.  motors. 

Direct  constant  current  motors.  Direct 
constant  E.  M.  F.  motors. 

Electric  motors. 

Direct  constant  potential  motor. 

Constant  current  series  motor. 

Battery  motors. 

Motors. 

Electric  toys,   novelties  and  domestic 

appliances. 
Railway    motors.       Motors    generally 

applied. 
Railway     motors.       Appplication     of 

motors  to  novelties. 
Electric  passenger  elevator  and  power 

pump. 

Motors  generally  applied. 
Electrical  cloth  cutting  machine. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   J. 


61 


EXIIIBITOlt.  AIIDIIESS 

Elwsll-Parker  Electric  Construc- 
tion Co Chicago 


Griffin  Wheel  &  Foundry  Co.     .  Chicago 

Illinois  Alloy  Co Chicago 

Knight's  Coin  Central  Boot-Black- 
ing Company Chicago 

A.  C.  Mather Chicago 

Mather  Electric  Co Chicago 

Mclntosh  Battery  &  Optical  Co.  Chicago 


Motors  applied  to  railways.  Motors  ap- 
plied to  elevators,  etc.  Motors  ap- 
plied to  novelties,  etc. 

Car  wheels. 

Railway  trolley  wheels. 

Electric  boot-blacking  machine. 
Working  model  of  cars  and  boats. 
Railway  motors.  Elevator  and  general 
machinery  motors. 

Batteries  and  machines  applied  to  nov- 
elties. 


Chas.  Munsou  Belting  Co.    ...      Chicago     .    .      Dynamos  and  belting. 

Page  Belting  Company     ....      Chicago     .    .      Dynamo  belting. 

Pratt  Electric  Medical  Supply  Co.     Chicago     .    .      Electric  novelties. 

Railway  Equipment 'Co Chicago     .    .      Trolley  appliances. 

Rockford  Electric  Mfg.  Co.  .  .  Rockford  .  .  Motor  applied  to  generator  and  ma- 
chinery. 

Chas.  A.  Schieren  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Dynamo    belting;    oerf orated  leather 

raw-hide  rope. 

Sloss  Electric  Gaslight  &  Special- 
ty Company Chicago     .    .      Fan  motors  operated  by  batteries. 

Ansonia  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Arc  systems.     Incandescent  systems. 

Union  Electric  Works Chicago  .  .  Battery  motors  applied  to  general  ma- 
chinery. Battery  motors  applied  to 
novelties. 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago  .  .  Motors  applied  to  street  railways.  Mo- 
tors applied  to  general  machinery. 
Motors  applied  to  novelties. 

Central  Electric  Company   .    .    .      Chicago     .    .      Arc  system.     Incandescent  system. 

George  Cutter Chicago     .    .      Arc    system    fixtures.       Incandescent 

system  fixtures. 

Elwell-Parker  Electric  Construc- 
tion Co Chicago     .    .      Arc  systems.     Incandescent  systems. 

Hanson  &  Van  Winkle  Co.     .    .      Chicago     .    .      Incandescent  lighting. 

Healey  &  Millets Chicago     .    .      Ornamental    glass    for    electric    light 

effects. 

International  Automatic  Light  & 

Power  Co Chicago     .    .      Arc  lighting.     Incandescent  lighting. 

Mather  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Systems  of  incandescent  lighting. 

Railway  Equipment  Co Chicago     .    .      Incandescent  lamps  and  electroliers. 

Sosman  &  Landis Chicago     .    .      Scenic  stages,  curtains. 

Standard  Electric  Company  .  .  Chicago  .  .  Arc  systems,  lamps,  fixtures  and  ap- 
pliances. 

Star  Electric  Lamp  Co Chicago     .    .      Incandescent  lamps. 

Union  Electric  Works Chicago  .  .  Incandescent  lamps  operated  by  bat- 
teries. 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago  .  .  Arc  system  and  appliances.  Incandes- 
cent system  and  glass  for  light  effects. 

Ansonia  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Domestic  heating  apparatus.  Industrial 

heating  apparatus.      Ovens. 

Copper  Electric  Heater  Co.     .    .      Chicago     .    .      Electric  heaters. 

George  Cutter  Chicago     .    .      Heating  apparatus.     Car  heaters,    flat 

irons,  etc. 


62 


THE    WHITE    CITY EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOH. 

International  Automatic  Light  & 

Power  Co 

Railway  Equipment  Co 


ADDKESS. 


Chicago      .    .       Electric  heating  apparatus. 
Chicago     .    .      Heaters.       Industrial  heating  applia- 
ances.     Ovens.     Furnaces. 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago      .    .       Industrial   heating   apparatus.       High 

temperture  ovens. 
Elwell-Parker  Electric  Construc- 
tion Co Chicago     .    .      Instruments  for  electro-chemistry.  In- 
struments for  electro-metallurgy. 
Alfred  Guillaume Chicago     .    .      Smelting  furnace. 

C.  F.  Hall Chicago     .    .      Method    of  electro-plating.     Electro- 

plated goods. 
Hanson  &  Van  Winkle  Co.  .    .    .      Chicago     .    .      Electrotyping.     Gilding  and  plating. 

Electrolytic  separation  of  metals. 
Mclntosh  Battery  &  Optical  Co.     Chicago     .    .      Batteries  for  electro-plating,   gilding 

and  nickeling.  ^ 

Ansonia  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Ansonia  gravity  needle  annunciator. 

Central  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .       Telegraph  instruments.  Annunciators. 

Thermostats.     Fire  alarm  apparatus. 

Police  telegraph  apparatus. 
Copenhagen    Automatic     Fire 

Alarm  Co Chicago     .    .      Thermostats.     Fire  alarm  apparatus. 

E.  M.  Edgerton Chicago     .    .      Annunciator  and  program  call. 

Elwell-Parker  Electric  Construc- 
tion Co Chicago     .    .      Railroad  signal  apparatus. 

Gamewell  Fire  Alarm  Telegraph 

Co.      . Chicago     .    .      Fire  alarm.    Police  telegraph  system. 

O.  F.  Goldfuss Chicago     .    .      Electric  automatic  clocks. 

ElishaGray Highland  Park   Writing  telegraph  apparatus. 

John  F.  Hurd Chicago  .  .  Electric  coat-thief  and  pickpocket  de- 
tector. 

Charles  E.  Lee Chicago     .    .      Annunciator. 

Alfred  S.    McCaskey  and  J.    A. 

Ellis Chicago     .    .      Printing  telegraph.     Electric  program 

clock.     Railway  block  signal. 

Newman  Clock  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Annunciators,guestcalls,alarmsignals. 

Police  Telephone  &  Signal  Co.  .      Chicago     .    .      Police  telephone  and  signal  apparatus. 
Strowger  Automatic    Telephone 

Exchange Chicago     .    .      Transmitting  and  receiving  apparatus. 

D.  D.  Tate Chicago     .    .      Model  of  block  signal  system. 

John  T.  Todd Chicago     .    .      Systems  of  transmitting  and  receiving. 

Union  Electric  Works Chicago     .    .      Annunciators. 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Systems  of  transmitting  and  receiving. 

Annunciators.  Thermostats.  Fire 
alarm  apparatus.  Police  telegraph 
and  burglar  alarm  apparatus. 

Wilder  Duplex  Electric  Burglar 

Alarm  &  Messenger  Co.  .    .      Chicago     .    .      Messenger  box.     Burglar  alarm. 

Central  Electric  Co Chicago  .  .  Telephone  cables.  Telephone  switch- 
boards. Telephone  transmitting  ap- 
paratus. 

Elgin  Telephone  Company     .    .      Elgin     .    .    .      Accoustic  telephone  and  apparatus. 

Alfred   S.    McCasky    and   J.     A. 

Ellis Chicago     .    .      Automatic  telephone  exchange. 


EXHIBITS — DEPARTMENT  J. 


North  American  Phonograph  Co.  Chicago 
Strowger  Automatic  Telephone 

Exchange Chicago 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago 

O.  L.  Wullweber Chicago 


Phonograph  and  appliances. 


Mclntosh  Battery  &  Optical  Co.      Chicago 

Dr.  A.  Owens Chicago 

Pratt  Electric  Medical  Supply  Co.     Chicago 


Switchboards.  Operation  of  telephone. 
Telephone  appliances.  Phonographs. 
Telephone  transmitting  apparatus. 

Telephone  receiving  apparatus. 
Batteries  and   instruments  applied  in 

surgery,  dentistry,  etc. 
Apparatus  for  application  of  electrical 

current. 

Cautery  apparatus.  Appliances  for 
therapeutic  work  and  surgical  and 
dental  remedial  agencies.  Micro- 
phonic  stethescope.  Batteries  and 
appliances  for  electrolysis. 

Central  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Pens. 

George  Cutter Chicago     .    .      Gas  lighting. 

George  S.  Knapp  Chicago     .    .      Historical  collection  of  lightning  rods. 

Charles  E.  Lee Chicago     .    .      Temperature  regulator. 

Sloss   Electric   Gaslight  &  Spe- 
cialty Co Chicago     .    .      Electric  gaslights. 

Western  Electric  Co.  Chicago     .    .      Ignition  of  explosives  and  gas  light- 

ing.    Pens. 

Central  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Publications. 

Electrical  Industries  Publishing 

Company  .  Chicago     .    .      Electric  books  and  publications. 

Elisha  Gray  Highland  Park  Objects  illustrating   electric  develop- 

ment. 
Mclntosh  Battery  &  Optical  Co.      Chicago     .    .      Apparatus  illustrating  the  phenomena 

of  electricity. 

National  Engraving  Machine  Co.    Chicago     .    .      Jewelers'  engraving  machine. 
Western  Electric  Co.     ...  Chicago     .    .      Objects  illustrating  electrical  progress. 

Western  Electrican    .  Chicago     .    .      Electrical  books  and  publications. 

Western  Union  Telegraph  Co.    .      Chicago     .    .      Collective  exhibits. 

Elisha  Gray  Highland  Park   Models  and  drawings. 

Western  Electric  Co Chicago     .    .      Models  and  drawings. 

Orlando  P.  Briggs  .  Chicago     .    .      Attachment  for  automatic  machine. 

Illinois  Alloy  Co Chicago     .    .      Aluminum  bushing;  anti-friction  metal. 

Chas.  Munson  Belting  Co.    ...      Chicago     .    .      Dynamo  belting. 
A.  J.  Oehring  .  ...      Chicago     .    .      Multiple-drill  press. 

Webster  Manufacturing  Co.     .    .      Chicago     .    .      Shafting  pulleys  and  clutches. 
Western  .Electric  Co.     ..  Chicago  Electrical  construction  apparatus.  Car- 

bon and  its  application.  Applica- 
tion of  metals  in  electrical  construc- 
tion. 


J.  Gurtzon  Borglum  . 
Ellen  R.  Copp  .  .  . 
J.  Gelert  .... 


Department  K.-FINE  ARTS. 


Chicago     .    .      Indian  Scouts. 

Chicago  Relief  portrait  of  Harriet  Monroe. 

Chicago  Bust  of  Abraham  Lincoln.     The  Little 

Architect.     Theseus.      Struggle  for 

Work. 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOK. 


ADDRESS. 


J.  Milo  Griffith Chicago     .    . 


Edward  Kemeys Chicago     . 


August  Lindstrom      Chicago  . 

George  D.  Peterson Chicago  . 

Bessie  O.  Potter Chicago  . 

Carl  Rohl-Smith     .    .            ...  Chicago  . 

Leonard  W.  Volk   .    .    .    '.    .    .    .  Chicago  . 

Eniel  H.  Wuertz Chicago  .    , 

H.  H.  Zearing Chicago  . 

A.  E.  Albright Chicago  . 

Enella  Benedict Lake  Forest 

D.  F.  Bigelow Chicago 

Chas.  E.  Boutwood Chicago  . 

A.  F.  Brooks Chicago  . 

Charles  Francis  Browne    ....  Chicago  . 

Herbert  Butler Chicago  . 

Edgar  S.  Cameron      Chicago  . 

Chas.  O.  Corvvin Chicago  . 

Pauline  A.  Dohn     . Chicago  . 

Frant  Dvorak Chicago  . 

C.  Harry  Eaton Chicago  . 

Mrs.  M.  E.  Evans Godfrey  . 

Frederick  W.  Freer  .._....  Chicago  . 

Oliver  Dennett  Grover Chicago  . 

G.  P.  A.  Healy Chicago  . 

Lydia  Purdy  Hess Chicago  . 

Alice  D.  Kellogg Chicago  . 

Guy  F.  Maynard    ...               .  Chicago  . 

F.  C.  Peyraud Chicago  . 

J.  H.  Vanderpool Chicago  . 


Bust.  Sabrina,  Goddess  of  the  Severn. 
Nubian  Captive.  Coursing  during 
the  time  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  Shield 
presented  to  H.  R.  H.  the  Princess 
of  Wales  at  her  silver  wedding  by 
the  inhabitants  of  South  Wales. 
Medallion  study  of  female  head. 
Medallion.  Dawn. 

Old  Ephraim.  After  the  Feast.  Amer- 
ican Bay  Lynx.  American  Panther 
and  her  Cubs.  Grappling  His  Game. 
Fighting  Panther  and  Deer.  Texan 
Bull  and  Jaguars.  The  Still  Hunt. 
Battle  of  the  Bulls.  American  Black 
Bear.  Jaguar  and  Boa-constrictor. 

Bust  of  John  Ericsson. 

Tiger  at  Bay. 

Prof.  David  Swing. 

Mato  Wanartka  (Kicking  Bear)  Chief 
of  the  Sioux.  Bust  of  Henry  Wat- 
terson. 

Bust  of  Colonel  Hascall,  U.  S.  A.  Bust 
of  a  lady. 

Murmur  of  the  Sea. 

Bas-relief  of  Abraham  Lincoln. 

Morning-glories. 

Brittany  children. 

Lake  Champlain  and  the  Adirondacks. 

Portrait  of  Hon.  C.  B.  Farwell. 

The  Primrose  Way. 

Old  Poplar  Trees.  Sand  Dunes  of 
Drutnmadoon  Arran.  Back  from  the 
Beach,  Cape  Ann.  On  the  Oise, 
France. 

Hard  Times. 

In  the  Studio. 

Edge  of  the  Clearing. 

What  the  Stork  Brought. 

Mother's  Pleasure. 

Normandy  Landscape.  Autumnal 
Landscape. 

September  Lane. 

Portrait  of  a  Lady  in  Black.  Portrait. 
Gold  Fish. 

Thy  Will  Be  Done. 

Portrait  of  Adolphe  Thiers. 

Portrait  of  Miss  E.  H. 

Intermezzo.     The  Mother. 

Dutch  Interior.     Looking  Out. 

Evening.     Autumn  Morning. 

Summer  Morning  in  the  Orchard. 
Portrait  of  a  Lady.  Blessed  are  They 
That  Mourn.  Weary.  Twilight 
Reverie. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   K. 


EXHIBI.OK. 


ADDKES8. 


EXHIBIT. 


H.  A.  Vincent Chicago     .    .      Fields  in  October. 

Caroline  D.  Wade Chicago     .    .      Portrait  of  a  Lady. 

A.  F.  Brooks Chicago     .    .      Boys  Fishing. 

William  Clusinann Chicago     .    .      A  Wood  Interior,  Wisconsin. 

Arthur  Dawson Chicago     .    .      When     Evening     Twilight     Gathers 

Round.     Snow  Scene. 
Jules  Guerin Chicago     .    .      Early    Morning  in   a   Village  Street, 

Kentucky. 
Walter  C.  Hartson Chic?go     .    .      Old  Willows  at   Glendale.     Outskirts 

of    the   City.      Along  the  Baraboo 

River. 
Annie  W.  Jones  .....       .      Chicago     .    .      Easter  Lilies. 

Robert  Rascovich Chicago     .    .      Canal  in  Venice. 

Charles  A.  Corwin Chicago     .    .      Oat  Harvest. 

Charles  W.  Rhoades Chicago     .    .      Study  Head.  (Charcoal.) 

Foreign  Works  from  Private  Galleries  in  the  United  States. 

Jules  Bastien  Lepage France  .    .    .      Revery.       (Lent    by    Potter    Palmer, 

Chicago.) 

Paul- Albert  Besnard Paris  ....      Head.  (Lent  by  Potter  Palmer,  Chicago.) 

Richard  P.  Bonington England    .    .      Landscape.     (Lent  by  R.  Hall  McCor- 

mick,  Chicago.) 

Jules-Adolphe  Breton Paris  ....      The  Song  of  the  Lark.     (Lent  by  Mrs. 

Henry  Field,  Chicago.) 

Jean-Charles  Cazin Paris  ....      Thp  Expulsion  from  Paradise.  Elsinore. 

Flight  into  Egypt.  (Lent  by 
Potter  Palmer,  Chicago.)  Midnight 
Moonlight.  (Lent  by  Chas.  T.  Yer 
kes,  Chicago.) 

John  Constable England    .    .      The  Lock.   (Lent  by  Mrs.  Henry  Field, 

Chicago.)  Shepherd  and  Flock--- 
Dedham  Church  in  the  distance. 
Lent  by  R.  Hall  McCormick,  Chi- 
cago.)  Orpheus.  Shrimp-fisher.  Land- 
scape. (Lent  by  Potter  Palmer,  Chi- 
cago.) The  Path  to  the  Village. 
Environs  of  Villa  d'Avrey,  France. 
(Lent  by  Chas.  T.  Yerkes,  Chicago.) 
The  Inn.  (Lent  by  Martin  A.  Ryer- 
son,  Chicago.) 

Charles-Francois  Daubigny     .    .      France       .    .      Banks  of  the  Oise,   Auvers  Sur-Oise, 

France.  (Lent  by  Chas.  T.  Yerkes, 
Chicago. ) 

Alexandre-Gabriel  Decamps   .    .      France   .    .    .      Oriental  Kiosk.     (Lent  by  Martin  A. 

Ryerson,  Chicago.) 

Jules  Dupre France  ...      At  Sea.     (Lent  by  Chas.  T.  Yerkes, 

Chicago.) 

Francois-Louis  Francais  .    .      Paris  ....      Women   of  Sahara.       (Lent  by  Mrs. 

Henry  Field,  Chicago. ) 

Jean-Baptiste  Greuze France   .    .    .      The  Pouting  Child.     (Lent  by  Martin 

Ryerson,  Chicago.) 

Eugene  Isabey France   ...      A  Fete  at  the  Hotel   ^e   Rambouillet. 

(Lent  by  Samuel  M.  Nickerson,  Chi- 
cago. ) 


66 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR.  ADDRESS. 

Josef  Isreals     .........      Amsterdam 


Ludwig  Knaus    ........      Berlin     .. 


Baron  Hendrik  Leys 
Jean-Louis-Ernest  Meissonier 
Francesco  Paolo  Michetti         . 
Jean  Francois  Millett    .       .. 


Belgium 
France  . 
Naples  . 
France  . 


A  Frugal   Meal.     (Lent  by   Chas.   T. 

Yerkes,  Chicago.  I 
A  Country  Festival.     (  Lent  by   Chas. 

T.    Yerkes,    Chicago.  )     The   Potato 

Harvest.        (Lent     by    Mrs.     Henry 

Field,  Chicago.) 
The  Book  Stall.     (Lent  by   Chas.    T. 

Yerkes,  Chicago.) 
Reconnaissance.     (Lent   by   Chas.    T. 

Yerkes,  Chicago.  ) 
Springtime  and  Love.   (Lent  by  Albert 

A.  Hunger,  Chicago.) 
The  Pig  Killers.     (Lent  by   Chas.    T. 

Yerkes,    Chicago.)     Peasants  Carry- 

ing a  New-Born  Calf.   (Lent  by  Mrs. 

Henry  Field,  Chicago.  ) 
George  Morland     .......      England    .    .      Contentment.     (Lent  by  R.   Hall  Mc- 

Cormick,  Chicago.) 
Camille  Bissaro   ........      Paris  ....      The  Village.     (Lent  by  Potter  Palmer, 

Chicago.) 
Pierre  Puvis  de  Chavannes  .    .    .      Paris  ....      Autumn.     (Lent  by   Martin  A.  Ryer- 

son,  Chicago.) 
Jean-Francois  Raffaelli      ....      Paris  ....      Absinthe    Drinkers.     On     the    Coast. 

Place  de  la  Trinite,  Paris.     (Lent  by 

Potter  Palmer,  Chicago.) 
Theodore  Rousseau    ......      France   .    .    .      Landscape  in  Berry,  France.   (Lent  by 

Chas.  T.  Yerkes,  Chicago.) 
Alfred  Sisley    .........      Paris  ....      Village  Street,  Moret,  France.     (Lent 

by  Potter  Palmer,  Chicago.) 
Nicolas-Francois-Octave  Tassaert     France       .    .      Saint  Hilarion.   (Lent  by  Potter  Palm- 

er, Chicago.) 
Constant  Troyon     .......      France   .    .    .      Going   Home.     (Lent  by  Mrs.  Henry 

Field,  Chicago.) 
Jan  Van  Beers     ........      Brussels     .    .      "  You  are  Welcome.  "     (Lent  by  Chas. 

T.  Yerkes,  Chicago.) 
George  Frederick  Watts  ....      London     .    .      Portrait  of  Joachim-Candlelight.  (  Lent 

by   Chas.   L.  Hutchinson,  Chicago.) 
Anders  L.  Zorn   ........      Stockholm    .      Bottling    Works.       (Lent    by    Potter 

Palmer,  Chicago.) 

Department  L.-LIBERAL    ARTS. 

Wm.  Banneman      .......      Chicago     .    .      Phenyle  disinfectant. 

Jean  Marie  Guenantin  .....      Chicago     .    .      Models,  maps  and  drawings  of  suggest- 

ed plan  for  sewerage  of  Chicago. 
Geo.  H.  Hess  Co  ........      Chicago     .    .      Apparatus,  models  and  plans  showing 

mode  of  ventilating  and   warming 

schools,  houses,  etc. 
Illinois  State  Board  of  Health     .      Springfield   .      Maps  illustrative  of  sanitary  condition 

of  Chicago. 
Christian  H.  Koch     ......      Chicago     .    .      Electrical     apparatus     for     purifying 

water  and  meat. 
Mrs.  Caroline  Romney     ....      Chicago     .    .      Wanning  closet,  heat  conserver,   din- 

ner pail,  water  filter. 


EXHIBITS  —  DEPARTMENT   L. 


67 


Albert  Wahl 

World's  Crystal  Water  Filter  Co. 

Armour  &  Co 

Boughton  &  Smith 

E.  S.  Burnham 

Chicago  Truss  Co 

Common  Sense  Truss  Co.     .    . 
Gault  Artificial  Limb  Co.     ... 

HauRsmann  &  Dunn 

T.  W.  Heinemann 

James  I.  Lyons 

L.  J.  Mason  &  Co • 

A.  Niehans 

E.  L.  O'Connor 

Sharp  &  Smith ". 

Storrs  Air  Pad  Truss  Co    .... 
Thomsen's  Extract  of  Malt  Co.  . 
Chas.  Truax,  Greene  &  Co.     .    . 
Western  Leather  Mfg.  Co.   ... 

F.  G.  White 

Air  Brush  Mfg.  Co 

Arch-diocese  of  Chicago    .... 
Art  Institute  of  Chicago    .... 

Central  Church  Mission    .... 
Chicago  Manual  Training  School 
Chicago  College  of  Pharmacy     . 

Chicago  Free  Kindergarten  Assn. 
Jewish  Training  School     .... 

Thos.  Kane  &  Co 

Kate  Byam  Martin 

National  Eclectic  Medical  Assn. 

School  of  Fine  Arts 

Thayer  &  Chandler    .  ..    . 


C.  Gilbert  Wheeler 
Albert,  Scott  &  Co. 
J.  B.  Campbell  .  . 
Miss  Clara  Dicker! 
Fairbank  &  Rolison 
A.  Flanagan  .  .  . 


Wm.  Freund  &  Sons     .... 
Gallison  &  Hobron  Co.     ... 

Wm.  T.  Keener 

A.  C.  McClurg  &  Co 

National  Christian  Science  Co. 
Open  Court  Publishing  Co. 
Rand,  McNallv  &  Co.    . 


Fleming  H.  Revell  Co. 


Chicago     .    .      Health  apparatus. 

Chicago     .    .      Water  61ters. 

Chicago     .    .      Pharmaceutical  preparations. 

Chicago     .    .      Artificial  teeth  and  dental  specialties. 

Chicago     .    .      Instruments  for  catarrhal  affections. 

Chicago     .    .      Trusses,  etc. 

Chicago     .    .      Trusses,  supporters,  etc 

Woodstock    .  Artificial  limbs. 

Chicago     .    .  Surgical  instruments. 

Chicago     .    .  Surgical  appliances. 

Chicago     .    .  Artificial  limbs. 

Chicago     .    .  Electric  dental  engine  and  dental  in- 
struments. 

Chicago     .    .  Artificial  limbs. 

Chicago     .    .  Extension  shoe. 

Chicago     .    .  Surgical  instruments. 

Chicago     .    .  Air  pads,  supporters,  etc. 

Chicago     .    .  Extract  of  Malt 

Chicago     .    .  Surgical  instruments  and  appliances. 

Chicago     .    .  Medicine  cases,  etc. 

Chicago     .    .  Dentistry. 

Rockford  .    .  .Air  brush  and  paintings  produced  by  it. 

Chicago     .    .  Educational  exhibit. 

Chicago     .    .  Drawings,    paintings,   modeled  work 

and  statuary. 

Chicago     .    .  Kindergarten  work. 

Chicago     .    .  Students'  work. 

Chicago  Materia  medica,  apparatus,  literature, 

etc. 

Chicago     .    .  Work  of  normal  class  and  of  children. 

Chicago  Shop-work,     drawing,    literary  work, 

etc. 

Chicago     .    .  School  desks  and  slates. 

Chicago     .    .  Form  and  color  work. 

Chicago     .    .  Books,  diplomas,  medicines,  etc. 

Jacksonville  Students'  work. 

Chicago     .    .  Air  brush  and  paintings  produced  by 

it;  ink  eraser. 

Chicago     .    .  Scientific  charts. 

Chicago     .    .  School  books. 

Chicago     .    .  Illustrated  magazine  and  lithographs. 

Chicago     .    .  Relief  map  of  Palestine. 

Chicago     .    .  School  books. 

Chicago     .    .  School  books,  charts,  maps,  apparatus, 

etc. 

Chicago     .    .  Copper  plate  and  steel  die  wor 

Chicago     .    .  Engravings,  trade  journals. 

Chicago     .    .  Medical  books. 

Chicago     .    .  Books. 

Chicago     .    .  Books,  pamphlets,  tracts,  etc. 

Chicago     .    .  Books,  magazines  and  charts. 

Chicago     .    .  Books,  printing,  engraving,  etc.  Maps, 

globes,  etc. 

Chicago     .    .  Books  and  periodicals. 


68 


THE   WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBIT03. 

Mrs.  May  F.  Sheldon 

Shober  &  Carqueville  Lithograph- 
ing Co 

Western  Bank  Note  &  Engraving 
Co 

A.  Zeese  &  Co 

American  Cash  Register  Co.    .    . 

Chicago  Photogravure  Co.    .    .    . 

D.  R.  Clark 

Geneva  Optical  Co.     .  • 

F.  A.  Hardy  &  Co 

Thomas  Harrison 

James  Inglis 

Geo.  J.  Klein 

L.    Manasse 

Mclntosh  Battery  &  Optical  Co. 

Wm.  M.  Morrison 

Northwestern  University  .... 

Frank  A.  Place 

R.  S.  Rhodes 

W.  J.  Root 

J.  B.  Scholl 

O.  P.  Scott 

Stein  &  Rosch 

F.  S.  Allen 

Brykit-Hall  Sheating  Lath  Co.  . 

Peter  Habel      

F.  W.  Schaeffer 

Samuel  C.  Taylor 

Abbott  Machine  Co 

Grand  Lodge  Good  Templars  . 
American  Humane  Association  . 

Concordia  Publishing  House  .    . 

John  W.  Banks 

Julius  Bauer  &  Co 

Geo.  P.  Bent 

Joseph  Bohmann 

S.  Brainard's  Sons  Co 

Bush  &  Gerts  Piano  Co.  ... 
Chicago  Cottage  Organ  Co.  .  .  . 
Columbian  Organ  &  Piano  Co.  . 
J.  Howard  Foote 


Chicago     .    .      Books  of  travel. 
Chicago     .    .      Lithographs. 


C.  A.  Gerold    .    .    . 

C.  Hinze 

W.  W.  Kimball  Co. 
National  Music  Co. 
H.  C.  Nelson  .  .  . 
Newman  Bros.  .  . 
Miss  Libbie  Pick  . 
A.  Reed  &  Sons  . 


Chicago  .  .  Steel  plate  and  lithographic  engravings. 

Chicago  .  .  Process  engravings,  electrotypes,  etc. 

Chicago  .  .  Cash  registers. 

Chicago  .  .  Photogravures. 

Chicago  .  .  Photographs. 

Chicago  .  .  Optical  goods. 

Chicago  .  .  Optical  instruments,  etc. 

Chicago  .  .  Photographs. 

Chicago  .  .  '  Bromide  photographs. 

Chicago  .  .  Photographs. 

Chicago  .  .  Meteorological  instruments. 

Chicago  .  .  Optical  apparatus.     Electrical  appara- 
tus, etc. 

Chicago  .  .  Photographs. 

Evanston  .  .  Barometers,  chronographs,  etc. 

Chicago  .  .  Photographs  and  portraits. 

Chicago  .  .  Audiphones. 

Chicago  .  .  Photographs  and  portraits. 

Chicago  .  .  Photographs. 

Chicago  .  .  Photographs. 

Chicago  .  .  Photographs,  portraits,  etc. 

Joliet  ....  School  architecture. 

Chicago  .  .  Wooden  sheathing  lath. 

Chicago  .  .  Reversible  window. 

Chicago  .  .  Cornice  work. 

Chicago  .  .  Reversible  window. 

Chicago  .  .  Check  perforators,  cancelling  machines, 
etc. 

Illinois  .  .  .  Development  of  the  Order. 

Chicago  .  .  Work    of  the  Society  in  preventing 
cruelty  to  animals  and  children. 

Chicago  .  .  Publications  of  the  Lutheran  Church. 

Chicago  .  .  Guitars. 

Chicago  .  .  Pianos. 

Chicago  .  .  Pianos.     Reed  organs. 

Chicago  .  .  Zithers,  guitars,  banjos,  etc. 

Chicago  .  .  Sheet  music,  books,  etc. 

Chicago  .  .  Pianos. 

Chicago  .  .  Pianos.     Reed  organs. 

Grand  Crossing  Reed  organs. 

Chicago  .  .  Guitars,  mandolins,  etc.     Flutes,   cor- 
nets, horns,  etc. 

Chicago  .  .  Pianos. 

Chicago  .  .  Pianos. 

Chicago  .  .  Pianos.     Reed  organs. 

Chicago  .  .  Sheet  music,  books,  etc. 

Chicago  .  .  Banjos. 

Chicago  Reed  organs. 

Chicago  .  .  Music  cabinet  attachment. 

Chicago  .  .  Pianos. 


EXHIBITS — DEPARTMENT   L. 


69 


EXHIBITOR. 

Rice-Macy  Piano  Co.     .    . 
Story  &  Clark  Organ  Co.      . 
Clayton  F.  Suininy    .    .    .    . 

Tonk  Mfg.  Co 

Western  Cottage  Organ  Co. 

Mary  A.  Hawley 

Chicago  News  Record   .    .    . 


Children's  Aid  Society 

Illinois  School  of  Agriculture, 
and  Manual  Training  School 
for  Boys 

Chicago  Relief  &  Aid  Society     . 

German  Old  People's  Home    .    . 

German  Society  of  Chicago     .    . 

Illinois  State 

F.  H.  Wines 

Benedictine  Sisters 

Sisters  of  Charity 

Dominican  Sisters 

Sisters  of  Loretto 

Brothers  of  Mary 

Sistersbf  Providence 

Sisters  of  Providence 

Sisters  of  Providence 

Sisters  of  Providence 

Sisters  of  Providence 

School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  . 
School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  . 
School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  . 
School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  . 
School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  . 
School  Sisters  of  Notre  Dame  . 

St.  Joseph  Sisters 

Ursuline  Sisters 

Ursuline  Sisters 

Ursuline  Sisters 


Chicago     .    .  Pianos. 

Chicago     .    .  Reed  organs. 

Chicago     .    .  Sheet  music,  books  and  charts. 

Chicago     .    .  Piano  stools,  music  cabinets,  etc. 

Ottawa  .    .    .  Reed  organs. 

Dixon    .    .    .  Invalid's  table. 

Chicago     .    .  Photographs,  statistics,  and  appliances 

of  Fresh  Air  Fund. 

Chicago     .    .  Statistics,  photographs,  etc. 

[school  work. 

Glenwood     .  Photographs,   statistics,   specimens  of 

Chicago     .    .  Literature,  record  blanks,  statistics. 

Chicago     .   .  Report  and  photographs. 

Chicago     .    .  Literature  and  record  blanks. 

Statistics,  reports. 

Springfield   .  Graphic  charts  of  crime  and  pauperism 
in  the  States  from  nth  U.  S.  census. 

Nauvoo  .    .    .  Pa'.ish  school. 

La  Salle    .  Academies  and  parish  schools. 

Bloomington  Academies. 

Cairo  ....  Academies. 

Chicago     .    .  Colleges. 

Galesburg     .  Academy. 

Chicago     .    .  Parish  schools.     Academy. 

Galesburg     .  Parish  schools. 

Lockport  .    .  Parish  schools. 

Savanna    .    .  Parish  schools. 

Quincy  .    .    .  Academy  and  orphanage. 

Belleville  .    .  Parish  schools. 

Champaign  .  Parish  schools. 

Highland  .    .  Parish  schools. 

Peoria    .    .    .  Parish  schools. 

Quincy  .    .    .  Parish  schools. 

Peoria    .    .    .  Academies. 

Collinsville  .  Academies. 

Decatur     .    .  Academies. 

Alton      .    .    .  Academies  and  parish  schools. 


Department  M. -ETHNOLOGY,  ARCHAEOLOGY,  ETC. 


ARCHAEOLOGY. 


Theodore  Kamensky 

Walter  Channing  Wyman  .... 

F.  Boas 

University  of  Chicago 

S.  H.  Champlin,  College  of  Physi 
cians  and  Surgeons 

L.  Hektoen      

J.  Leeb,  Physiological  Laboratory, 
niversity  of  Chicago  .... 

C.  A.  Strong,  Pyschological  Lab- 
oratory, University  of  Chicago, 


Chicago 
Chicago 
Chicago 
Chicago 

Chicago 
Chicago 

Chicago 
Chicago 


F.  G.  Logan 
Edward  E.  Ayer 
Felt  &  Tarrant 

G.  M.  West 

H.  H.  Donaldson,  Neurological  l.ab 

oratory,  University  of  Chicago, 

M.    H.   Knap  .......... 

H.  M.  Lyman,  Rush  Medical  Col- 


Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

Chicago 

- 

Chic   ;  .. 

Chicago 

Chicago 
Chicago 


Truax,  Greene  &  Co  ...... 

C.O.\Vh;t:::a:i,Norphological  Lab- 

oratory, University*}*  '"iicn;»o,  Chicago 


THE  WHITE   CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


EXHIBITOR. 


NATURAL   HISTORY. 


Fred  Kaempfer Chicago 

Leander  Stiles Chicago 

Wm.  F.  E.  Gurley Danville 


Gustav  Stanisky  &  Co Chicago 

Louis  Fuchs  .  Belleville 


Gustav  Bruegger  . 
A.  E.  MacDonald  . 


HISTORY. 

....  Pullman         W.  S.  Hooper Chicago 

.    .    .  Englewood        G.  H.  Luxton Chicago 

ETHNOLOGY. 


John  H.  Grabill Chicago 

Herman  Haupt,  Jr Chicago 

Oliver  M.  Babcock Chicago 

E.  Remengi La  Grange 

Brunswick  Balke-Collender  Co.     .  Chicago 


R.  J.  Gunning Chicago 

J.  McMillan Chicago 

Harvey  Shutleff Chicago 

Henry  B.  Waterman Chicago 


Department  N.-FORESTRY  AND  FOREST  PRODUCTS. 


Compound  Lumber  Co.     .    . 
Garrison  Wood  Turning  Co. 


Chicago     .    .      Hardwood  doors. 

Chicago     .    .      Balusters,  spindles  and  wood  turnings, 

etc. 
Edwin  S.  Hartwell     .    .    .    .    .    .      Chicago     .    .      Lumber  and  shingles. 

Josephine  Mathieu     ......      Chicago     .    .      Apparatus  for  manufacturing  charcoal, 

wood  alcohol,  etc. 
R.  W.  McCready  Cork  Co.  .    .    .      Chicago     .    .      Cork  and  cork  handles. 

National  Ladder  Co Clyde     .    .    .      Wooden  ware. 

Redlich  Manufacturing  Co.      .    .      Chicago     .    .      Cork  and  wooden  ware. 
Seamen,  Cox  &  Brown  Cooperage 

Co Chicago     .    .      Coopers'  stock. 

Stein,  Hirsch  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Guns. 

United  Indurated  Fibre  Co.     .    .      Chicago     .    .      Pails,     washtubs,     measures,    basins, 

/ases,  etc. 

WOMAN'S  BUILDING. 

Mrs.  D.  S.  Thompson Chicago     .  .  Baking  powder. 

Mrs.  C.  W.  Romney Chicago     .  .  Milk  cooler  and  refrigerator. 

Fannie  Massiah Cairo  ....  Chocolate  and  cocoa. 

Mrs.  C.  V.  Thompson Chicago     .  .  Home  made  fruit  wines. 

Mrs.  A.  M.  Crowley Evanston  .  .  Prepared  botanical  specimens 

Mrs.  Laura  Myers Chicago     .  .  Silver  polish. 

Sophie  E.  Bachmann Chicago     .  .  Portable  weaving  machine. 

Ella  Goodwin Chicago     .  .  Washing  machine. 

Geneva  Armstrong Chicago     .  .  Model  of  a  stock  car. 

Mrs.  C.  W.  Romney Chicago     .  .  Foot-stone  for  compartment  car. 

Anna  E.  Bailey Chicago  Wanning  device  for  protecting  street 

car  drivers. 

Frances  H.  Coit Chicago     .  .  Fruit  laxative. 

National  Ass'n  of  Women   Sten- 
ographers    Chicago     .  .  Typewriters. 

Sophia  B.  Frindlander      ....  Chicago     .  .  Boudoir  of  furniture  in   pyrographic 

painting. 

Mrs.  M.  West  .        Chicago     .  .  Satin  portiere. 

Lillie  E.  Cole Chicago     .  .  Decorated  porcelain  w^re. 

Columbian  Ceramic  Society    .    .  Chicago     .  .  Ceramic  work. 


EXHIBITS — WOMAN'S  BUILDING. 


EXHIBITOR.  ADDRESS.  EXHIBIT 

Mrs.  I.  B.  Crockett Chicago     .    .      Decorated  china. 

Mabel  C.  Dibble Chicago     .    .      Decorated  china. 

Henrietta  O.  Flint Highland  Park   Decorated  tile. 

Nellie  M.  Lord Chicago     .    .      Decorated  china. 

C.  J.  Miller Peoria    .    .    .      China  tray. 

Grace  H.  Peck Chicago     .    .      Decorated  porcelain  chocolate  set. 

Chicago  Athenaeum,  Wood  Carv-  [etc. 

ing  School Chicago     .    .      Carved  cabinet,  chairs,  chest,  screen( 

Louise  M.  Gardner Chicago     .    .      Demi-relief  on  polished  wood. 

Magda  W.  Henermann      ....  Chicago     .          Pyrographic  work. 

Mrs.  P.  R.  King      Chicago     .    .      Carved  jewel  case. 

Janet  Scudder Chicago     .    .      Carved  mantel. 

Amanda  C.  Titus Chicago     .    .      Combined      cabinet     and     bookcase, 

carved. 

Brown  Amber  Mfg.  Co Chicago     .    .      Amber  ornaments. 

Mrs.  Claudia  Guidotti   .....  Chicago     .    .      Infant  stomach  protector  and  diaper- 
holder. 

Lizzie  Kennedy Chicago     .    .      Rug. 

Mrs.  Sarah  J.  Schack Chicago     .    .      Abdominal  and  hose  supporter. 

Sara  B.  Bodtker Chicago     .    .      Seal  of  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers4 

Miss  Hattie  D.  Caldwell   ....  Chicago     .    .      Lace  made  from  fayal  fibres. 

Lucile  M.  Chislett Chicago     .    .      Spanish  drawn  work. 

Mrs.  Rosa  E.  Cowdrey Chicago     .    .      Drawn  work. 

Mrs.  S.  E.  Criss Chicago     .    .      Mexican  drawn  work. 

Mary  Durrad Chicago     .    .      Dress  lift. 

Marshall  Field  &  Co Chicago     .    .      Embroidered  table  linen. 

Edith  G.  Higginson Chicago     .    .      Alter  front. 

Mrs.  Mary  J.  Kenyon Downer's  Grove  Lace   handkerchief  and  linen   drawn 

work,  neck  scarf  made  by  lady  eighty- 
.  two  years  old. 

Mrs.  Augusta  Kofod Chicago     .          Gold  and  steel   embroidery  done  in 

Denmark,  in  1794. 

Jaenne  Leontin Chicago     .    .      Garment  fastener. 

Mrs.  Anna  Mantel Chicago     .    .      Embroidery. 

Mrs.  M.  A.  Masters Chicago     .    .      Center  piece  made  by  a  lady  seventy- 
six  years  old. 

McLean  County  Columbian  Club     Bloomington      Fine  sewing. 

Mrs.  Dora  I.  Morris Chicago     .    .      Point  lace  shams. 

Florette  Quein Chicago     .    .      Veil  clasp. 

Mrs.  J.  Radford Chicago     .    .      Embroidered  handkerchief. 

Mary  C.  Rose Chicago     .    .      Dinner  cloth. 

Susan  W.  Shaw Downer's  Grove  Point   lace  handkerchief,  collars  and 

cuffs. 

Mrs.  Levi  Seeley Lake   Forest      Art  needle  work. 

Mrs.  J.  A.  Robinson Ravenswood       Knitted  bed" spread. 

Mrs.  W.  H.  Stark Chicago     .    .      Lace  bed  spread  and  pillow  shams. 

Matilda  Thurston Chicago     .    .      Point  lace  handkerchief. 

Mrs.  J.  McDonald Streator     .    .       Hair  wreath. 

Miss  Annie  B.  Milliken    ....  Chicago  Toy  folding  chair. 

Mrs.  H.  Breves Chicago     .    .      Embossed  leather  chair  seat  and  back. 

Mrs.  J.  G.  Cochrane Shelbyville  .      Dish  washer. 

Mrs.  A.  J.  Ilambel Chicago     .    .      Egg  beater. 

Catherine  Hamilton Decatur     .    .      Model  of  convertible  cliair. 

Mary  H.  Holcomb      Chicago     .    .      Baking  dish. 


THE   WHITE    CITY  —  EXHIBITS. 


Fr.J'BITOIl. 

Mrs.  Martha  B.  Hclden  . 
Elizabeth  Minster  .  .  . 

Mary  M.   Harris 

Mrs.  C.  W.  Romney  .  .  . 
Miss  Hattie  D.  Caldwcll  . 
Mrs.  S.  H.  Dexter  .... 
Mrs.  S.  L.  Smith  .... 
Mabel  C.  Chislett  .... 
Ellen  Rankin  Copp  .  .  . 
Phebe  A.  Dunham  .  .  . 

Palette  Club 

Mrs.  G.  P  Adams  . 


Euella  Benedict  .    .    .  . 

Grace  G.  Bohn    .    .    .  . 

Frances  N.  Bond     .    .  . 

Kate  Burton 

Minerva  J.  Chapman 

Mrs.  A.  M.  Craig    .    .  . 

Mrs.  A.  V.  Dodgsliun  . 

Pauline  A.  Dohn     .    .  . 

Miss  Lydia  P.  Hess    .  . 
Miss  Mary  J.  Holmes 

Alice  D.  Kellogg    .    .  . 
Theodora  K.  Matthern 

Eugenie  McLean    .    .  . 

Palette  Club 

Caroline  D.  Wade  .    .  . 

Mrs.  J.  A.  Wadham    .  . 

Elizabeth  Attwill    .    .  . 

Grace  G   Bohn    .    .    .  . 

Elizabeth  Brooks    .    .  . 

Frances  M.  Brooks     .  . 

Miss  Lily  M.  Hart  .    .  . 
Mrs.  A.  A.  Lathrop 

Mrs.  G.  W.  Roberts  .  . 

Louise  C.  Anderson    .  . 
Emily  M.  B.  Boyden  . 

Marie  B.  Foster  .    .   .  . 

Mrs.  A.  Frazee    .    .    .  . 

Mrs.  Walter  Greenleaf  . 

Emma  A.  Kittridge  .  . 
Eugenie  McLean    .    . 

Mrs.  W.  L.  Mann   .    .  . 

Cecile  E.  Payen  .    .    .  . 
Miss  Lilly  M.  Hart     . 
Margaret  Sweeney 
Thomas  Wilkinson 


Miss  Garrity 

Miss  Hattie  A.  Proctor  .    .    . 


Woman's   Physiological    Society-     Chicago 


Chicago     .    .  Carpet  and  floor  duster. 

Ravenswood  Bolster. 

Chicago     .    .  Model  of  refrigerator. 

Chicago     .    .  Water  cooler  and  refrigerator. 

Chicago     .    .  Straw- work  on  lace. 

Chicago     .    .  Fancy  rope  work. 

Austin    .    .    .  Scale  for  measuring  hems,  etc. 

Chicago     .    .  Plaster  bust. 

Chicago     .    .  Plaster  portrait  of  Harriet  Monroe. 

Wayne   .    .    .  Plaster  medallions. 

Chicago     .    .  Sculpture. 

Chicago     .    .  A   pail   of   Raspberries.       Grandma's 

Window.     Plums. 

Lake  Forest  .  Old  Stories. 

Chicago     .    .  A  Staid  Old  Poser.     Old  Cider  Mill. 

Chicago     .    .  Posing. 

Geneva  .    .    .  White's  Creek.     A  Country  Road. 

Chicago     .    .  The  Village  Church 

Galesburg     .  Roses. 

Chicago     .    .  Landscapes. 

Chicago     .    .  Portrait  of  Mrs.  M.  W.  Means. 

Chicago     .    .  Two  Friends  from  Normandy. 

Chicago     .    .  Portrait  of  Hannah  Moore. 

Chicago     .    .  Portrait. 

Chicago     .    .  Autumn's    Last    Offering.     Group  of 

Orchids. 

Pullman    .    .  A  Dreamer. 

Chicago     .    .  Paintings. 

Chicago     .    .  A  Little  Maid. 

Chicago     .    .  Roses. 

Chicago     .    .  Water  color  painting. 

Chicago     .    .  Roses. 

Chicago     .    .  Springtime.     On  the  Shenango. 

Chicago     .    .  The  Old  Cider  Mill. 

Champaign  .  Water  color  paintings  of  insects. 

Chicago      .    .  Scenery  in  Montana. 

Highland  Park  Pass  Through  the  Woods. 

Chicago     .    .  Paintings  on  porcelain. 

Chicago     .    .  Dog  in  embroidery. 

Chicago     .    .  Painting  on  porcelain. 

Chicago     .    .  Sketch  on  porcelain. 

Riverside  .    .  Painting  on  porcelain. 

Chicago     .    .  Painting  on  porcelain. 

Pullman    .    .  Painted  tapestry. 

Chicago     .    .  Painting  on  porcelain. 

Chicago         .  Miniatures  painted  on  ivory. 

Champaign   .  Drawings  of  insects  and  crustaceans. 

Chicago     .    .  Relief  maps. 
South  Waukegan  Sentences     written     by     Madagascar 

women,   with  English  translation. 

Chicago     .    .  Photographs. 

Chicago     .    .  Instrument  to  facilitate  the  analysis  of 

oils. 
Manuscript. 


EXHIBITS — WOMAN'S  BUILDING. 


73 


EXHIBITOK. 


Pick,  Libby  &  Esther Chicago 


Chicago  Exchange  for  Woman's 

Work      

Woman's  Work  for  Women 
Ellen  Rankin  Copp 


Sophia  E.  Bachmann 
Chicago  Trade  School 
Blanche  McManus 


Monticello  Seminary 
Miss  Maria  Peterson  . 


Chicago 
Chicago 
Chicago 

Chicago 
Chicago 
Chicago 

Godfrey 
Chicago 


Music  cabinet  attachment  for  pianos 
and  organs. 

Woman's  work. 

Statistics  of  organization. 

Portrait  in  bronze  of  Mrs.  Potter 
Palmer. 

Copy  book  for  the  blind. 

Models  in  full  dress,  charts,  etc. 

Designs  for  mural  decorations,  wall- 
paper, etc. 

Statistics  and  work. 

Samples  of  sloyd  work  to  be  taught  to 
girls  in  common  schools. 


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